498 Results Found

While cancer has been long recognized as a disease of the genome, the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in neoplasia was acknowledged more recently. The most active epigenetic marks are DNA methylation and histone protein modifications and they are...

The treatment of melanoma has been revolutionized by new therapies targeting MAPK signaling or the immune system. Unfortunately these therapies are hindered by either primary resistance or the development of acquired resistance. Resistance mechanisms...

Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by calcium deposition inside arteries and is closely associated with the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). VC is now wi...

Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the development of cancer. Epigenetic dysregulation is common in gynaecological cancers and includes altered methylation at CpG islands in gene promoter regions, global demethylation that leads to genome i...

Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs) are critical enzymes that regulate chromatin dynamics and gene expression through the addition and removal of methyl groups on histone proteins. HMTs, such as PRC2 and SETD2, are invol...

Histone post-translational modifications influence many fundamental cellular events by regulating chromatin structure and gene transcriptional activity. These modifications are highly dynamic and tightly controlled, with many enzymes devoted to the a...

Chromatin structure plays a fundamental role in regulating gene expression, with histone modifiers shaping the structure of chromatin by adding or removing chemical changes to histone proteins. The p53 transcription factor controls gene expression, b...

In the past decade, significant advances in molecular research have provided a deeper understanding of the intricate regulatory mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs, short non-coding RNA sequences, exert substantial influence on gene expr...

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has a dismal prognosis, where curable disease occurs in less than 40% of patients, and many of those with incurable disease survive for less than a year from diagnosis. Despite the widespread use of systematic chemoth...

Histone methyltransferases (SDGs) and demethylases (JMJs) are well-established regulators of transcriptional responses in plants under adverse conditions. This study characterized SDG and JMJ enzymes in the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genome and analy...

Histone modification enzymes regulate gene expression by altering the accessibility of promoters to transcription factors. We sought to determine whether the genes encoding histone modification enzymes are dysregulated in pediatric acute lymphoblasti...

Myeloid hematological malignancies are clonal bone marrow neoplasms, comprising of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and systemic mastocyt...

Modifications of DNA and histones, including methylation and acetylation, are critical for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during plant development, particularly during environmental adaptation processes. However, information on the enzy...

Candida albicans, a diploid polymorphic fungus, has evolved a unique heritable epigenetic program that enables reversible phenotypic switching between two cell types, referred to as “white” and “opaque”. These cell types are e...

The Polycomb system is made of an evolutionary ancient group of proteins, present throughout plants and animals. Known initially from developmental studies with the fly Drosophila melanogaster, they were associated with stable sustainment of gene rep...

DNA damage response (DDR) in eukaryotic cells is initiated in the chromatin context. DNA damage and repair depend on or have influence on the chromatin dynamics associated with genome stability. Epigenetic modifiers, such as chromatin remodelers, his...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly associated with severe human diseases, and often worsens the outcome in hospitalized patients. The mammalian kidney has the ability to recover spontaneously from AKI; however, little progress has been made in the...

About eight percent of all human tumors (including 50% of melanomas) carry gain-of-function mutations in the BRAF oncogene. Mutated BRAF and subsequent hyperactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway has motivated the use of MAPK-targeted therapies for...

The highly dynamic nature of chromatin’s structure, due to the epigenetic alterations of histones and DNA, controls cellular plasticity and allows the rewiring of the epigenetic landscape required for either cell differentiation or cell (re)pro...

Epigenetic modifications control gene expression by regulating the access of nuclear proteins to their target DNA and have been implicated in both normal cell differentiation and oncogenic transformation. Epigenetic abnormalities can occur both as a...

The use of inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has become increasingly appealing due to the highly epigenetic nature of the disease. We evaluated a library of 164 epigenetic compounds in a cohort of 9 h...

Histone post-translational modifications are small chemical changes to the histone protein structure that have cascading effects on diverse cellular functions. Detecting histone modifications and characterizing their binding partners are critical ste...

Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are rare and complex neoplasms characterized by heterogenous histology and clinical behavior as well as resistance to systemic therapy. Tumor etiology is currently under elucidation and an interplay of genetic and epigene...

It is well established that cancer cells exhibit alterations in chromatin structure and accessibility. Indeed, the dysregulation of many protein-coding players with enzymatic activity (DNA and histone-modifying enzymes) and chromatin remodelers have...

The incorporation of histone variants has structural ramifications on nucleosome dynamics and stability. Due to their unique sequences, histone variants can alter histone–histone or histone–DNA interactions, impacting the folding of DNA a...

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) play crucial roles in cancer progression. Among them, tRF-27 has been identified as a key factor in promoting naïve trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. However, the origin of tRF-27 remains uncert...

The survival rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with the current standard of care therapy is suboptimal and is associated with long-term side effects. Novel therapeutics that will improve survival rates while minimizing treatment-...

G-quadruplexes are four-stranded helical nucleic acid structures formed by guanine-rich sequences. A considerable number of studies have revealed that these noncanonical structural motifs are widespread throughout the genome and transcriptome of nume...

Echinocandin B is a natural product that possesses potent antifungal property against a wide array of fungi. This antifungal agent is produced by Emericella rugulosa. The biosynthetic genes of echinocandin B are physically organized in two gene clust...

JC virus (JCV) replicates within the nuclei of glial cells in the human brain and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. JCV possesses a small, circular, double-stranded DNA genome, divided into early and late protein-coding regions. The...

Since their discovery, R-loops have been associated with both physiological and pathological functions that are conserved across species. R-loops are a source of replication stress and genome instability, as seen in neurodegenerative disorders and ca...

Hemoglobinopathies, namely β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), are hereditary diseases, characterized by molecular genetic aberrations in the beta chains of hemoglobin. These defects affect the normal production of hemoglobin with sever...

Over the past two decades, novel hallmarks of cancer have been described, including the altered epigenetic landscape of malignant diseases. In addition to the methylation and hyd-roxymethylation of DNA, numerous novel forms of histone modifications a...

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Cisplatin and carboplatin are the most commonly used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents to treat the disease. These agents, usually combined with drugs s...

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women, characterized by extensive heterogeneity stemming from molecular and genetic alterations. This review explores the intricate epigenetic landscape of BC, highlighting the significant rol...

The bulk of RNA produced from the genome of complex organisms consists of a very large number of transcripts lacking protein translational potential and collectively known as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Initially thought to be mere products of spurious...

The histone methyltransferase SETD8, which methylates the lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20), is reportedly involved in human carcinogenesis along with nonhistone proteins such as p53. However, its expression profiles and functions in the context of hig...

The chicken erythrocyte model system has been valuable to the study of chromatin structure and function, specifically for genes involved in oxygen transport and the innate immune response. Several seminal features of transcriptionally active chromati...

Histone methylation and acetylation are key processes in the epigenetic regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. The genes encoding for the enzymes that are responsible for these chromatin post-translational mo...

Background: DLBCL represent a heterogeneous group of aggressive diseases. High grade B-cell lymphomas (HGBCL) were recently individualized from DLBCL as a discrete diagnostic entity due to their worse prognosis. Currently, although most patients are...

Eukaryotic DNA replication occurs in the context of chromatin. Recent years have seen major advances in our understanding of histone supply, histone recycling and nascent histone incorporation during replication. Furthermore, much is now known about...

Approximately 5.7 million U.S. adults have been diagnosed with heart failure (HF). More concerning is that one in nine U.S. deaths included HF as a contributing cause. Current HF drugs (e.g., β-blockers, ACEi) target intracellular signaling casc...

The fibrin matrix of thrombi is intertwined with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) containing histones that render resistance to fibrinolysis. During NET formation, histones are citrullinated. Our study addresses the question of whether citrullin...

Oxidative stress is a hallmark of metabolic disease, though the mechanisms that define this link are not fully understood. Irreversible modification of proteins by reactive lipid aldehydes (protein carbonylation) is a major consequence of oxidative s...

The biphasic life cycle (latent and lytic) of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is regulated by epigenetic modification of its genome and its associated histone proteins. The temporal events driving epigenetic reprogramming of the...

The changes in histone acetylation mediated by histone deacetylases (HDAC) play a crucial role in plant development and response to environmental changes. Mammalian HDACs are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTM), such as phosphorylatio...

Dysregulation of epigenetic processes is increasingly understood to play a role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Ruxolitinib, a JAK/STAT inhibitor, has proved a useful addition to the therapeutic arsenal for these disorders...

The eukaryotic genome is packaged into the cell nucleus in the form of chromatin, a complex of genomic DNA and histone proteins. Chromatin structure regulation is critical for all DNA templated processes and involves, among many things, extensive pos...

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine-coding CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene. One of the main causes of neurodegeneration in HD is transcriptional dysregulation that, in par...

Long-term memory formation requires coordinated regulation of gene expression and persistent changes in cell function. For decades, research has implicated histone modifications in regulating chromatin compaction necessary for experience-dependent ch...