Search Results (149)

The synthesis and systematic investigation of inorganic and organic compounds are fundamental to medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, particularly for developing novel therapeutic agents. Transition-metal complexes and bioactive organic compounds have shown significant potential to modulate cellular pathways, yielding anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, structural characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and ruthenium (Ru) complexes, as well as selected organic compounds, with an emphasis on their biological activities and potential clinical relevance. The integration of synthetic chemistry with biological evaluation underscores the therapeutic potential of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and ruthenium (Ru) complexes, as well as organic compounds. Au(I/III), Pt(II/IV), and Ru(II/III) complexes demonstrated notable in vivo anticancer activity, while selected organic derivatives exhibited promising bioactive properties. This review aims to support researchers and clinicians in the ongoing development of novel compounds with clinical relevance for anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory applications. Full article

The Mangyahedong gold deposit—recently discovered in the Qimantage segment of the East Kunlun orogenic belt—is a high-priority exploration target. Key unknowns include its mineralization age, the sources of sulfur and gold, and the tectonic–magmatic–hydrothermal controls on formation. These gaps have hindered genetic classification and stage-specific research. We addressed them through integrated petrography, TIMA mineral mapping, in situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of pyrite from three mineralization stages, and U-Pb dating of hydrothermal apatite spatially and temporally linked to the main sulfide-precipitation event. The stages are: (I) early sericite–quartz alteration; (II) main ore stage—carbonate–chlorite–sulfide + native gold; and (III) late calcite–pyrite veins. Pyrite zoning shows that early pyrite cores are enriched in As and Au. In contrast, the main-stage pyrite has As-poor cores, with As, Au, and Co progressively enriched toward the rims. This zoning pattern indicates evolving fluid redox conditions and metal complexation during ore deposition. A ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 406 ± 13 Ma from apatite in gold-bearing quartz–sulfide veins constrains gold deposition to the Late Silurian–Early Devonian transition. Age, texture, and geochemistry collectively support a regional metamorphic–deformational origin, consistent with the orogenic gold model. Isotopic and elemental data point to the Qimantage Group volcanic rocks as the dominant source of ore-forming elements—indicating strong potential for discovery along strike and at depth. Full article

Background: Metal-based anticancer drugs, particularly platinum and gold complexes, play a central role in chemotherapy but are often limited by systemic toxicity, resistance, and suboptimal selectivity. Peptide conjugation has emerged as a versatile strategy to modulate the pharmacokinetic and biological properties of metal complexes, enabling targeted delivery, improved uptake, and controlled activation. This review aims to critically analyze platinum- and gold-peptide bioconjugates in cancer therapy, focusing on directly reactive metal complexes and redox-activated prodrug systems. Methods: Relevant literature from the past two decades was surveyed across major scientific databases, focusing on the design, conjugation strategies, biological activity, and mechanisms of action of Pt- and Au-peptide bioconjugates. Results: Reviewed studies reveal distinct behavior for platinum- and gold-based systems. Pt(II)-peptide conjugates primarily retain DNA-reactive interaction, with peptides mainly enhancing cellular uptake, selective targeting and solubility, although improved cytotoxicity is not consistently achieved. In contrast, Pt(IV)-peptide conjugates function as prodrugs, where axial peptide functionalization allows greater structural versatility and sometimes improved selectivity, with therapeutic efficacy strongly depending on intracellular reduction kinetics. Au(I)-peptide conjugates act as directly reactive species targeting thiol- and selenol-containing proteins, whereas Au(III) bioconjugates often behave as redox-activated prodrugs, with peptide conjugation influencing stability and cellular fate. Conclusions: Overall, peptide conjugation represents a powerful but non-trivial approach for optimizing metal-based anticancer agents. The success of metal-peptide bioconjugates critically depends on balancing peptide-mediated delivery with the intrinsic reactivity and activation pathways of the metal center. A function-guided design of bioconjugates is essential to achieve genuine selectivity and therapeutic benefit. Full article

The disadvantages of Cisplatin in anticancer treatment are connected to its poor selectivity, resistance developed of cancers to the drug, and its toxicity against normal organs. An important strategy in anticancer treatment is the synthesis and clinical investigation of non-platinum metal complexes with superior anticancer activity and improved selectivity compared to Cisplatin, combined with lower toxicity, fewer side effects and decreased resistance of cancer to the drug. In the current study, we aim to summarize the potential of important non-platinum metal-based organic compounds as therapeutic agents against different cancer cell types. The review covers the general principles of chemotherapy. A literature analysis shows that organic complexes of the metalloids arsenic (As), boron (B), antimony (Sb), and selenium (Se), and of metals, such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn, Ce, Ga, Gd, Ir, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Ti, and V, have been investigated for potential applications in cancer therapy. This is due to their antiproliferative effects against different cancer types: lung [Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Ru(II), Zn(II)]; breast [Ag(I), Cu(I), Cu(II), Ir(III), Ni(II), Mn(II),. Rh(III), Ru(II)]; gastric [Cu(II), Cu(II)-La(III)]; colon [Ag(I), Cu(II), Ir(III), Pd(II), Rh(III), Ru(II), vanadium(V)]; colorectal [Ag(I), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)]; liver [Ag(I), Co(II), Cu(II), Gd(III), vanadium(V)]; pancreatic [vanadium(IV)]; bladder [Ag(I), Cu(II), Ru(II)]; cervical [Ag(I), Au(I), Cu(I), Cu(II), Fe(II), Ir(III), Rh(III), Ru(II)]; testicular [vanadium(IV)]; prostate [Cu(II), Pd(II), Zn(II)]; leukemia [Ag(I), Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), Zn(II)]; sarcoma [Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II)]; mesothelioma [Cu(II)]; neuroblastoma [Cu(II)]; glioma [Cu(II)]; and melanoma [Au(I), Cu(II), Pd(II), Ru(II)]. The main goals for increasing anticancer metal-based complexes include increasing anticancer activity and selectivity, reducing toxicity, and avoiding cancer cell resistance. Compared to Cisplatin, organocomplexes of copper, ferrocene, and ruthenium are more active. Ruthenium and copper complexes, in particular, are also more selective. Notably, ruthenium and ferrocene derivatives are less toxic than Cisplatin. Lastly, cancers appear to exhibit less resistance against copper, gold, ruthenium, palladium, and ferrocene complexes. Full article

A multi-analytical investigation was carried out to elucidate the deterioration processes affecting the stone materials of the Arca di Cansignorio della Scala in Verona (Italy) and to characterize the surviving traces of its original polychrome and gilded decoration. The study combined macroscopic mapping, stratigraphic sampling, optical microscopy (OM), environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X ray spectroscopy (ESEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ion chromatography (IC). The monument, predominantly carved from Candoglia marble, exhibits three principal weathering patterns: (i) rain washed areas affected by marble decohesion, (ii) grey deposits corresponding to dirt accumulation areas; and (iii) sulphation-induced black crusts developed in dirt wetting areas. In addition, severe mechanical deterioration was found to be associated with early twentieth-century structural consolidation interventions involving embedded iron bars, whose corrosion-driven volumetric expansion generated vertical cracking. Stratigraphic and microanalytical investigations revealed the presence of original azurite-based polychromy, proteinaceous and lipidic binding media, lead white preparatory layers, and multiple applications of gold leaf. The analytical results highlight the complex interplay between environmental exposure, atmospheric pollution, the incompatibility of materials introduced during past restorations campaigns. Furthermore, they contribute to a better understanding of the composition, execution techniques and preservation state of the surviving decorative layers, providing a scientific basis for future conservation strategies. Full article

The distribution of mercury (Hg) species in soils, as affected by (i) the physicochemical and biological properties of the soils, (ii) the lithogenic vs. anthropogenic sources of soil Hg pollution, and (iii) soil–plant interactions, was investigated in a model pot experiment in which Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) was planted. The pseudototal (aqua regia-soluble) Hg contents in soils originating from the vicinity of the former cinnabar mine varied between 16.6 and 44.7 mg/kg, whereas in soils from sites where the amalgamation technique had been used for the extraction of gold from ore-bearing materials, the pseudototal Hg values varied between 1.63 and 10.1 mg/kg. However, Hg accessibility was low, with mobilizable Hg(II) accounting for 3–11% of total soil Hg and mobilizable methylmercury (MeHg) remaining below 1%, indicating a limited bioavailable pool under the studied conditions. Mobilizable Hg(II) showed significant negative relationships with total soil carbon and cation exchange capacity (CEC), reflecting its strong association with charged functional groups of the soil sorption complex. The low Hg accessibility in the soil resulted in low Hg contents in plants, not exceeding the feed safety thresholds, with a significant proportion of Hg taken up by the plants being retained in the roots. The results of the determination of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) indicated its relevance in soil mercury cycling, where further research on the role of plants in GEM emissions is necessary. In this context, the GEM concentrations increased in plants found in soils collected close to the former cinnabar mine. These aspects should be investigated further in future studies. Full article

Moxifloxacin-based Schiff-base ligands provide a useful platform for tuning the coordination and biological properties of fluoroquinolone derivatives. Here, a moxifloxacin–salicylaldehyde hydrazone ligand (MOX-S) was prepared and coordinated with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), oxovanadium(IV), and gadolinium(III) ions to obtain a series of metal complexes. Citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were also prepared and functionalized with MOX-S and the Cu(II) complex to evaluate the effect of nanoformulation on biological performance. The compounds were characterized using complementary analytical, spectroscopic, magnetic, thermal, and microscopic techniques. The combined data support 1:2 metal-to-ligand formulations for the complexes and indicate coordination mainly through the azomethine nitrogen and oxygen donor sites of MOX-S. In antimicrobial screening, the activity was strongly metal- and organism-dependent. Cu–MOX-S and VO–MOX-S showed the most pronounced activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition zones of up to 30 mm, while Cu–MOX-S displayed MIC values of 19.53 and 39.06 µg mL⁻¹ against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that MOX-S was more active than moxifloxacin against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, while Cu–MOX-S showed enhanced potency, particularly toward HepG2 cells, with an IC₅₀ of 0.98 µM and a selectivity index of 5.97. AuNP formulations further increased the apparent antiproliferative potency in the tested cancer cell lines, giving sub-micromolar IC₅₀ values. Computational analyses, including DFT-based electronic descriptors and molecular docking, provided qualitative support for the experimentally observed coordination and cytotoxicity trends. Overall, metal coordination and AuNP formulations provide complementary strategies for modulating the physicochemical and in vitro biological behavior of this moxifloxacin-derived hydrazone scaffold. Full article

The lamprophyre dikes and multi-generational pyrite and arsenopyrite developed in the Jinshan gold deposit in the West Qinling metallogenic belt provide critical evidence for understanding the role of mantle-derived magmatism in gold mineralization processes. In this study, we conducted zircon U-Pb dating of lamprophyre to constrain the timing of magmatic activity and the mineralization age, and performed EMPA and LA-ICP-MS analyses on sulfides from the main metallogenic stage (Py II–III, Apy II–III) and lamprophyre-hosted pyrite (Py L) to constrain the formation conditions and metal sources of the Jinshan deposit. The results show that the mantle-derived magmatism represented by lamprophyre yields an age of 206 ± 2 Ma, which provides a lower-limit constraint on the timing of gold mineralization, corresponding to the subduction-to-extension transition period in the region. Stage II mineralization occurred at 270–320 °C with logƒS₂ of −9 to −5, dominantly as Au-HS complexes, indicating medium-temperature hydrothermal conditions with low sulfur fugacity, consistent with microscopic mineral assemblages and thermodynamic simulations. Systematic δ³⁴S variations reveal: stage II values (9.24–5‰) indicate granitic/Devonian sedimentary sources; Py L values (2.19–3.6‰) reflect mantle contributions; stage III signatures (−2.3–1.93‰) record late meteoric water mixing. Complementary δ⁵⁶Fe data show that Py II (0.2–0.3‰) and Py L (0.58–0.68‰) preserve magmatic fingerprints, while negative values of Py III (−2.29 to −0.71‰) document increasing sedimentary Fe incorporation. Combined with geochronology, S-Fe isotopes, and physicochemical constraints, we propose that the Jinshan gold deposit formed in a tectonic setting transitioning from compression to extension during the Late Indosinian (ca. 237–201 Ma). Mineralization was initiated by the partial melting of the metasomatized mantle, where hydrous magmas efficiently extracted Au and volatiles. These components ascended through transcrustal faults, with Au partitioning into exsolved fluids that precipitated gold through immiscibility and boiling in secondary structures. Full article

Mercury pollution from artisanal and small-scale gold mining remains one of the most persistent environmental threats due to the high toxicity, mobility, and bioaccumulation of Hg(II). In this work, Colombian banana pseudostem waste is valorized into a lignocellulosic carbocatalyst through pyrolysis at 500 °C followed by MnCO₃-derived MnOx functionalization, producing a sustainable material for Hg(II) remediation. The transformation of the biomass leads from a fibrous structure (~25 µm) to a pyrolyzed carbon matrix (9.56 µm), and finally to a heterogeneous Mn-modified system with bimodal particle distribution (~25 µm and ~0.85 µm), the latter being associated with highly dispersed MnOx redox-active domains. Structural and textural analyses reveal that Mn incorporation significantly enhances surface properties, increasing the BET surface area from 140.8 to 213 m² g⁻¹ while reducing pore size to the meso–microporous range (~1.9 nm). Importantly, the material retains intrinsic minerals such as Ca, Mg, K, and Si, which contribute to surface basicity and ion-exchange capacity, supporting additional Hg(II) interaction pathways. Optical and electronic characterization shows a wide band gap semiconductor behavior (≈3.4 eV) and a conduction band position at −0.892 V vs. NHE, sufficiently negative to thermodynamically drive Hg²⁺ reduction to Hg⁰ under UV-A irradiation. Hg(II) quantification was validated using a UV–Vis method based on the Hg²⁺–dipicolinic acid (DPA) complex, confirming stable complex formation with 1:2 stoichiometry (Hg²⁺:DPA) and high analytical reliability (R² = 0.948, LOD = 1.85 mg L⁻¹). Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated negligible Hg(II) reduction under UV-A light in the absence of catalyst, whereas the carbon-based materials enabled significant Hg transformation through adsorption-assisted photoinduced electron transfer. Electrochemical analyses (Rct ≈ 11 Ω) confirmed efficient charge transport, while cyclic voltammetry evidenced reversible Mn(IV)/Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox cycling, which sustains electron mediation during photocatalysis. Overall, pristine biochar acts primarily through adsorption driven by oxygenated functional groups and porous structure, whereas Mn-functionalized biochar operates via a synergistic adsorption–photocatalytic mechanism. In this system, MnOx species function as redox-active centers that facilitate electron transfer from the carbon matrix to Hg(II), while the conductive lignocellulosic-derived framework enhances charge mobility. The combination of structural carbon stability, dispersed Mn active sites, and inherent mineral functionality establishes a highly efficient and sustainable carbocatalyst, demonstrating a green and scalable approach for mercury remediation in mining-impacted regions. Full article

The growing demand for gold in various high-technology applications necessitates the development of efficient and selective methods for its recovery and analysis, which can be achieved using such macrocyclic ligands as crown esters and their aza-substituted derivatives. The present paper reports on the equilibrium constants for the formation of gold(III) complexes with 18-crown-6, 1-aza-18-crown-6, 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6, and the cryptand 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (Kryptofix 222) in aqueous solution at T = 298.2 K, p = 0.1 MPa, I → 0. The equilibrium constants (log β) for the substitution of chloride ions by macrocycles were determined to be 4.52 ± 0.04, 9.15 ± 0.03, 9.08 ± 0.07, and 11.51 ± 0.08, respectively. Equilibrium constants for protonated and polyligand species are also provided. The complexation mechanism was elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy confirm the substitution of chloride ligands by the nitrogen donor atoms of the aza-macrocycles within the tetrachloroaurate(III) ion. Furthermore, ¹H NMR analysis reveals that the diaza-substituted ligands can form both inclusion complexes, where the gold cation is encapsulated within the macrocyclic cavity, and exclusion complexes. These findings provide a quantitative foundation for the design of novel macrocycle-based extractants and sensors for gold(III). Full article

Background/Objectives: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with venous tumor thrombus (VTT) extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC) occurs in 4–10% of patients and represents one of the most technically demanding scenarios in urologic surgery. Open radical nephrectomy with en bloc thrombectomy remains the gold standard for infradiaphragmatic disease (Mayo Levels 0–III), offering the only realistic prospect for long-term cure. This narrative review provides a technically oriented, evidence-based guide for surgical urologists managing these complex cases. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched (1970–March 2025) using terms related to RCC, venous tumor thrombus, IVC thrombectomy, and perioperative management. Priority was given to prospective studies, systematic reviews, large retrospective cohorts, and current guidelines (EAU 2025, NCCN v2.2024). Original intraoperative photographs supplement procedural descriptions. Results: We detail the complete perioperative pathway: VTT classification (Mayo/AJCC), multimodal imaging, patient optimization, and level-specific open surgical techniques—ranging from Satinsky clamping for Level 0–I thrombi to full piggyback liver mobilization with hepatic vascular exclusion for Level III disease. Contemporary perioperative mortality is <2% at high-volume centers (reported in single and multicenter retrospective series from high-volume institutions), with 5-year cancer-specific survival of approximately 50–60% in non-metastatic cases. Adjuvant pembrolizumab is now a standard of care following the KEYNOTE-564 trial. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor combinations show promising VTT downstaging rates (44–100%), though their role remains investigational. Robotic-assisted thrombectomy demonstrates favorable perioperative outcomes for Level I–II thrombi at experienced centers. Conclusions: Open surgery remains the cornerstone of curative treatment for RCC with infradiaphragmatic VTT, requiring meticulous preoperative planning and multidisciplinary collaboration at high-volume centers. Integration of perioperative systemic therapies and robotic-assisted approaches holds promise for further improving outcomes in this challenging patient population. Full article

Ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N′-1-(4-t-butylphenylphosphinyl)butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl) imide was used for the first time as an ion carrier in membrane systems to selectively transport Au(III), Pt(IV), and Pd(II) ions. Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) were transported from HCl solutions utilizing a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) with cellulose triacetate as the support, o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether as the plasticizer, and ionic liquid as the mentioned ion carrier. The modifications of source and receiving aqueous phase compositions are examined. High selectivity for Au(III) using the ionic liquid in the membrane was achieved at elevated HCl concentrations (≥0.5 M). When a 0.010 M KI solution was used as the receiving phase and a membrane with the optimal composition was applied, the extraction of Au(III) ions reached a maximum recovery rate of 93%. Moreover, PIM studies showed that carrier molecules doped in the membrane creates complexes with the Au(III) ion with a molar ratio of 1:1. The extractability of Au(III) through PIMs exceeded that of other metal ions, with the selectivity of transported metal ions ranked as follows: Au(III) >> Pt(IV), Pd(II). The recovery factors for gold, platinum, and palladium ions after 6 h of transport were 94%, 8%, and 1%, respectively. Full article

Encouraged by the promising anticancer activity of a iodidogold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex with a 1,3-diethyl-4-anisyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene ligand system, a series of new gold(I), gold(III) and platinum(II) complexes coordinated to this ligand system were designed, prepared, and characterized using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. A preliminary anticancer screening of the complexes using four esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines showed promising activities for the cationic triphenylphosphino-NHC-gold(I) and bis-NHC-gold(I) complexes, accompanied by strong antiproliferative, colony-, and spheroid-forming inhibitory effects. The compounds were relatively less toxic to the normal esophageal cell line Het-1A and the monocyte cell line THP-1. Moreover, these compounds induced caspase 3/7 activity and downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1) in EAC cells. Further, the cell cycle promoter cyclin D1 was suppressed by these NHC-gold(I) complexes. Finally, we observed strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction in EAC cells with NHC-gold(I) complexes 8 and 11. Full article

Background: Gold (Au) complexes have emerged as promising anticancer candidates due to their distinct coordination chemistry and ability to modulate thiol-dependent and redox-regulated cellular pathways, particularly thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). In recent years, structurally diverse Au(I) and Au(III) complexes have been reported with potent in vitro anticancer activity; however, cross-study comparability and design principles remain unclear. Aim: This systematic review critically evaluates anticancer Au(I/III) complexes reported since 2016, with the specific aim of identifying how oxidation state, coordination geometry, and ligand class influence in vitro potency, selectivity, and translational potential. Methods: A PRISMA-guided literature search was performed in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect for studies published between January 2016 and March 2025. Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full texts according to predefined inclusion criteria. Only original studies reporting anticancer activity of structurally characterized Au(I/III) complexes in human cancer models were included. After the removal of duplicates, 1100 records were screened at the title and abstract level. Of these, 240 articles were assessed in full text for eligibility. Ultimately, 128 studies reporting anticancer activity of structurally characterized Au(I/III) complexes met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Biological potency data were harmonized to μM units where applicable, and results were synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity in experimental design. Results: A total of 128 studies met the inclusion criteria. Au(I) complexes—particularly phosphine- and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based compounds—consistently showed sub-micromolar cytotoxicity in TrxR-dependent cancer cell lines, whereas Au(III) complexes displayed greater structural diversity but variable stability and redox behavior. In vivo efficacy was reported for a limited subset of compounds and was frequently constrained by solubility, systemic toxicity, or metabolic instability. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that anticancer activity of gold complexes is strongly dependent on oxidation state, ligand environment, and redox stability. While Au(I) scaffolds show more reproducible in vitro potency, successful translation to in vivo models remains limited. This review defines structure–activity and structure–liability relationships that can guide the rational design of next-generation gold-based anticancer agents. Full article

The Hadamengou gold deposit, hosted in the Precambrian metamorphic basement, is a super-large gold deposit occurring along the northern margin of the North China Craton. Despite extensive investigation, the genesis of the gold mineralization is poorly understood and remains highly debated. This study integrates a comprehensive dataset, including fluid inclusion microthermometry and C-H-O-S-Pb isotopes, to better constrain the genesis and ore-forming mechanism of the deposit. Hydrothermal mineralization can be divided into pyrite–potassium feldspar–quartz (Stage I), quartz–gold–pyrite–molybdenite (Stage II), quartz–gold–polymetallic sulfide (Stage III), and quartz–carbonate stages (Stage IV). Four types of primary fluid inclusions are identified, including pure CO₂-type, composite CO₂-H₂O-type, aqueous-type, and solid-daughter mineral-bearing-type inclusions. Microthermometric and compositional data reveal that the fluids were mesothermal to hypothermal, H₂O-dominated, and CO₂-rich fluids containing significant N₂ and low-to-moderate salinity, indicative of a magmatic–hydrothermal origin. Fluid inclusion assemblages further imply that the ore-forming fluids underwent fluid immiscibility, causing CO₂ effusion and significant changes in physicochemical conditions that destabilized gold bisulfide complexes. The hydrogen–oxygen isotopic compositions, moreover, support a dominant magmatic water source, with increasing meteoric water input during later stages. The carbon–oxygen isotopes are also consistent with a magmatic carbon source. Sulfur and lead isotopes collectively imply that ore-forming materials were derived from a hybrid crust–mantle magmatic reservoir, with minor contribution from the country rocks. By synthesizing temporal–spatial relationships between magmatic activity and ore formation, and the regional tectonic evolution, we suggest that the Hadamengou is an intrusion-related magmatic–hydrothermal lode gold deposit. It is genetically associated with multi-stage magmatism induced by crust–mantle interaction, which developed within the extensional tectonic regimes. Full article