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Search Results (198)

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Keywords = glassy graphene

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14 pages, 2441 KiB  
Article
Reduced Graphene Oxide/β-Cyclodextrin Nanocomposite for the Electrochemical Detection of Nitrofurantoin
by Al Amin, Gajapaneni Venkata Prasad, Venkatachalam Vinothkumar, Seung Joo Jang, Da Eun Oh and Tae Hyun Kim
Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070247 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
In this work, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with reduced graphene oxide and β-cyclodextrin (rGO/β-CD) nanocomposite was developed for the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin (NFT). The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman [...] Read more.
In this work, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with reduced graphene oxide and β-cyclodextrin (rGO/β-CD) nanocomposite was developed for the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin (NFT). The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrodes was thoroughly examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), with the rGO/β-CD-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) demonstrating superior electron transfer capability. Key experimental parameters, including scan rate, material loading, and solution pH, were systematically optimized. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the modified sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic performance and selectivity toward NFT, achieving a broad linear detection range from 0.5 to 120 μM, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.048 μM, and a high sensitivity of 12.1 µA µM–1 cm–2 using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, the fabricated electrode exhibited good anti-interference ability, stability, precision, and real-time applicability for NFT detection in a wastewater sample. These results highlight the potential of the rGO/β-CD nanocomposite as a high-performance platform for electrochemical sensing applications. Full article
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22 pages, 9357 KiB  
Article
A Zinc Oxide Interconnected Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin/rGO Nanocomposite as an Electrocatalyst for Melatonin Detection: An Ultra-Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor
by Kuo-Yuan Hwa, Aravindan Santhan, Chun-Wei Ou and Cheng-Han Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3266; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113266 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets (HpβCD@rGOs) with zinc oxide flaky structures (ZnOFs) were synthesized. The ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs were first characterized to examine their physicochemical characteristics. The ZnOFs exhibited a highly crystalline structure intertwined with HpβCD@rGO sheets. The electrocatalyst experienced excellent electrochemical oxidation [...] Read more.
Nanocomposite hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets (HpβCD@rGOs) with zinc oxide flaky structures (ZnOFs) were synthesized. The ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs were first characterized to examine their physicochemical characteristics. The ZnOFs exhibited a highly crystalline structure intertwined with HpβCD@rGO sheets. The electrocatalyst experienced excellent electrochemical oxidation current responses toward melatonin (MTN). The interaction between the catalyst and MTN improves electrochemical activity through a synergistic action, which can be measured by a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs. This modified electrode with the increased reactive sites and a large electrochemically active surface area allows the rapid oxidation reaction of MTN. The oxidation of MTN was detected and measured with a linearity range around 0.014–0.149 and 1.149–643.341 (µM), with a low detection limit (LOD) of around 0.0105 µM or 10.5 nM. The sensitivity was around 6.19 μA μM−1 cm−2. The constructed electrode demonstrated a notable level of selectivity to MTN when the interfering (biological) chemicals with a similar structure to MTN were introduced. The real samples were tested in order to examine whether the ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs/GCE can be developed for the biomedical monitoring of compounds. The results suggest that ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs/GCE can detect MTN in in vitro human samples. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness, enhanced electrochemical capabilities, and easy fabrication of the electrode make the ZnOFs/HpβCD@rGOs composite a feasible solution for the future industrial development of monitoring tools as sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors)
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17 pages, 1320 KiB  
Article
Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Covalently Bound Sensor for Paracetamol Voltammetric Determination
by Amaya Paz de la vega, Fabiana Liendo, Bryan Pichún, Johisner Penagos, Rodrigo Segura and María Jesús Aguirre
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094267 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Designing a highly sensitive and efficient functionalized electrode for precise drug analysis remains a significant challenge. In this work, an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with phenyl diazonium salts (ph) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), labeled GCE/ph/ERGO, [...] Read more.
Designing a highly sensitive and efficient functionalized electrode for precise drug analysis remains a significant challenge. In this work, an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with phenyl diazonium salts (ph) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), labeled GCE/ph/ERGO, was developed for the detection of paracetamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical matrices using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Compared to the bare GCE, the GCE/ph/ERGO sensor demonstrated significantly improved conductivity and anodic current peak for PAR over two orders of magnitude higher, indicating a substantial enhancement in electrochemical performance. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor exhibited a low detection limit of 18.2 nM and a quantification limit of 60.6 nM. Precision studies yielded relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 8%. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity in the presence of common pharmaceutical excipients and high accuracy in the analysis of generic pharmaceutical formulations, with results comparable to those obtained by the HPLC technique. These findings confirm the sensor’s reliability, stability, robustness, and suitability for routine analysis of PAR in pharmaceutical samples. Full article
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16 pages, 2277 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Trace Analysis of Lead and Cadmium in Drinking Water, Milk, and Honey Samples Through Modified Screen-Printed Electrode
by Fei Wang, Xiao Peng, Ziqian Xiao, Ying Ge, Bilin Tao, Zhaoyong Shou, Yifei Feng, Jing Yuan and Liang Xiao
Biosensors 2025, 15(5), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050267 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 660
Abstract
A composite (N-rGO@ppy) of N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) coated with polypyrrole (ppy) particles was successfully synthesized. The incorporation of N-rGO significantly mitigates the aggregation of ppy synthesized in situ, and the doped N atoms improve the conductivity of graphene oxide (GO), thereby [...] Read more.
A composite (N-rGO@ppy) of N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) coated with polypyrrole (ppy) particles was successfully synthesized. The incorporation of N-rGO significantly mitigates the aggregation of ppy synthesized in situ, and the doped N atoms improve the conductivity of graphene oxide (GO), thereby enhancing N-rGO@ppy’s redox properties. Firstly, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with N-rGO@ppy (N-rGO@ppy/GCE) was used in combination with a bismuth film and square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) for the simultaneous trace analysis of Pb2+ and Cd2+. N-rGO@ppy/GCE exhibited distinct stripping peaks for Pb2+ and Cd2+, with a linear range of 1 to 500 μg L−1. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be 0.080 μg L−1 for Pb2+ and 0.029 μg L−1 for Cd2+, both of which are significantly below the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Subsequently, the same electrochemical sensing strategy was adapted to a more portable screen-printed electrode (SPE) to accommodate the demand for in situ detection. The performance of N-rGO@ppy/SPE for analyzing Pb2+ and Cd2+ in actual samples, such as drinking water, milk, and honey, showed results consistent with those obtained from conventional graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Full article
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36 pages, 10690 KiB  
Article
Novel Amperometric Sensor Based on Glassy Graphene for Flow Injection Analysis
by Ramtin Eghbal Shabgahi, Alexander Minkow, Michael Wild, Dietmar Kissinger and Alberto Pasquarelli
Sensors 2025, 25(8), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082454 - 13 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 646
Abstract
Flow injection analysis (FIA) is widely used in drug screening, neurotransmitter detection, and water analysis. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical sensing performance of glassy graphene electrodes derived from pyrolyzed positive photoresist films (PPFs) via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on SiO2 [...] Read more.
Flow injection analysis (FIA) is widely used in drug screening, neurotransmitter detection, and water analysis. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical sensing performance of glassy graphene electrodes derived from pyrolyzed positive photoresist films (PPFs) via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on SiO2/Si and polycrystalline diamond (PCD). Glassy graphene films fabricated at 800, 900, and 950 °C were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to assess their structural and morphological properties. Electrochemical characterization in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) revealed that annealing temperature and substrate type influence the potential window and double-layer capacitance. The voltammetric response of glassy graphene electrodes was further evaluated using the surface-insensitive [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker, the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox couple, and adrenaline, demonstrating that electron transfer efficiency is governed by annealing temperature and substrate-induced microstructural changes. FIA with amperometric detection showed a linear electrochemical response to adrenaline in the 3–300 µM range, achieving a low detection limit of 1.05 µM and a high sensitivity of 1.02 µA cm−2/µM. These findings highlight the potential of glassy graphene as a cost-effective alternative for advanced electrochemical sensors, particularly in biomolecule detection and analytical applications. Full article
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16 pages, 2942 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Sensor Based on DNA Aptamers Immobilized on V2O5/rGO Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Hg(II)
by Mahesh A. Takte, Shubham S. Patil, Akash V. Fulari, Tibor Hianik and Mahendra D. Shirsat
Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072334 - 7 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 843
Abstract
We developed a sensor consisting of V2O5 nanorods and a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (V2O5/rGO) with immobilized DNA aptamers (Apt-NH@V2O5/rGO) for the sensitive electrochemical detection of Hg (II). The V2 [...] Read more.
We developed a sensor consisting of V2O5 nanorods and a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (V2O5/rGO) with immobilized DNA aptamers (Apt-NH@V2O5/rGO) for the sensitive electrochemical detection of Hg (II). The V2O5 nanorods anchored on rGO nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The nanocomposite was analyzed by various powerful physical methods that include X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FE-SEM of V2O5 disclosed the nanorod-like structure and uniform anchoring of V2O5 on the rGO nanosheet. Moreover, the BET results showed that the V2O5/rGO nanocomposite possesses excellent porosity. Furthermore, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with Apt-NH@V2O5/rGO and used for the electrochemical detection of Hg(II) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The aptasensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward Hg(II) detection, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.57 nM, which is below the maximum permissible limit established by WHO for rivers (30 nM). The sensor also exhibited significant stability and good repeatability. Full article
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27 pages, 2399 KiB  
Review
Carbon Materials in Voltammetry: An Overview of Versatile Platforms for Antidepressant Drug Detection
by Joanna Smajdor, Katarzyna Fendrych and Anna Górska-Ratusznik
Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040423 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 857
Abstract
This review concentrates on the application of carbon-based materials in the development and fabrication of voltammetric sensors of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of moderate to severe depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and various phobias. Voltammetric techniques offer outstanding sensitivity and selectivity, [...] Read more.
This review concentrates on the application of carbon-based materials in the development and fabrication of voltammetric sensors of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of moderate to severe depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and various phobias. Voltammetric techniques offer outstanding sensitivity and selectivity, accuracy, low detection limit, high reproducibility, instrumental simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and short time of direct determination of antidepressant drugs in pharmaceutical and clinical samples. Moreover, the combination of voltammetric approaches with the unique characteristics of carbon and its derivatives has led to the development of powerful electrochemical sensing tools for detecting antidepressant drugs, which are highly desirable in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, carbon-based materials, such as glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond, and a wide spectrum of carbon nanoparticles, including graphene, graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were described in terms of the sensing performance of agomelatine, alprazolam, amitriptyline, aripiprazole, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, clonazepam, desipramine, desvenlafaxine, doxepin, duloxetine, flunitrazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, nifedipine, olanzapine, opipramol, paroxetine, quetiapine, serotonin, sertraline, sulpiride, thioridazine, trazodone, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine. Full article
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16 pages, 5848 KiB  
Article
Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on MWCNTs/GQDs for the Detection of Sulfamethazine in Aquaculture Seawater
by Jianlei Chen, Tianruo Zhang, Yong Xu, Hao Li, Hongwu Cui, Xinguo Zhao, Yun Zhou, Keming Qu and Zhengguo Cui
Biosensors 2025, 15(3), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15030184 - 13 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1010
Abstract
In this work, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed based on molecular imprinting technology for the detection of sulfamethazine. A glassy carbon electrode was modified with a composite material of carbon nanotubes and graphene quantum dots to effectively improve sensitivity. The [...] Read more.
In this work, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed based on molecular imprinting technology for the detection of sulfamethazine. A glassy carbon electrode was modified with a composite material of carbon nanotubes and graphene quantum dots to effectively improve sensitivity. The molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was then prepared by electropolymerization using sulfamethazine as the template and o-phenylenediamine as the functional monomer on the modified electrode. Under optimal measurement conditions, electrochemical tests of different sulfamethazine concentrations (0.5 μM–200 μM) showed excellent linearity and a detection limit of 0.068 μM. In addition, the sensor demonstrated satisfactory selectivity, stability, and reusability. Furthermore, the sensor was applied to the spiked analysis of sulfamethazine in grouper aquaculture water, achieving recovery rates between 95.4% and 104.8%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.14%. These results indicated that the developed method was effective for the analysis of sulfamethazine in aquaculture seawater, providing a new approach for the detection of antibiotic residues in seawater samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring)
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13 pages, 2885 KiB  
Article
Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Vanillin Using a Bimetallic Hydroxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
by Shamim Ahmed Hira, Jonathan Quintal and Aicheng Chen
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061694 - 9 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Vanillin (VAN) is an organic compound which not only functions as a flavoring and fragrance enhancer in some foods but also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-depressant effects. However, the excessive use of VAN can be associated with negative side effects on human [...] Read more.
Vanillin (VAN) is an organic compound which not only functions as a flavoring and fragrance enhancer in some foods but also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-depressant effects. However, the excessive use of VAN can be associated with negative side effects on human health. As a result, it is crucial to find a reliable method for the rapid determination of VAN to enhance food safety. Herein, we developed a sensor using Ni and Co bimetallic hydroxide and reduced graphene oxide nanostructure (NiCo(OH)2.rGO). Our prepared material was characterized using various physico-chemical techniques. The electrocatalytic efficiency of the NiCo(OH)2.rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The developed sensor showed a limit of detection of 6.1 nM and a linear range of 5–140 nM. The synergistic effect of NiCo(OH)2 and rGO improved the active sites and enhanced its catalytic efficiency. The practical applicability of the prepared sensor was investigated for the determination of VAN in food samples such as biscuits and chocolates, showing promise in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors: Technologies and Applications)
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11 pages, 5152 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Tumbleweed-like MoSe2 Nanostructures for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid
by Peizheng Shi, Ningbin Zhao, Zhuang Sun, Kaiqiang Sun, Wubo Chu, Hsu-Sheng Tsai, Lidong Wu, Tao Cai, Yuezhong Wang, Nan Jiang, Chen Ye, Li Fu, Lixin Xu and Cheng-Te Lin
Chemosensors 2025, 13(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13030081 - 2 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Uric acid (UA), the final metabolic product of purines, plays a crucial role in human health monitoring. The UA concentration in biological fluids serves as a diagnostic marker for various disorders, particularly kidney diseases, and represents a potential therapeutic target. Given the growing [...] Read more.
Uric acid (UA), the final metabolic product of purines, plays a crucial role in human health monitoring. The UA concentration in biological fluids serves as a diagnostic marker for various disorders, particularly kidney diseases, and represents a potential therapeutic target. Given the growing emphasis on preventive healthcare, developing methods for real-time UA detection has become increasingly significant. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel tumbleweed-like molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanostructures through a single-step hydrothermal process. The synthesized MoSe2 was subsequently hybridized with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to construct electrodes for UA sensing. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements revealed that the MoSe2/rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited excellent UA detection capabilities under optimized conditions. The sensor demonstrated a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of 28.4 nM and maintained linearity across a wide concentration range (40 nM to 200 μM). Notably, the sensor showed high selectivity for UA detection even in the presence of common interfering species, including citric acid (CA), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine (Cys), glucose (Glu), oxalic acid (OA), sodium ions (Na+), and potassium ions (K+). The developed sensor displayed outstanding selectivity, stability, and reproducibility characteristics. This synthetic approach offers promising opportunities for developing MoSe2-based electrochemical sensing platforms suitable for diverse bioanalytical applications. Full article
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14 pages, 3363 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Graphene/Ionic Liquids and the Quantitative Detection and Toxicity Evaluation of Tetracycline
by Meidan Lai, Linzhe Huang, Chengzhi Wang, Rui Zuo and Jun Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040263 - 10 Feb 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 887
Abstract
Tetracycline antibiotics, which are recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are overused and retained in large quantities in terminal water bodies, seriously endangering the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, establishing a straightforward, rapid, and sensitive method for quantitatively detecting and evaluating the toxicity [...] Read more.
Tetracycline antibiotics, which are recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are overused and retained in large quantities in terminal water bodies, seriously endangering the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, establishing a straightforward, rapid, and sensitive method for quantitatively detecting and evaluating the toxicity of tetracyclines is highly important. Compared with traditional detection methods, emerging electrochemical methods have many advantages, such as simplicity and rapidity. In this work, an electrochemical sensor—a graphene ionic liquid composite glass carbon electrode (Gr/IL/GCE) with excellent catalytic properties for both tetracycline and cellular purine bases—was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with graphene and an ionic liquid for the quantitative detection of tetracycline and evaluation of its toxicity to cells. Graphene and the ionic liquid were uniformly distributed on the surface of the electrode and increased the electrically active surface area. The linear range of detection of tetracycline by a Gr/IL/GCE was 10–500 μM, with a detection limit of up to 2.06 μM. The Gr/IL/GCE demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic efficacy against purine bases within human hepatocellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of tetracycline, the median inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined, which was 243.82 μM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Environmental Sensors and Pollutant Control)
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14 pages, 2405 KiB  
Article
A Dual Nano-Signal Probe-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Simultaneous Detection of Two Biomarkers in Gastric Cancer
by Li-Ting Su, Zhen-Qing Yang, Hua-Ping Peng and Ai-Lin Liu
Biosensors 2025, 15(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15020080 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
Detecting multiple tumor markers is of great importance. It helps in early cancer detection, accurate diagnosis, and monitoring treatment. In this work, gold nanoparticles–toluidine blue–graphene oxide (AuNPs-TB–GO) and gold nanoparticles–carboxyl ferrocene–tungsten disulfide (AuNPs–FMC–WS2) nanocomposites were prepared for labeling Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) [...] Read more.
Detecting multiple tumor markers is of great importance. It helps in early cancer detection, accurate diagnosis, and monitoring treatment. In this work, gold nanoparticles–toluidine blue–graphene oxide (AuNPs-TB–GO) and gold nanoparticles–carboxyl ferrocene–tungsten disulfide (AuNPs–FMC–WS2) nanocomposites were prepared for labeling Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody and Carbohydrate antigen 72–4 (CA72-4) antibody, respectively, and used as two kinds of probes with different electrochemical signals. With the excellent magnetic performance of biotin immune magnetic beads (IMBs), the biofunctional IMBs were firmly deposited on the magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) surface by applying a constant magnetic field, and then the CEA and CA72-4 antibody were immobilized on the IMBs by the avidin–biotin conjugation. The assay was based on the change in the detection peak current. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear range of detection of CEA is of the two-component immunosensor is from 0.01 to 120 ng/mL, with a low detection limit of 0.003 ng/mL, and the linear range of detection of CA72-4 is from 0.05 to 35 U/mL, with a detection limit of 0.016 U/mL. The results showed that the proposed immunosensor enabled simultaneous monitoring of CEA and CA72-4 and exhibited good reproducibility, excellent high selectivity, and sensitivity. In particular, the proposed multiplexed immunoassay approach does not require sophisticated fabrication and is well-suited for high-throughput biosensing and application to other areas. Full article
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17 pages, 4209 KiB  
Article
Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Amino-Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Composite for Detection of Pb2+ Ions
by Priyanka C. Zine, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Shubham S. Patil, Masira T. Qureshi, Meng-Lin Tsai, Tibor Hianik and Mahendra D. Shirsat
Chemosensors 2025, 13(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020034 - 24 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1634
Abstract
In this work, an amino-functionalized graphene oxide/polypyrrole (AMGO/PPy) composite-based novel sensing platform was established to monitor lead ions (Pb2+) at high sensitivity. AMGO was synthesized through a hydrothermal process and later formed a composite with PPy at varying concentrations. A physicochemical [...] Read more.
In this work, an amino-functionalized graphene oxide/polypyrrole (AMGO/PPy) composite-based novel sensing platform was established to monitor lead ions (Pb2+) at high sensitivity. AMGO was synthesized through a hydrothermal process and later formed a composite with PPy at varying concentrations. A physicochemical investigation of the synthesized materials was carried out using various characterization tools, while the electrochemical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The AMGO/PPy composite was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which was used for the real-time electrochemical detection of Pb2+. The AMGO/PPy sensor exhibited lower limits of detection (LOD) of 0.91 nM. In addition, the developed Pb2+ sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, repeatability, selectivity, sensitivity, and long-term stability for 25 days. The AMGO/PPy composite emerges as a ground-breaking material for the electrochemical detection of Pb2+, holding significant potential for environmental monitoring and the protection of human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Sensors: Design, Development and Applications)
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12 pages, 2590 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots
by Ram Chandra Nepal, Elif S. Seven, Roger M. Leblanc and Charles C. Chusuei
Molecules 2025, 30(2), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020413 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1074
Abstract
Elevated dopamine (DA) levels in urine denote neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer. Saccharide-derived carbon dots (CDs) were applied to assay DA detection in simulated urine (SU) while delineating the effects of graphene defect density on electrocatalytic activity. CDs were hydrothermally synthesized to vary graphene [...] Read more.
Elevated dopamine (DA) levels in urine denote neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer. Saccharide-derived carbon dots (CDs) were applied to assay DA detection in simulated urine (SU) while delineating the effects of graphene defect density on electrocatalytic activity. CDs were hydrothermally synthesized to vary graphene defect densities using sucrose, raffinose, and palatinose, depositing them onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were encapsulated by the CDs. Cyclic (CV) and linear sweep (LSV) voltammetry measurements were obtained, drop-casting the CDs onto GCEs and measuring DA in a phosphate-buffer solution (pH = 7). DA had an oxidation peak at +0.2 V with SucCDs, with the highest current correlating with the highest defect density. PalCD-Co3O4 exhibited the largest signal for DA detection in simulated urine (SU) using the oxidation peak at +0.5 V; the composite had a lower defect density compared to SucCD-Co3O4. The Co3O4-PalCDs had a DA detection range of 1 to 90 µM with an LOD of 0.88 μM in SU. SEM-EDX analysis of the electrode surface revealed semi-spherical structures with an average particle diameter of 80 ± 19 nm (n = 347) with PalCDs decorating the Co3O4 NPs. XRD characterization showed the incorporation of PalCD and Co3O4 within the composite. XPS showed electron density donation from the PalCD to Co3O4. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemistry)
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17 pages, 3310 KiB  
Article
Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing
by Željka Boček, Marko Zubak and Petar Kassal
Biosensors 2025, 15(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15010028 - 8 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1667
Abstract
Prussian Blue (PB) is commonly incorporated into screen-printed enzymatic devices since it enables the determination of the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide at low potentials. Inkjet printing is gaining popularity in the development of electrochemical sensors as a substitute for screen printing. This work [...] Read more.
Prussian Blue (PB) is commonly incorporated into screen-printed enzymatic devices since it enables the determination of the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide at low potentials. Inkjet printing is gaining popularity in the development of electrochemical sensors as a substitute for screen printing. This work presents a fully inkjet-printed graphene–Prussian Blue platform, which can be paired with oxidase enzymes to prepare a biosensor of choice. The graphene electrode was inkjet-printed on a flexible polyimide substrate and then thermally and photonically treated with intense pulsed light, followed by inkjet printing of a PB nanoparticle suspension. The optimization of post-printing treatment and electrode deposition conditions was performed to yield a platform with minimal sheet resistance and peak potential differences. A thorough study of PB deposition was conducted: the fully inkjet-printed system was compared against sensors with PB deposited chemically or by drop casting the PB suspension on different kinds of carbon electrodes (glassy carbon, commercial screen-printed, and in-house inkjet-printed electrodes). For hydrogen peroxide detection, the fully inkjet-printed platform exhibits excellent sensitivity, a wider linear range, better linearity, and greater stability towards higher concentrations of peroxide than the other tested electrodes. Finally, lactate oxidase was immobilized in a chitosan matrix, and the prepared biosensor exhibited analytical performance comparable to other lactate sensors found in the literature in a wide, physiologically relevant linear range for measuring lactate concentration in sweat. The development of mediator-modified electrodes with a single fabrication technology, as demonstrated here, paves the way for the scalable production of low-cost, wearable, and flexible biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Electronics for Biosensing)
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