Search Results (88)

This study aimed to propose a probability-guaranteed spectrum method to enhance the reliability of seismic building designs, thereby addressing the inadequacy of the current code-specified response spectrum based on mean fortification levels. This study systematically evaluated the fitting performance of dynamic coefficient spectra under normal, log-normal, and gamma distribution assumptions based on 288 ground motion records from type II sites. MATLAB(2010) parameter fitting and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were used, revealing that the gamma distribution optimally characterized spectral characteristics across all period ranges (p < 0.05). This study innovatively established dynamic coefficient spectra curves for various probability guarantee levels (50–80%), quantitatively revealing the insufficient probability assurance of code spectra in the long-period range. Furthermore, this study proposed an evaluation framework for load safety levels of spectral values over the design service period, demonstrating that increasing probability guarantee levels significantly improved safety margins over a 50-year reference period. This method provides probabilistic foundations for the differentiated seismic design of important structures and offers valuable insights for revising current code provisions based on mean spectra. Full article

Inadequate vitamin D and dietary fibre intake are growing public health concerns in Western countries, especially in regions with limited sunlight and diets rich in processed foods. Bakery products, widely consumed, offer a promising opportunity for nutritional fortification. This study explored the possibility of fortifying white wheat bread—a staple food but low in fibre—with vitamin D₃ and various dietary fibres (oat fibre, pectin, cellulose, and beta-glucan). The goal was to enhance its nutritional profile while maintaining desirable bread qualities. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), an empirical model, optimised the fibre combination. A range of dough and bread analyses were conducted—including assessments of gluten structure, starch pasting, fermentation activity, crumb hardness, specific volume, and colourimetry. The results showed fibre addition weakened the gluten network and altered starch properties (reduced peak, final and breakdown viscosities)—reducing loaf volume (4.2 ± 0.4 mL/g vs. 4.8 ± 0.1 mL/g for the control)—though to a lesser extent than in wholemeal bread (2.4 ± 0.1 mL/g), while vitamin D₃ inclusion had a minimal impact (4.0 ± 0.4 mL/g for white bread, 2.1 ± 0.0 mL/g for wholemeal bread). The study identified an optimal mix of soluble and insoluble fibres with vitamin D₃ that preserved the texture, crumb structure, and appearance of standard white bread. The final product offered fibre levels (Total Dietary Fibre, TDF = 10.72 ± 0.31 g/100 g bread, vs. 3.81 ± 0.06 g/100 g for the control) comparable to those of wholemeal bread (TDF = 9.54 ± 0.67 g/100 g), with improved texture and volume. This approach presents an effective strategy to enhance staple foods, potentially improving public health through better nutrient intake without compromising consumer acceptance. Full article

Precision nutrition-targeted gut microbiota (GM) may have therapeutic potential not only for age-related diseases but also for slowing the aging process and promoting longer healthspan. Recent studies have shown that restoring a healthy symbiosis of GM by counteracting dysbiosis (DYS) through precise nutritional intervention is becoming a major target for extending healthspan. Microbiota-accessible borate (MAB) complexes, such as boron (B)–pectins (rhamnogalacturonan–borate) and borate–phenolic esters (diester chlorogenoborate), have a significant impact on healthy host–microbiota symbiosis (HMS). The mechanism of action of MABs involves the biosynthesis of the autoinducer-2–borate (AI-2B) signaling molecule, B fortification of the mucus gel layer by the MABs diet, inhibition of pathogenic microbes, and reversal of GM DYS, strengthening the gut barrier structure, enhancing immunity, and promoting overall host health. In fact, the lack of MAB complexes in the human diet causes reduced levels of AI-2B in GM, inhibiting the Firmicutes phylum (the main butyrate-producing bacteria), with important effects on healthy HMS. It can now be argued that there is a relationship between MAB-rich intake, healthy HMS, host metabolic health, and longevity. This could influence the deployment of natural prebiotic B-based nutraceuticals targeting the colon in the future. Our review is based on the discovery that MAB diet is absolutely necessary for healthy HMS in humans, by reversing DYS and restoring eubiosis for longer healthspan. Full article

The Gobi Wall is a 321 km-long structure made of earth, stone, and wood, located in the Gobi highland desert of Mongolia. It is the least understood section of the medieval wall system that extends from China into Mongolia. This study aims to determine its builders, purpose, and chronology. Additionally, we seek to better understand the ecological implications of constructing such an extensive system of walls, trenches, garrisons, and fortresses in the remote and harsh environment of the Gobi Desert. Our field expedition combined remote sensing, pedestrian surveys, and targeted excavations at key sites. The results indicate that the garrison walls and main long wall were primarily constructed using rammed earth, with wood and stone reinforcements. Excavations of garrisons uncovered evidence of long-term occupation, including artifacts spanning from 2nd c. BCE to 19th c. CE. According to our findings, the main construction and usage phase of the wall and its associated structures occurred throughout the Xi Xia dynasty (1038–1227 CE), a period characterized by advanced frontier defense systems and significant geopolitical shifts. This study challenges the perception of such structures as being purely defensive, revealing the Gobi Wall’s multifunctional role as an imperial tool for demarcating boundaries, managing populations and resources, and consolidating territorial control. Furthermore, our spatial and ecological analysis demonstrates that the distribution of local resources, such as water and wood, was critical in determining the route of the wall and the placement of associated garrisons and forts. Other geographic factors, including the location of mountain passes and the spread of sand dunes, were strategically utilized to enhance the effectiveness of the wall system. The results of this study reshape our understanding of medieval Inner Asian imperial infrastructure and its lasting impact on geopolitical landscapes. By integrating historical and archeological evidence with geographical analysis of the locations of garrisons and fortifications, we underscore the Xi Xia kingdom’s strategic emphasis on regulating trade, securing transportation routes, and monitoring frontier movement. Full article

Saltwater crocodile (SC; Crocodylus porosus) bone, an underutilized by-product, can be converted into high-value bio-calcium (Biocal), serving as a potential source of calcium and minerals. This study aimed to produce SC bone Biocal as functional gel enhancer for fish bologna development and to increase calcium intake. The resulting bone powder was evaluated for physicochemical, microbiological, and molecular properties. Additionally, the textural, physicochemical, structural, and sensorial properties of the formulated fish bologna incorporating Biocal at varying levels (0–10% w/w) were also evaluated. Biocal, obtained as a fine white powder, had a 16.83% yield. Mineral analysis showed 26.25% calcium and 13.72% phosphorus, with no harmful metals or pathogens detected. X-ray diffraction confirmed hydroxyapatite with 69.92% crystallinity, while calcium bioavailability was measured at 22.30%. Amino acid analysis indicated high levels of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, essential for collagen support. The findings confirmed that SC bone Biocal is beneficial and safe for food fortification. Incorporating SC Biocal (2–10% w/w) significantly affected the fish bologna characteristics (p < 0.05). As the Biocal level increased, the gel strength, hardness, and shear force also increased. The addition of 6% (w/w) Biocal significantly improved the textural property, without a detrimental effect on the sensory attributes of the bologna gel (p < 0.05). SDS-PAGE analysis showed TGase-enhanced myosin heavy chain (MHC) cross-linking, particularly in combination with Biocal. Moreover, the enriched Biocal–bologna gel exhibited a finer and denser microstructure. Thus, SC Biocal, particularly at 6% (w/w), can serve as a functional gel enhancer in surimi-based products, without compromising organoleptic quality. Full article

In this study, we extracted, separated, and purified polysaccharides from Se-enriched Cyclocarya paliurus (Se-CPP-1) and compared them with their non-Se-enriched counterparts (CPP-1) to investigate the impact of selenium on their structural and functional properties. Structural characterization by HPLC, GC-MS, and SEM revealed that Se-CPP-1 is an acidic heteropolysaccharide with a lower molecular weight (76.6 vs. 109.22 kDa), smaller particle size (418.22 vs. 536.96 nm), and higher negative zeta potential (−43.15 vs. −21.29 mV), indicating enhanced colloidal stability. SEM imaging further demonstrated a distinctive flaky morphology in Se-CPP-1. Functional assays showed that Se-CPP-1 significantly outperformed CPP-1 in scavenging free radicals (DPPH/ABTS), stimulating RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation (CCK-8 assay), enhancing phagocytic activity, and promoting NO secretion. These improvements were attributed to selenium-induced modifications in polysaccharide conformation and surface properties. Our findings highlight the potential of selenium fortification in developing high-efficacy C. paliurus polysaccharides for antioxidant and immunomodulatory applications. Full article

This research paper evaluates the functional and nutritional properties of extruded corn snacks fortified with plant-based hemp protein (HP) and insect-derived cricket powder (CP). With a focus on sustainable protein sources due to growing environmental concerns and the need for alternative protein sources, this study aims to enhance the nutritional profile of corn snacks. The incorporation of unconventional proteins into snacks is explored to meet consumer demands for sustainable and nutritious options. Results show that HP-enriched snacks have higher mineral content, such as calcium and magnesium, lower sodium content, and improved water interaction profiles. On the other hand, CP-fortified snacks exhibit higher protein content, essential amino acids, and moisture retention capabilities. Texture analysis reveals differences in hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness between HP and CP-enriched products. Moreover, color analysis indicates that HP and CP additives influence the color and appearance of the snacks, with CP enrichments leading to darker snacks. Sorption isotherm studies demonstrate varying hygroscopicity levels between HP- and CP-enriched samples, impacting their storage stability. Surface structure assessments show differences in the specific sorption surface area, suggesting unique properties attributed to each protein source. In conclusion, both hemp protein and cricket powder offer various advantages for snack fortification, providing opportunities to enhance nutritional profiles while addressing sustainability concerns. Full article

This study investigated the potential of hempseed protein isolate (HPI) as a protein fortifier and wheat flour substitute in vegan muffins. HPI was incorporated at 0% (CON), 10% (HP10), 20% (HP20), and 30% (HP30) substitution levels, and muffins were evaluated for physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties. Protein content significantly increased from 9.61% (CON) to 19.40% (HP30), while baking loss decreased from 21.33% to 19.77%, reflecting HPI’s superior water-holding capacity. Texture analysis showed hardness decreased from 179.72 g/cm² (CON) to 137.73 g/cm² (HP30), resulting in softer muffins with higher chewiness. This correlated with a more aerated crumb structure and smoother surface at higher HPI levels, indicating improved structural integrity. Rheological analysis revealed increased batter viscosity and shear-thinning behavior with HPI fortification. FTIR analysis exhibited redshifts in the Amide I and Amide II bands, suggesting enhanced protein–protein interactions and hydrogen bonding in fortified HPI muffins. Antioxidant activity increased significantly, with ABTS radical scavenging values rising from 32.66% (CON) to 46.28% (HP30), attributed to the bioactive peptides and phenolic compounds (144.67 mg GAE/g) in HPI. However, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) decreased from 66.08% to 42.63% due to protein–starch–lipid interactions inhibiting hydrolysis. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences in aroma, taste, mouthfeel, or overall acceptability, with scores between 4.83 and 5.33 among all samples. These results demonstrate that HPI incorporation of up to 30% significantly enhances the nutritional profile, antioxidant activity, and textural properties of vegan muffins while maintaining overall sensory quality, supporting HPI’s potential as a sustainable protein fortifier in plant-based bakery products. Full article

The UNESCO site of Arslantepe is located in Eastern Anatolia in the Malatya Plain (Türkiye) about 10 km from the Euphrates River. Here for about a century archaeological excavations have been carried out, reconstructing a long sequence of human frequentation starting from 5000 years BC up to the Middle Ages. The settlement, one of the most important and largest in the region, has undergone numerous changes over time, resulting in a complex superposition of structures, palaces, temples, and burials concentrated on the hill. With the aim of extending the knowledge of the site, in 2022, geophysical surveys were carried out through the application of electrical resistivity tomography, covering a surface of approximately 4300 m² in an unexplored area at the foot of the hill. In this paper, the Extended data-adaptive Probability-based Electrical Resistivity Tomography Inversion approach (E-PERTI), recently published as a development of the probability tomography imaging approach, has been applied to a large apparent resistivity field dataset, providing the best estimate of the most probable estimate of the resistivity distribution through an intrinsic linear regression model implementing standard least squares routines. The results seem to prove the effectiveness of the E-PERTI approach in noise dejection, enhancing associated resistivity highs that can be ascribable to the trace of a potential fortification. The obtained information represents new, unexpected data that open new frontiers of archaeological research, adding value to the knowledge of the site. Full article

As a critical component of lifeline engineering, bridges play a vital role in post-earthquake rescue and disaster relief efforts. The rapid repair of earthquake-damaged piers is essential to ensure the uninterrupted functionality of lifeline systems. This paper presents a novel method for the rapid repair of earthquake-damaged pier columns using steel sleeves, based on a multi-level fortification approach, integrating numerical simulation, structural design, and experimental research. In alignment with the multi-level fortification requirements, the structural form of the outer steel sleeves was designed, key influencing factors were analyzed, and a design scheme for the outer steel sleeve was proposed. Furthermore, a quasi-static test was conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of the pier columns before and after repair. The results indicate that the maximum horizontal load the pier can withstand after repair is approximately 40% higher than that before the damage. When the pier’s bearing capacity reaches its maximum value, the horizontal displacement increases from 29.15 mm to 95.65 mm, indicating a significant improvement in the seismic performance of the repaired pier. Failure initiates with the buckling of the brace, followed by the buckling of the steel sleeves, demonstrating a multi-stage failure mode. This mode satisfies the requirements of multi-level fortification, with enhanced ductility achieved while maintaining the pier column’s bearing capacity, thereby enhancing the protection of the foundation. Full article

This study aimed to enhance the nutritional value of jellies by fortification with polyphenol extracts derived from Pinus sylvestris L. shoots at various maturation stages. Pinus sylvestris L., a coniferous species, is widely used in traditional medicine and functional foods due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Its needles, bark, and shoots are commonly used to extract bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In the current study, extracts were derived from young shoots collected directly from natural forest environments and processed using a decoction method to preserve bioactive compounds. The novel jelly formulations were prepared using pine shoots harvested at three maturity stages: stage I (4 cm), stage II (8 cm), and stage III (12 cm). All determinations were conducted both on the pure decoction extracts and the jelly samples to ensure a comprehensive analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) allowed the identification of eight phenolic acids and six flavonoids in the samples. Significant differences were observed between the pine shoot extracts and jellies at different development stages. Notably, stage II exhibited optimal polyphenol content (312.2 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (94.9%), dry matter content (79.5%), and acidity (0.79% citric acid/g). A similar pattern emerged in the jelly samples (jelly2 (pine decoction stage II) > jelly1 (pine decoction stage I) > jelly3 (pine decoction stage III)). All extracts demonstrated antioxidant potential in DPPH free radical quenching assays. FTIR analysis evaluated structural changes in phenolic compounds during jelly formulation, focusing on key absorption bands at 1600 cm⁻¹ (C=C stretching) and 3336 cm⁻¹ (-OH stretching) using a Shimadzu IR Prestige-21 spectrophotometer. Compared to extracts, jellies showed diminished band intensities, indicating thermal degradation of phenolic compounds during processing. This aligns with observed reductions in antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, suggesting partial destabilization of these bioactive compounds. However, their integration into the jelly matrix highlights the potential for functional applications. The textural attributes of jellies were also assessed, and differences were attributed to the changes in acidity and moisture content of the pine shoots during maturation. Pine shoot extracts at specific maturation stages are valuable sources of antioxidant and polyphenol compounds and were successfully employed in functional applications belonging to the food or nutraceutical industry. Full article

China is prone to frequent earthquakes, impacting both the construction and operation of high-speed railways. The seismic response analysis is essential for the promotion and structural optimization of novel box-type subgrade structures. This paper develops a nonlinear integrated spatial dynamic model of a ballastless track and box-type subgrade, investigating structural vibrations under multi-dimensional seismic actions using the time–frequency domain method. A seismic performance analysis of the structure is conducted to examine the influence of seismic intensity on its seismic response. Results indicate that the box-type subgrades exhibit good integrity under seismic actions, primarily undergoing rigid body motion, with forces in all components well below design strength, meeting the Chinese seismic fortification requirements. Compared to traditional simply supported beams, box-type subgrades show better adaptability to earthquakes. As seismic intensity increases, vibrations and deformations of box-type subgrades change linearly, while vibrating forces increase nonlinearly. Full article

The global energy crisis is increasingly severe, and the construction industry, as a high-energy-consuming sector, is one of the main sources of carbon emissions. As a result, the development of green buildings has become imperative. Shear walls, as a common structural form in buildings, have their wall layout ratio significantly influencing the amount of building materials used, which is crucial for material reduction and carbon emission reduction during construction. This paper innovatively introduces the concept of the optimal shear wall layout ratio, focusing on the analysis of the variation patterns of wall ratios and their associated carbon emissions in both traditional and optimal models. Various optimal models are designed with shear wall length as the variable, and the relationship between shear wall layout ratio and carbon emissions is examined. Under a seismic fortification intensity of level 7 (0.1 g), the layout ratio of the optimal models does not exceed that of the traditional model (4.24%), and the carbon emissions are reduced by approximately 11%. A reasonable design of the shear wall layout ratio not only reduces carbon emissions in buildings and improves reverse performance but also promotes a dual enhancement in both economic and environmental benefits in the construction industry. Full article

Project cost forecasting is a complex and critical process, and it is of paramount importance for the successful implementation of engineering projects. Accurately forecasting project costs can help project managers and relevant decision-makers make informed decisions, thereby avoiding unnecessary cost overruns and time delays. Furthermore, accurately forecasting project costs can make important contributions to better controlling engineering costs, optimizing resource allocation, and reducing project risks. To establish a high-precision cost forecasting model for construction projects in Guangdong Province, based on case data of construction projects in Guangdong Province, this paper first uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to obtain the characteristic parameters that affect project costs. Then, a neural network training and testing dataset is constructed, and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the initial weights and biases of the neural network. The GA-BP neural network is used to establish a cost forecasting model for construction projects in Guangdong Province. Finally, by using parameter sensitivity analysis theory, the importance of the characteristic values that affect the project cost is ranked, and the optimal direction for controlling the project cost is obtained. The results showed: (1) The determination coefficient between the forecasting and actual values of the project cost forecasting model based on the BP neural network testing set is 0.87. After GA optimization, the determination coefficient between the forecasting and actual values of the GA-BP neural network testing set is 0.94. The accuracy of the intelligent forecast model for construction project cost in Guangdong Province has been significantly improved after optimization through GA. (2) Based on sensitivity analysis of neural network parameters, the most significant factor affecting the cost of construction projects in Guangdong Province is the number of above-ground floors, followed by the main structure type, foundation structure, above-ground building area, total building area, underground building area, fortification intensity, and building height. The results of parameter sensitivity analysis indicate the direction for cost control in construction projects. The research results of this paper provide theoretical guidance for cost control in construction projects. Full article

Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Science (GIS) techniques are powerful tools for spatial data collection, analysis, management, and digitization within cultural heritage frameworks. Despite their capabilities, challenges remain in automating data semantic classification for conservation purposes. To address this, leveraging airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds, complex spatial analyses, and automated data structuring is crucial for supporting heritage preservation and knowledge processes. In this context, the present contribution investigates the latest Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies for automating existing LiDAR data structuring, focusing on the case study of Sardinia coastlines. Moreover, the study preliminary addresses automation challenges in the perspective of historical defensive landscapes mapping. Since historical defensive architectures and landscapes are characterized by several challenging complexities—including their association with dark periods in recent history and chronological stratification—their digitization and preservation are highly multidisciplinary issues. This research aims to improve data structuring automation in these large heritage contexts with a multiscale approach by applying Machine Learning (ML) techniques to low-scale 3D Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds. The study thus develops a predictive Deep Learning Model (DLM) for the semantic segmentation of sparse point clouds (<10 pts/m²), adaptable to large landscape heritage contexts and heterogeneous data scales. Additionally, a preliminary investigation into object-detection methods has been conducted to map specific fortification artifacts efficiently. Full article