Search Results (764)

Asphalt plant reclaimed powder is a common solid waste in road engineering. Reusing reclaimed powder as filler holds significant importance for environmental protection and resource conservation. The key factors affecting the feasibility of reclaimed powder reuse are its acidity/alkalinity and cleanliness. Traditional evaluation methods, such as the methylene blue test and plasticity index, can assess reclaimed powder properties to guide its recycling. However, these methods suffer from inefficiency, strong empirical dependence, and high variability. To address these limitations, this study proposes a rapid and precise evaluation method for reclaimed powder properties based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To do so, five field-collected reclaimed powder samples and four artificial samples were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize their microphase morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure, respectively. Subsequently, FTIR was used to establish correlations between key acidity/alkalinity, cleanliness, and multiple characteristic peak intensities. Representative infrared characteristic peaks were selected, and a quantitative functional group index (Is) was proposed to simultaneously evaluate acidity/alkalinity and cleanliness. The results indicate that reclaimed powder primarily consists of tiny, crushed stone particles and dust, with significant variations in crystal structure and chemical composition, including calcium carbonate, silicon oxide, iron oxide, and aluminum oxide. Some samples also contained clay, which critically influenced the reclaimed powder properties. Since both filler acidity/alkalinity and cleanliness are affected by clay (silicon/carbon ratio determining acidity/alkalinity and aluminosilicate content affecting cleanliness), this study calculated four functional group indices based on FTIR absorption peaks, namely the Si-O-Si stretching vibration (1000 cm⁻¹) and the CO₃²⁻ asymmetric stretching vibration (1400 cm⁻¹). These indices were correlated with conventional testing results (XRF for acidity/alkalinity, methylene blue value, and pull-off strength for cleanliness). The results show that the Is index exhibited strong correlations (R² = 0.89 with XRF, R² = 0.80 with methylene blue value, and R² = 0.96 with pull-off strength), demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting both acidity/alkalinity and cleanliness. The developed method enhances reclaimed powder detection efficiency and facilitates high-value recycling in road engineering applications. Full article

The global climate crisis has driven unprecedented agreements among nations on carbon mitigation. With China’s commitment to carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets, the building sector has emerged as a critical focus for emission reduction, particularly because office buildings account for over 30% of building energy consumption. However, a systematic and regionally adaptive low-carbon technology evaluation framework is lacking. To address this gap, this study develops a multidimensional decision-making system to quantify and rank low-carbon technologies for office buildings in Beijing. The method includes four core components: (1) establishing three archetypal models—low-rise (H ≤ 24 m), mid-rise (24 m < H ≤ 50 m), and high-rise (50 m < H ≤ 100 m) office buildings—based on 99 office buildings in Beijing; (2) classifying 19 key technologies into three clusters—Envelope Structure Optimization, Equipment Efficiency Enhancement, and Renewable Energy Utilization—using bibliometric analysis and policy norm screening; (3) developing a four-dimensional evaluation framework encompassing Carbon Reduction Degree (CRD), Economic Viability Degree (EVD), Technical Applicability Degree (TAD), and Carbon Intensity Degree (CID); and (4) conducting a comprehensive quantitative evaluation using the AHP-entropy-TOPSIS algorithm. The results indicate distinct priority patterns across the building types: low-rise buildings prioritize roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems, LED lighting, and thermal-break aluminum frames with low-E double-glazed laminated glass. Mid- and high-rise buildings emphasize integrated PV-LED-T8 lighting solutions and optimized building envelope structures. Ranking analysis further highlights LED lighting, T8 high-efficiency fluorescent lamps, and rooftop PV systems as the top-recommended technologies for Beijing. Additionally, four policy recommendations are proposed to facilitate the large-scale implementation of the program. This study presents a holistic technical integration strategy that simultaneously enhances the technological performance, economic viability, and carbon reduction outcomes of architectural design and renovation. It also establishes a replicable decision-support framework for decarbonizing office and public buildings in cities, thereby supporting China’s “dual carbon” goals and contributing to global carbon mitigation efforts in the building sector. Full article

To elucidate the photosynthetic physiological mechanisms influencing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and quality under varying planting densities, the cultivar ‘Zhongmu No.1’ was used as experimental material. The effects of different row spacing (R1, R2, R3) and seeding rate (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5) combinations on chlorophyll content (ChlM), nitrogen flavonol index (NFI), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, forage quality, and hay yield were systematically analyzed. Results showed that alfalfa under R1S3 treatment achieved peak values for ChIM, NFI, EE, and hay yield, whereas R1S4 treatment yielded the highest Fv/Fm and CP content. Redundancy analysis further indicated that yield was most strongly associated with ChlM, NFI, Y (II), and qP. Y (II), and qP significantly influenced alfalfa forage quality, exerting negative effects on ADF and NDF, while demonstrating positive effects on CP and EE. In conclusion, narrow row spacing (15 cm) with moderate seeding rates (22.5–30 kg·hm⁻²) optimizes photosynthetic performance while concurrently enhancing both productivity and forage quality in alfalfa cultivated, establishing a theoretical foundation for photosynthetic regulation in high-quality and high-yield alfalfa cultivation. Full article

Background: Often, neoadjuvant therapy, which relies on the induction of double-strand breaks (DSBs), is used prior to surgery to shrink tumors by inducing cancer cell apoptosis. However, recent studies have suggested that this treatment may also induce a fluctuating state between senescence and stemness in PA-1 embryonal carcinoma cells, potentially affecting therapeutic outcomes. Thus, the respective epigenetic pathways are up or downregulated over a time period of days. These fluctuations go hand in hand with changes in spatial DNA organization. Methods: By means of Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy in combination with mathematical evaluation tools for pointillist data sets, we investigated the organization of euchromatin and heterochromatin at the nanoscale on the third and fifth day after etoposide treatment. Results: Using fluorescently labeled antibodies against H3K9me3 (heterochromatin tri-methylation sites) and H3K4me3 (euchromatin tri-methylation sites), we found that the induction of DSBs led to the de-condensation of heterochromatin and compaction of euchromatin, with a peak effect on day 3 after the treatment. On day 3, we also observed the co-localization of euchromatin and heterochromatin, which have marks that usually occur in exclusive low-overlapping network-like compartments. The evaluation of the SMLM data using topological tools (persistent homology and persistent imaging) and principal component analysis, as well as the confocal microscopy analysis of H3K9me3- and H3K4me3-stained PA-1 cells, supported the findings that distinct shifts in euchromatin and heterochromatin organization took place in a subpopulation of these cells during the days after the treatment. Furthermore, by means of flow cytometry, it was shown that the rearrangements in chromatin organization coincided with the simultaneous upregulation of the stemness promotors OCT4A and SOX2 and senescence promotors p21Cip1 and p27. Conclusions: Our findings suggest potential applications to improve cancer therapy by inhibiting chromatin remodeling and preventing therapy-induced senescence. Full article

Recent studies have increasingly focused on molecular interactions between small molecules and proteins, especially binding mechanisms and thermodynamics, using multispectroscopic and molecular dynamics approaches. This study elucidated the molecular interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and trans-resveratrol (Res) through an integrated approach combining multispectroscopic analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. The fluorescence quenching study revealed a static quenching mechanism between BSA and Res, which was further confirmed via ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. In particular, K_SV decreased from 5.01 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ at 298 K to 3.99 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ at 318 K. Furthermore, the calculated K_q values significantly exceeded 1 × 10¹² M⁻¹ s⁻¹. With increasing Res concentration, the peak fluorescence intensities of Tyr and Trp residues both exhibited a blue shift. The α-helix content of the BSA–Res complex was 59.8%, slightly lower than that of BSA (61.3%). Res was found to bind to site I in subdomain IIA of BSA. The molecular dynamics simulation also identified the specific binding of Res to site I of BSA, while thermodynamic studies revealed that the binding process occurs spontaneously and is primarily mediated by hydrogen bonding interactions. These findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of small-molecule–protein interactions but also provide a crucial scientific foundation for the development and utilization of natural products. Full article

With the increasing market demand for spinels of various colors, purple spinel—long regarded as a symbol of nobility—has attracted growing attention. In this study, pinkish-purple to purple spinels from the Mogok region of Myanmar were systematically examined using conventional gemological, spectroscopic, and chemical analytical techniques. Raman analysis reveals that these spinels commonly contain octahedral inclusions composed of calcite, dolomite, magnesite, and graphite. Chemically, the samples are primarily magnesia-alumina spinels. Color variation is influenced by trace elements: increasing Cr and V contents enhance the red hue, while higher Fe concentrations intensify the purple tone. UV–Vis spectra show that Cr³⁺ and V³⁺ jointly contribute to absorptions at 388 nm and 548 nm, with Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ responsible for the bands at 371 nm and 457 nm, respectively, together controlling the pink-to-purple color variation. Most samples display four Cr³⁺-related peaks near 700 nm; however, these are absent in deeply purple spinels. In contrast, light pink spinels show weaker absorption at 371 nm and 457 nm, attributed to Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺. Fluorescence spectra confirm characteristic Cr³⁺ emission bands at 673 nm, 684 nm, 696 nm, 706 nm, and 716 nm, indicating a strong crystal field environment. Raman spectra have peaks mainly around 312 cm⁻¹, 406 cm⁻¹, 665 cm⁻¹, and 768 cm⁻¹. The peaks of the infrared spectrum mainly appear around 840 cm⁻¹, 729 cm⁻¹, 587 cm⁻¹, 545 cm⁻¹, and 473 cm⁻¹. Full article

The study’s aim was to evaluate electroretinographic (ERG) alterations in Fragile X syndrome (FXS), FMR1 premutation carriers, and controls, and to explore correlations with peripheral blood FMRP expression levels and behavioral outcomes. ERG recordings were obtained using a handheld device across three stimulus protocols in 43 premutation carriers, 39 individuals with FXS, and 23 controls. Peripheral blood FMRP expression levels were quantified using TR-FRET (Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). Correlations were assessed with cognitive and behavioral measures including IQ (Intelligence Quotient), ABC_FX (Aberrant Behavior Checklist for Fragile X Syndrome), SNAP-IV (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale), SEQ (Sensory Experiences Questionnaire), ADAMS (Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale), and the Vineland III Adaptive Behavior Scale standard score. Significant group differences were observed in multiple ERG parameters, particularly in 2 Hz b-wave amplitude (p = 0.0081), 2 Hz b-wave time to peak (p = 0.0164), 28.3 Hz flash combined amplitude (p = 0.0139), 3.4 Hz red/blue flash b-wave amplitude (p = 0.0026), and PhNR amplitude (p = 0.0026), indicating both outer and inner retinal dysfunction in FXS and premutation groups. Despite high test–retest reliability for ERG (ICC range = 0.71–0.92) and FMRP (ICC = 0.70), no correlation was found between ERG metrics and FMRP or behavioral measures. However, FMRP levels strongly correlated with IQ (ρ = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and inversely with behavioral impairment [ABC_FX (ρ = −0.47, p = 0.0041), SNAP-IV (ρ = −0.48, p = 0.0039), SEQ (ρ = −0.43, p = 0.0146), and the Vineland III standard score (ρ = 0.56, p = 0.0019)]. ERG reveals distinct retinal functional abnormalities in FMR1-related conditions but does not correlate with peripheral FMRP expression levels, highlighting the need for multimodal biomarkers integrating radiological, physiological, behavioral, and molecular measures. Full article

Background/Objective: The Rs1 exon-1-del rat (Rs1KO) XLRS model shows normal retinal development until postnatal day 12 (P12) when small cystic spaces start to form in the inner nuclear layer. These enlarge rapidly, peak at P15, and then collapse by P19. These events overlap with eye opening at P12–P15. We investigated whether new light-driven retinal activity could contribute to the appearance and progression of schisis cavities in this rat model of XLRS disease. Methods: For dark rearing (D/D), mating pairs of Rs1KO strain were raised in total darkness in a special vivarium at UC Davis. When pups were born, they were maintained in total darkness, and eyes were collected at P12, P15, and P30 (n = 3/group) for each of the D/D and cyclic light-reared 12 h light–12 h dark (L/D) Rs1KO and wild-type (WT) littermates. Eyes were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Tissue morphology was examined by H&E and marker expression of retinoschisin1 (Rs1), rhodopsin (Rho), and postsynaptic protein 95 (Psd95) by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. H&E-stained images were analyzed with ImageJ version 1.54h to quantify cavity size using the “Analyze Particles” function. Results: Small intra-retinal schisis cavities begin to form by P12 in the inner retina of both D/D and L/D animals. Cavity formation was equivalent or more pronounced in D/D animals than in L/D animals. We compared Iba1 (activation marker of immune cells) distribution and found that by P12, when schisis appeared, Iba1⁺ cells had accumulated in regions of schisis. Iba1⁺ cells were more abundant in Rs1KO animals than WT animals and appeared slightly more prevalent in D/D- than L/D-reared Rs1KO animals. We compared photoreceptor development using Rho, Rs1, and Psd95 expression, and these were similar; however, the outer segments (OSs) of D/D animals with Rho labeling at P12 were longer than L/D animals. Conclusions: The results showed that cavities formed at the same time in D/D and L/D XLRS rat pups, indicating that the timing of schisis formation is not light stimulus-driven but rather appears to be a result of developmental events. Cavity size tended to be larger under dark-rearing conditions in D/D animals, which could be due to the decreased rate of phagocytosis by the RPE in the dark, allowing for continued growth of the OSs without the usual shedding of the distal tip, a key mechanism behind dark adaptation in the retina. These results highlight the complexity of XLRS pathology; however, we found no evidence that light-driven metabolic activity accounted for schisis cavity formation. Full article

USP (usual temperature pitch)-modified asphalt optimizes its rheological properties through reactions between the modifier and the asphalt. This significantly enhances the high- and low-temperature adaptability and environmental friendliness of asphalt. It has now become an important research direction in the field of highway engineering. This article systematically investigates the impact of different dosages of USP warm mix modifier on asphalt binders through rheological and microstructural analysis. Base asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt were blended with USP at varying ratios. Conventional tests (penetration, softening point, ductility) were combined with dynamic shear rheometry (DSR, AASHTO T315) and bending beam rheometry (BBR, AASHTO T313) to characterize temperature/frequency-dependent viscoelasticity. High-temperature performance was quantified via multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR, ASTM D7405), while fluorescence microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy elucidated modification mechanisms. Key findings reveal that (1) optimal USP thresholds exist at 4.0% for base asphalt and 4.5% for SBS modified asphalt, beyond which the rutting resistance factor (G*/sin δ) decreases by 20–31% due to plasticization effects; (2) USP significantly improves low-temperature flexibility, reducing creep stiffness at −12 °C by 38% (USP-modified) and 35% (USP/SBS composite) versus controls; (3) infrared spectroscopy displays that no new characteristic peaks appeared in the functional group region of 4000–1300 cm⁻¹ for the two types of modified asphalt after the incorporation of USP, indicating that no chemical changes occurred in the asphalt; and (4) fluorescence imaging confirmed that the incorporation of USP led to disintegration of the spatial network structure of the control asphalt, explaining the reason for the deterioration of high-temperature performance. Full article

Background/Objectives: In this study, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of selected phenolic acids, flavonoids, their O-glucosides, and low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites was addressed to show their importance against blood hypertension. Methods: A fluorescence assay was used for the determination of the ACE inhibitory activity, whereas the first anodic peak oxidation potential (${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}}$) was provided by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The relationship between the ACE inhibitory activity and ${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}}$ was evaluated. Results: Phenolic acids showed a very low ACE inhibitory activity, and their rank was chlorogenic acid > p-coumaric acid > sinapic acid > gentisic acid > ferulic acid > syringic acid > vanillic acid > protocatechuic acid > caffeic acid. The low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites of flavonoids showed a moderate ACE inhibitory activity. In contrast, flavonoid aglicones had the highest ACE inhibitory activity, and the order was luteolin > quercetin > kaempferol > cyanidin > delphinidin > pelargonin > naringenin. A lower inhibition activity was noted for quercetin-3-O-glucoside, luteolin-4′-O-glucosides, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucosides, whereas a higher ACE inhibition activity was observed for 7-O-glucosides of luteolin, apigenin, and kaempferol. A lack of correlation was found between the IC₅₀ of phenolic acids, low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites, and their ${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}}$ values. In contrast, weak positive correlations were found between the IC₅₀ of aglicons, 3-O-glucosides, 7-O-glucosides, and their ${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}}$ values provided by the DPV (r = 0.61, r = 0.66 and r = 0.88, respectively). Conclusions: This study expands our knowledge of the ACE inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds. Full article

Water and nitrogen (N) availability are among the primary limiting factors for the productivity of tomato (Solanum licopersicum L.). This study evaluated the interaction between these factors by assessing the effects of different N concentrations (85.5, 128.3, 171.0, 213.8, and 256.1 ppm N) on the water consumption, growth, and photosynthetic efficiency of hydroponically-grown tomato plants. The variables that were analyzed included the leaf N content, leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence; Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), cumulative water consumption, and water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing N concentrations led to higher water consumption and FM accumulation. Dry biomass was quadratically related to the N concentration, which peaked between doses of 213.8 and 256.1 ppm N. The LCI and Fv/Fm increased with the N supply, reaching a peak at N concentrations above 171 ppm, and then remained relatively constant. Conversely, the NPQ was reduced at the highest N level (256.1 ppm), which indicated diminished excess energy dissipation capacity. The highest WUE was observed at 213.8 ppm N, which was associated with greater DM and reduced water consumption compared to the highest N treatment. These findings suggest that the N concentration significantly affects the biomass production and water use in hydroponically-grown tomato plants, with 213.8 ppm N being the most efficient for vegetative growth under the studied conditions. Full article

Synchronous fluorescence spectra are presented to investigate solute–solvent interactions in liquids. To this end, the spectra of 2-amino-7-nitro-fluorene (ANF) in six different solvents—acetic anhydride, acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, chlorobenzene, and ethyl acetate—are presented. The study also examines ANF’s synchronous fluorescence signals at five temperatures from 25 °C to 5 °C, providing a comprehensive analysis of its fluorescence characteristics in different environments and temperatures. An ANF sample dissolved in benzene at 5 °C produced a synchronous band with the largest intensity and smallest frequency shift. The results show that higher-intensity peaks are obtained at lower temperatures with solvents with a small dipole moment and dielectric constant. This suggest that the best conditions to detect ANF and similar molecules at very low concentrations are with non-polar solvents at low temperatures. Full article

Background: Cell-penetrating peptides cross cell membrane barriers while carrying cargoes in a functional form. Our work identified two novel lung-targeting peptides, S7A and R11A. Here, we present studies on biodistribution, the cell types targeted, and an in vitro proof of application. Methods: Studies were performed in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with and without various endocytic inhibitors, and coincubation with fluorescently labeled transferrin or endocytic markers. Cyclic R11A (cR11A) was conjugated to siRNA duplexes and anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was tested. Biodistribution studies were performed by injecting wild-type mice with fluorescently labeled peptides, and various circulation times were allowed for, as well as cross-staining of lung sections or isolated single cells with various cellular markers, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or confocal microscopy. Results: cR11A showed peak uptake in 15 min, with the highest uptake in airway epithelial type II (ATII) cells, followed by p63+ basal cells and ionocytes. Cyclization increased transduction efficiencies ~100-fold. Endocytosis studies showed a decrease in peptide uptake by pre-treatment with Pitstop2 but not Amiloride or Nystatin. Endocytic marker Lamp1 showed colocalization at the earliest time point, with the escape of the peptide from endocytic vesicles later. cR11A conjugated to ant-spike and anti-envelop proteins showed anti-viral effects with an EC₉₀ of 0.6 μM and 1.0 µM, respectively. Conclusions: We have identified a novel peptide, cR11A, that targets ATII, basal cells, and ionocytes, the cyclization of which increased transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo. The uptake mechanism appears to be via clathrin-mediated endocytosis with escape from endocytic vesicles. cR11A can act as a vector to deliver anti-viral siRNA to epithelial cells. Full article

The production of gas and condensate from liquid-rich shale reservoirs, particularly within heterogeneous lacustrine systems, remains a critical challenge in unconventional hydrocarbon exploration due to intricate multiphase hydrocarbon partitioning, including gases (C₁–C₂), volatile liquids (C₃–C₇), and heavier liquids (C₇₊). This study investigates a 120-meter-thick interval dominated by lacustrine deposits from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation (K₁sh) in the Songliao Basin. This interval, characterized by high clay mineral content and silicate–pyrite laminations, was examined to identify the factors controlling hybrid shale gas condensate systems. We proposed the Hybrid Shale Condensate Index (HSCI), defined as the molar ratios of (C₁–C₇)/C₇₊, to categorize fluid phases and address shortcomings in traditional GOR/API ratios. Over 1000 samples were treated by geochemical pyrolysis logging, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrum element logging, SEM-based automated mineralogy, and in situ gas desorption, revealing four primary controls: (1) Thermal maturity thresholds. Mature to highly mature shales exhibit peak condensate production and the highest total gas content (TGC), with maximum gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons at T_max = 490 °C. (2) Lithofacies assemblage. Argillaceous shales rich in mixed carbonate and clay minerals exhibit an intergranular porosity of 4.8 ± 1.2% and store 83 ± 7% of gas in intercrystalline pore spaces. (3) Paleoenvironmental settings. Conditions such as humid climate, saline water geochemistry, anoxic bottom waters, and significant input of volcanic materials promoted organic carbon accumulation (TOC reaching up to 5.2 wt%) and the preservation of organic-rich lamination. (4) Laminae and fracture systems. Silicate laminae account for 78% of total pore space, and pyrite laminations form interconnected pore networks conducive to gas storage. These findings delineate the “sweet spots” for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, thereby enhancing exploration for gas condensate in lacustrine shale systems. Full article

Light variability is a key environmental stressor influencing the physiology and productivity of marine macroalgae. This study examined the ecophysiological and biochemical responses of Lessonia spicata (Ochrophyta) during a natural light deprivation event caused by a solar eclipse. We measured the in vivo chlorophyll a (Chla) fluorescence, photoinhibition, and photosynthetic capacity, along with the pigment content, phenolic compound accumulation, and antioxidant capacity, to evaluate short-term photosynthetic adjustments. Dark-adapted conditions during the eclipse peak led to reduced photosynthetic and biochemical activity, while post-eclipse recovery involved the increased accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and photoprotective compounds. Carotenoids showed high antioxidant potential under eclipse exposure, contrasting with declines in chlorophyll content and productivity under pre-eclipse high irradiance. This study provides valuable insights into the rapid acclimation mechanisms of Lessonia spicata to transient light stress, highlighting its sensitivity and resilience to sudden shifts in solar irradiance. These findings contribute to the broader field of marine macroalgal photobiology and stress physiology, enhancing our understanding of how intertidal brown algae adapt to dynamic environmental conditions. Full article