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Keywords = fermented total mixed ratio

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26 pages, 2132 KiB  
Article
Effect of Contrasting Redox Potential Evolutions and Cap Management Techniques on the Chemical Composition of Red Wine
by Dallas J. Parnigoni, Sean T. Kuster, Jesus Villalobos, James Nelson, Robert E. Coleman and L. Federico Casassa
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153172 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 177
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of six cap management protocols targeting contrasting oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) evolutions during alcoholic fermentation of Pinot noir wines. Treatments included twice-daily punch-downs (PD) and pump-overs (PO), 1 h air or N2 injections (AirMix, N2Mix), air [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of six cap management protocols targeting contrasting oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) evolutions during alcoholic fermentation of Pinot noir wines. Treatments included twice-daily punch-downs (PD) and pump-overs (PO), 1 h air or N2 injections (AirMix, N2Mix), air injections triggered by ORP ≤ −40 mV (RedoxConAir), and equal N2 injections concurrent to RedoxConAir wines (RedoxConN2). AirMix wines maintained ORP values above 0 mV throughout fermentation, showed an oxidatively favored glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH:GSSG) of 0.3:1, and had 21% lower total phenolics and 24% lower anthocyanins than PD wines. In contrast, N2Mix wines maintained the lowest ORP, near −100 mV, and showed a reductively favored GSH:GSSG ratio (7:1). PD wines extracted 48% more flavan-3-ols than PO wines, consistent with greater berry integrity disruption and seed submersion. Volatile composition was also impacted: ethyl n-octanoate showed the highest OAV among esters, ranging from 147 in PO wines to 116 in AirMix wines. Results suggest the GSH:GSSG ratio served as an indicator of redox history, with potential implications for color and aroma preservation during aging. Inert gas mixings resulted in equal or greater total phenolic content, while excessive air injections may provide a tool to soften astringency. Full article
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19 pages, 840 KiB  
Article
Phytochemicals and Monensin in Dairy Cows: Impact on Productive Performance and Ruminal Fermentation Profile
by Lucas Gonzalez-Chappe, Maria A. Bruni, Aline C. Dall-Orsoletta, Pablo Chilibroste, Ana Meikle, Maria L. Adrien, Alberto Casal, Juan P. Damián, Hugo Naya, Marisela Arturo-Schaan and Diego A. Mattiauda
Animals 2025, 15(15), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152172 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 382
Abstract
Phytochemicals are a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This study evaluated the effects of phytochemicals (curcuminoids, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and piperine) and monensin on performance and ruminal fermentation during the transition period in grazing dairy cows. In a complete randomized design, 60 Holstein cows [...] Read more.
Phytochemicals are a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. This study evaluated the effects of phytochemicals (curcuminoids, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and piperine) and monensin on performance and ruminal fermentation during the transition period in grazing dairy cows. In a complete randomized design, 60 Holstein cows (36 multiparous, 24 primiparous; 9 fistulated) were assigned to (1) control (CTL), (2) monensin (MON, 0.30 g/cow/day), or (3) phytochemicals (PHY, 50 g/cow/day) treatment from 30 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum. Prepartum, cows received a total mixed ration (TMR); postpartum, they grazed between a.m. and p.m. milking and were supplemented with TMR. Ruminal fermentation was evaluated at −7, 30, and 60 days postpartum. Prepartum dry matter intake was lower in MON primiparous cows than in CTL and PHY. Additives increased milk yield and lactose percentage in primiparous cows. PHY cows had lower acetate, higher propionate, and reduced acetate-to-propionate and ketogenic-to-glucogenic ratios at 60 days postpartum. MON reduced prepartum protozoa, while PHY increased prepartum branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFAs). Both additives decreased BCVFA and protozoa postpartum. Additives reduced ammonia at 30 days, but only PHY persisted at 60 days. MON and PHY improved primiparous performance, enhanced ruminal fermentation, and promoted glucogenic fermentation while reducing ammonia and protozoa. Full article
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13 pages, 1239 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Fermentation Quality, Bacterial Composition and Ruminal Degradability of Caragana korshinskii Ensiled with Oat Grass
by Yao Shen, Kun Wang, Benhai Xiong, Fuguang Xue, Yajie Kang, Shichao Liu and Liang Yang
Fermentation 2025, 11(7), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11070420 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 441
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of co-ensiling Caragana korshinskii with different proportions of oat grass on silage fermentation quality, chemical composition, in situ rumen degradability and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. C. korshinskii and oat grass were mixed [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of co-ensiling Caragana korshinskii with different proportions of oat grass on silage fermentation quality, chemical composition, in situ rumen degradability and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. C. korshinskii and oat grass were mixed at different ratios of 100:00, 90:1, 80:2, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Each ratio of mixture was ensiled for 7, 14, 30, 45 and 60 days at room temperature (25 °C), with 30 bags per ratio, for a total of 180 bags. We further investigated the dynamic profiles of the bacterial community during ensiling and in vitro rumen fermentation. The results showed that co-ensiling C. korshinskii and oat grass decreased the pH values and increased the content of lactic acid and acetic acid compared with ensiling C. korshinskii alone. C. korshinskii ensiled with oat grass at a ratio of 70:30 (70% C. korshinskii) showed the best fermentation quality, which was related to higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Weissella. The silage with the ratio of 70:30 (70% C. korshinskii) showed higher dry matter digestibility and the more production of gas and total volatile fatty acids, compared with fresh C. korshinskii. In conclusion, C. korshinskii co-ensiled with oat grass at a ratio of 70:30 could enhance the fermentation quality and digestibility of C. korshinskii. Full article
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27 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Essential Oil Mixtures: Synergistic Effects on Cattle Rumen Fermentation and Methane Emission
by Memoona Nasir, María Rodríguez-Prado, Marica Simoni, Susana M. Martín-Orúe, José Francisco Pérez and Sergio Calsamiglia
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142105 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
Ruminant livestock contribute significantly to methane emissions, necessitating sustainable mitigation strategies. Essential oils (EOs) show promise for modulating ruminal fermentation, but their synergistic effects remain underexplored. Two 24 h in vitro experiments evaluated the synergistic effects of EO blends on rumen microbial fermentation. [...] Read more.
Ruminant livestock contribute significantly to methane emissions, necessitating sustainable mitigation strategies. Essential oils (EOs) show promise for modulating ruminal fermentation, but their synergistic effects remain underexplored. Two 24 h in vitro experiments evaluated the synergistic effects of EO blends on rumen microbial fermentation. Exp. 1 screened five oils using two triad combinations. Triad 1 tested 10 combinations of thyme (THY), peppermint (PPM), and cinnamon leaf (CIN) oils. Triad 2 tested 10 combinations of anise (ANI), clove leaf (CLO), and peppermint (PPM) oils. Each blend was tested at 400 mg/L, using batch culture methods measuring: pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The two most effective blends, designated as T1 and T2, were selected for Exp. 2 to assess total gas and methane (CH4) production using pressure transducer methods. All treatments were incubated in a rumen fluid–buffer mix with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate substrate (pH 6.6). In Exp. 1, data were analyzed according to the Simplex Centroid Design using R-Studio. In Exp. 2, an analysis was conducted using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Mean comparisons were assessed through Tukey’s test. The results from Exp. 1 identified CIN+PPM (80:20) and ANI+CLO (80:20) as optimal combinations, both increasing total VFAs while reducing acetate/propionate ratios and NH3-N concentrations. In Exp. 2, both combinations significantly reduced total gas and CH4 productions compared to the control, with CIN+PPM achieving the greatest methane reduction (similar to monensin, the positive control). Specific essential oil combinations demonstrated synergistic effects in modulating rumen fermentation and reducing methane emissions, offering potential for sustainable livestock production. Further in vivo validation is required to optimize dosing and assess long-term effects on animal performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Feed Additives in Ruminants)
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15 pages, 3275 KiB  
Article
Fermented Mixed Feed Increased Egg Quality and Intestinal Health of Laying Ducks
by Changfeng Xiao, Yunying Xu, Changsuo Yang, Daqian He and Lihui Zhu
Agriculture 2025, 15(11), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15111230 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of adding fermented mixed feed (FMF, composed of several unconventional protein feeds, such as brown rice, rice bran, rice bran meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and corn starch residue) into the diet of Longyan Shan-ma ducks on their [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of adding fermented mixed feed (FMF, composed of several unconventional protein feeds, such as brown rice, rice bran, rice bran meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and corn starch residue) into the diet of Longyan Shan-ma ducks on their egg quality and intestinal health. The ducks were randomly divided into two groups: one group served as the control and received a standard diet, while the other group received a diet in which 4% of the feed was substituted with FMF. Compared to unfermented feed, FMF had elevated lactic acid levels and reduced phytic acid and crude fiber, along with higher amounts of crude protein and a range of amino acids, including serine, histidine, arginine, alanine, valine, methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, and lysine. FMF significantly enhanced egg production and improved the overall egg quality, such as eggshell strength and thickness. It also enhanced total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase concentrations in serum while reducing serum urea nitrogen and interleukin-1β levels. Histological analysis showed that FMF supplementation improved the ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio. Microbiota analysis demonstrated that FMF had a significant impact on β-diversity by increasing Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Desulfobacterota and decreasing Proteobacteria and Myxococcota at the phylum level. The abundance of Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, and Gallicola was found to be elevated due to FMF at the genus level, whereas Kocuria, Rothia, Helicobacter, and Escherichia-Shigella were decreased. Additionally, diets supplemented with FMF resulted in higher intestinal valeric acid levels among ducks. Our findings indicate that incorporating FMF into laying duck diets can enhance production performance, egg quality, and gut health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)
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14 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Cottonseed Cake as a Feed Supplement: Effects on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Performance, Nitrogen Balance, and Ruminal Profile of Lambs Fed Sugarcane Silage-Based Diets
by Hactus Souto Cavalcanti, Juliana Silva de Oliveira, Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo, João Paulo de Farias Ramos, Alberto Jefferson da Silva Macêdo, Evandra da Silva Justino, Evandro de Sousa da Silva, Paloma Gabriela Batista Gomes, Liliane Pereira Santana, Anderson Lopes Pereira, Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos, Daniele de Jesus Ferreira, Anderson de Moura Zanine and Edson Mauro Santos
Fermentation 2025, 11(6), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060322 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 626
Abstract
Using additives in sugarcane silage can reduce dry matter losses and enhance animal performance by preserving nutritional value. This study evaluated the performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters of sheep fed sugarcane silage with or without cottonseed cake. Twenty-six uncastrated, mixed-breed male lambs [...] Read more.
Using additives in sugarcane silage can reduce dry matter losses and enhance animal performance by preserving nutritional value. This study evaluated the performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters of sheep fed sugarcane silage with or without cottonseed cake. Twenty-six uncastrated, mixed-breed male lambs (approximately 6 months of age; 26 ± 1.3 kg) were allocated to two dietary treatments based on sugarcane silage (SS) and cottonseed cake (CSC), which differed in the form of feed presentation: (1) the control, consisting of SS and fresh CSC provided simultaneously but offered separately, without physical mixing; and (2) the Partial Mixed Ration silage (S + CSC), in which SS and CSC were pre-mixed and ensiled together at a proportion of 80:20 (natural matter basis). Dry matter intake (1620 g/kg) was similar between diets, but dry matter digestibility (64.75%) and average daily gain (202.88 g/day) were higher in the cottonseed cake group, leading to greater total weight gain (8.11 kg). These animals also had a lower acetate/propionate ratio (4.2 vs. 2.0 mmol/L) and higher blood glucose (44 vs. 35 mg/dL). Higher N intake, urinary N, and retained N were observed in the cottonseed cake diet, which also improved the diet’s mineral balance. In conclusion, adding cottonseed cake to sugarcane silage enhances fermentation, preserves nutritional value, and improves sheep performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste as Feedstock for Fermentation, 2nd Edition)
28 pages, 673 KiB  
Article
Effects of Chenopodium album L. Substitution Levels and Harvest Time on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production in Early-Fattening Hanwoo Steers
by Narantuya Batburged, Gui-Seck Bae, Gurbazar Damdinsuren, Sang-Yoon Kim, Hye-An Lee, Soo-Yeon Jung, In-Ki Kang, Da-Hyun Choi and Chang-Hyun Kim
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101372 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 892
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of incorporating Chenopodium album L. (CAL) into ruminant feed ingredients through evaluating the effects of harvest time and substitution levels on in vitro rumen fermentation. In the first phase, a sole-substrate experiment was conducted using CAL harvested from [...] Read more.
This study investigated the feasibility of incorporating Chenopodium album L. (CAL) into ruminant feed ingredients through evaluating the effects of harvest time and substitution levels on in vitro rumen fermentation. In the first phase, a sole-substrate experiment was conducted using CAL harvested from June to August, analyzing its chemical composition and total saponins content. The impact of harvest time on fermentation parameters was assessed with CAL as the sole substrate. The second phase involved a mixed-substrate experiment using an early-fattening Hanwoo diet (30% rice straw and 70% concentrate), where increasing proportions of CAL (control: 0%, T1: 5%, T2: 10%, T3: 15%, and T4: 20%) replaced rice straw. Seasonal variations in CAL composition influenced the fermentation characteristics. CAL harvested in July exhibited higher fermentability, with total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) reaching 103.87 mM at 72 h. In contrast, CAL harvested in August showed lower fermentability and digestibility. However, August-harvested CAL was selected for the subsequent experiment, as it provided a more practical balance of sufficient biomass yield and a higher saponins concentration, aligned with the study’s methane mitigation objectives, while also exhibiting a fiber composition comparable to that of rice straw. We hypothesized that the saponins in CAL contribute to methane reductions. Supplementation with 15% of CAL significantly reduced methane production per gram of inoculated and digested dry matter (p < 0.05), likely due to differences in crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and saponins content. However, despite having the lowest fiber content, T4 (20% CAL) exhibited the lowest in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), suggesting that factors such as saponins, CAL’s chemical composition, or microbial shifts may have hindered digestibility. Ammonia–nitrogen production increased from 0 to 3 h, but it continuously decreased between 3 and 9 h due to microbial growth and nitrogen assimilation, as microbes incorporate ammonia into their biomass (p < 0.05). Fermentation characteristics further revealed that the acetate-to-propionate (A/P) ratio decreased with increasing CAL levels, with T4 showing the lowest ratio (1.55 at 72 h), confirming a shift toward propionate-based fermentation. Notably, T2 (10% CAL) showed an optimized fermentation efficiency, producing the highest TVFA concentration at 24 h (98.28 mM). These findings highlight the potential for using CAL as a functional feed ingredient, with moderate substitution levels (10–15%) enhancing fermentation efficiency while reducing methane production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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18 pages, 2479 KiB  
Article
Dietary Supplementation with Fermented Milk Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Functions in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Piglets
by Qing Yang, Lu Cui, Yang Yang, Ying Yang, Zhaolai Dai and Zhenlong Wu
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101367 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) commonly occurs in pigs and poses a significant challenge to the swine industry. This study investigated the effect of fermented milk on growth performance and intestinal health in IUGR-affected piglets. A total of 24 28-day-old weaned piglets with IUGR [...] Read more.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) commonly occurs in pigs and poses a significant challenge to the swine industry. This study investigated the effect of fermented milk on growth performance and intestinal health in IUGR-affected piglets. A total of 24 28-day-old weaned piglets with IUGR were randomly assigned to a corn-soybean basal diet (control) or a basal diet mixed with fermented milk (3:1 w/v, treatment). The results showed that fermented milk increased the average daily gain and decreased the feed-to-gain ratio (p < 0.05). Fermented milk increased the villus height in the duodenum and decreased the jejunal crypt depth (p < 0.05). Pigs in the treatment showed higher activities of lipase, α-amylase, and sucrase in the duodenum, along with an elevation in jejunal sucrase activity (p < 0.05). The ileal glutathione concentration was increased by the treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, fermented milk upregulated the protein expression of occludin and claudin-3 while decreasing the gene expression of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor αlpha in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with fermented milk significantly improved growth performance through the enhancement of intestinal functions in IUGR piglets, highlighting the potential of fermented milk as a nutritional strategy to improve postnatal growth in IUGR piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acids Nutrition and Health in Farm Animals)
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19 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
Inclusion of Fermented Cassava Top and Root with Inoculation in Total Mixed Ration Silage Diets: Ensilage Quality and Nutrient Digestibility of Backgrounding Crossbred Bulls
by Pichad Khejornsart, Unchan Traithilen and Theerayut Juntanam
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050402 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 635
Abstract
The use of cassava as a feed resource is the main focus of strategies that aim to increase the efficiency of beef cattle. In this study, the ratio of fresh cassava tops to roots (CTR) was 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 w/ [...] Read more.
The use of cassava as a feed resource is the main focus of strategies that aim to increase the efficiency of beef cattle. In this study, the ratio of fresh cassava tops to roots (CTR) was 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 w/w, in addition to the incorporation of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (YL). CTRS was inoculated in vitro with rumen fluid and a substrate mixture to evaluate the gas production and fermentation quality. In vivo, crossbred beef cattle were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: a control group and two groups that received total mixed ration (TMR) silage with either 35% or 70% of the concentrate replaced with CTRS. This study found that the levels of crude protein and condensed tannins (CTs) in CTRS were relatively increased by the addition of cassava tops (p < 0.05), while the fermentation pH decreased as the proportion of cassava roots increased. CTRS significantly enhanced in vitro dry matter digestibility, cumulative gas at 96 h, gas production kinetics, and MBP (p < 0.05), especially in the 1:2 group. In the in vivo experiment, CTRS increased DM intake, CP, and propionic acid concentration compared to the control group and showed great potential for improving NDF digestibility. Moreover, when the concentrate in the TMR silage was substituted with CTRS and offered to crossbred beef cattle, it increased ruminal NH3-N and blood glucose levels (p < 0.05). The TMR silage substituted with 70% CTRS reduced the feed cost by 50.54% (p < 0.05). Our study findings suggest that optimizing the inclusion of CTRS in TMR silage could be a viable strategy for beef producers aiming to enhance cattle performance and profitability. Full article
11 pages, 659 KiB  
Article
Daily Gain, Feed Conversion, and Rumen Fermentation in Finishing Steers Fed a Total Mixed Ration Supplemented with a Blend of Essential Oils, Tannins, and Bioflavonoids or Monensin
by José Luis Repetto, Eliana Ciancio, Guillermo Castro, Alvaro Santana and Cecilia Cajarville
Animals 2025, 15(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040594 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 836
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of adding a blend of essential oils, tannins, bioflavonoids (ANAVRIN®, VetosEurope, Lugano, Switzerland), monensin, and their combination on the daily gain, feed conversion, and rumen fermentation of finishing steers fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Thirty [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of adding a blend of essential oils, tannins, bioflavonoids (ANAVRIN®, VetosEurope, Lugano, Switzerland), monensin, and their combination on the daily gain, feed conversion, and rumen fermentation of finishing steers fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Thirty finishing steers (441 kg body weight, 34.3 months old) consuming a TMR were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to three treatments according to the addition of (1) EOTB (ANAVRIN® at 0.35 g/100 kg body weight), (2) MON (monensin at 0.033 g/kg dry matter), and (3) EOTB + MON (at the same dose as in (1) and (2). A 60-day feeding trial was conducted, including a 19-day adaptation period. Data collected included daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and rumen fermentation parameters (pH, NH3-N, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations). EOTB resulted in higher DMI compared to EOTB + MON, while no significant differences were observed in ADG or FCR. The ruminal pH and NH3-N concentrations were similar among treatments, but there were interactions among treatment × hour for VFAs. The EOTB + MON led to a more stable VFA concentration in rumen, suggesting possible complementary supplementation effects. However, more studies are needed to confirm this and to go deeper into the underlying mechanism of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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21 pages, 3687 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Different Oat–Pea Mixed Cropping Ratios in a Corral Coupled with Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculation on Silage Quality
by Yuyan Ma, Chengmei Xu, Gang Lin, Yajiao Zhao, Jiahong Xiang and Tao Wu
Fermentation 2025, 11(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11020081 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1094
Abstract
This study was carried out in Haiyan County, Qinghai Province. The aim was to explore the impacts of a mixed cropping of oats and peas sown in a corral with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri [...] Read more.
This study was carried out in Haiyan County, Qinghai Province. The aim was to explore the impacts of a mixed cropping of oats and peas sown in a corral with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Pediococcus pentosaceus on silage quality, so as to alleviate the shortage of winter forages. A two-factor experimental design was adopted. For the treatments with and without LAB addition, the ratios of oat to pea in the plots were set as 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 0:1, respectively. Subsequently, the materials were subjected to the silage process at 19 °C for 45 days. Silage samples were collected to determine their sensory quality, nutritional quality, and fermentation quality in order to evaluate the fermentation effect. The results showed that mixed cropping could improve forage quality. Without the addition of LAB, the soluble sugar content of the mixture of oats and peas in a 2:1 ratio increased significantly by 21.9% compared with that of the pea monoculture (p < 0.05), and the crude protein content of the mixture of oats and peas in a 1:2 ratio increased by 31.6% compared with that of the oat monoculture (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the contents of acid and neutral detergent fibers decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in pea radios. After the addition of LAB, different results were obtained due to the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria during the silage process. The pH value decreased, the lactic acid content increased significantly, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen decreased significantly. Based on comprehensive analysis, an appropriate mixed cropping ratio combined with LAB addition can improve silage quality. Among them, the mixture of oats and peas in a 1:1 ratio with LAB addition for silage had the highest silage score, indicating good silage and feed quality. I While with or without LAB addition, the ratio of 1:2 is the best, followed by the ratio of 1:1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Fermentation)
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16 pages, 7864 KiB  
Article
Study of the Relationship Between Nitrogen, Phosphorus Content, and Microbial Community Changes in Deer Manure Compost with Different Conditioners
by Jianling Xu, Xinyu Wang, Jiayin Feng, Wenqiu Zhang and Jitian Sun
Fermentation 2025, 11(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11020066 - 1 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 903
Abstract
Composting is an environmentally friendly method for disposing of solid waste. To enhance the fermentation rate and quality of deer manure composting, we investigated the effects of various conditioners (biochar, zeolite, biochar + zeolite) on the aerobic composting process of deer manure. The [...] Read more.
Composting is an environmentally friendly method for disposing of solid waste. To enhance the fermentation rate and quality of deer manure composting, we investigated the effects of various conditioners (biochar, zeolite, biochar + zeolite) on the aerobic composting process of deer manure. The results indicated that the combination of biochar and zeolite significantly promoted the degradation of organic matter, resulting in a 34.83% decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) content. The addition of biochar was particularly beneficial for nitrogen retention in the compost, with the total nitrogen content reaching its highest level at 39.55 g/kg. Furthermore, the inclusion of zeolite and biochar altered the phosphorus content of the compost, with zeolite demonstrating a more favorable effect. The addition of a conditioner increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Proteobacteria and decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes; the changes in Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Glutamicibacter were positively correlated with the changes in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and negatively correlated with total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) levels. The mixed conditioner of biochar + zeolite used in composting exhibited low toxicity and the highest degree of decomposition. In summary, the combination of biochar + zeolite as a mixed conditioner is the optimal choice for reducing the toxicity of compost and promoting its maturation. Further research will be conducted in the future to promote the resource utilization of agricultural wastes such as deer manure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Fermentation)
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17 pages, 5701 KiB  
Article
Improving the Nutritional Profile of Intermediate Wheatgrass by Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae Strains
by Takehiro Murai and George A. Annor
Foods 2025, 14(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030395 - 25 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1999
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae has been used to ferment various cereal grains throughout history, as seen in the examples of sake, soy sauce, and miso. It is known that this fermentation enhances the nutritional quality of the raw materials by breaking down complex molecules into [...] Read more.
Aspergillus oryzae has been used to ferment various cereal grains throughout history, as seen in the examples of sake, soy sauce, and miso. It is known that this fermentation enhances the nutritional quality of the raw materials by breaking down complex molecules into simpler, more digestible forms and increasing the bioactive compounds. In this study, intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) was fermented with three different strains of A. oryzae suitable for making sake, soy sauce, and miso. Whole IWG flour was mixed with water (1:2 w/w), autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min, cooled, mixed with A. oryzae spores, and fermented for seven days at 30 °C. Sugars, protein, amino acids, kojic acid, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were measured. The protein content increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 18.0 g/100 g to over 30 g/100 g after seven days. Lysine showed a positive correlation with protein content across all three strains, with its ratio increasing as the protein content increased, while all other essential amino acids displayed a negative correlation and a decreasing ratio with the protein content. Autoclaving increased the verbascose content of IWG, and further increases were observed during the first two days of fermentation across all three strains, followed by a subsequent decline. Peak glucose content was observed on days 3~4 but also decreased in the subsequent days. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, kojic acid, and DPPH scavenging activity peaked around day 4~5 for all three strains, followed by a slight decrease in the subsequent days. The findings of this study highlight the potential of solid-state fermentation to improve the nutritional profile of IWG, emphasizing that the selection of A. oryzae strains and the fermentation duration can affect the fermentation outcome and nutritional enhancements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Biotechnology)
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14 pages, 1759 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Butanol Production from Mixed Sugars and Sweet Sorghum Bagasse Hydrolysate Using Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461
by Chalida Daengbussadee, Lakkana Laopaiboon, Thanawat Thanapornsin and Pattana Laopaiboon
Energies 2025, 18(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020306 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 918
Abstract
This study investigated the capability of Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 to utilize mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) in synthetic media and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) hydrolysate for butanol production. Synthetic media containing 60 g/L of glucose and xylose at various ratios were used [...] Read more.
This study investigated the capability of Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 to utilize mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) in synthetic media and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) hydrolysate for butanol production. Synthetic media containing 60 g/L of glucose and xylose at various ratios were used for butanol production. C. beijerinckii TISTR 1461 preferentially utilized glucose over xylose for butanol production. The highest butanol concentration (PB, 10.25–10.60 g/L), butanol yield (YB/S, 0.27–0.28 g/g), butanol productivity (QB, 0.22 g/L·h), and sugar consumption (SC, 61–63%) were achieved when the glucose content was at least 75% of the total sugars. When an SSB hydrolysate (produced via enzymatic hydrolysis) containing 60.83 g/L of total sugars (glucose:xylose ratio = 88:12, w/w) was used as a substrate for butanol production, the SSB hydrolysate supplemented with 1 g/L of yeast extract and buffers significantly yielded higher PB (15.10 g/L), YB/S (0.31 g/g), QB (0.31 g/L·h), and SC (82%) values compared to the synthetic media. These results indicate that sweet sorghum bagasse hydrolysates containing glucose and xylose mixtures show promise as cost-effective substrates for sustainable butanol fermentation, demonstrating the potential of agricultural residues in biofuel production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)
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Article
The Identification of Potential Nutritional and Sensory Markers for the Authentication of an Innovative Canestrato Cheese Based on Plant-Derived Rennet
by Federica Litrenta, Vincenzo Lopreiato, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Vincenzo Lo Turco, Cinzia L. Randazzo, Vincenzo Nava, Carmelo Cavallo, Rossana Rando, Giuseppa Di Bella and Luigi Liotta
Dairy 2024, 5(4), 828-841; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5040060 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1252
Abstract
Plant-derived rennet sources have been recognized as effective alternatives to traditional animal-derived rennet in cheese processing, producing various cheeses for vegetarians and Halal consumers. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality and identify potential chemical and sensory markers of [...] Read more.
Plant-derived rennet sources have been recognized as effective alternatives to traditional animal-derived rennet in cheese processing, producing various cheeses for vegetarians and Halal consumers. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality and identify potential chemical and sensory markers of Canestrato cheese made from pasteurized mixed cow/sheep milk (50:50 ratio) using a kiwifruit extract (prepared in the laboratory) as a rennet source of vegetable origin. The milk was curdled with an aqueous kiwi extract (cK group), with commercial calf rennet (cT group), or with commercial microbial rennet obtained from the controlled fermentation of Rhizomucor miehei (cH group). For each cheesemaking process, 30 L of mixed milk was used, resulting in 10 forms, each weighing approximately 1 kg. Cheese produced using kiwifruit rennet exhibited improved nutritional characteristics, such as lower total lipid, cholesterol, and sodium content and greater levels of polyphenols, potassium, and phytosterols compared with the cheese of the cT group. The cheese of the cK group had a slightly more pronounced bitterness compared to cheeses made with conventional rennets (cH and cT). Overall, the use of kiwifruit extract as a milk coagulant has proved to be a promising alternative, improving both the nutritional profile and functional properties of the resulting cheese. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk Processing)
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