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Search Results (463)

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Keywords = fast chromatography-mass spectrometry

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22 pages, 1641 KiB  
Article
Site-Specific Trafficking of Lipid and Polar Metabolites in Adipose and Muscle Tissue Reveals the Impact of Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study
by Aidan Joblin-Mills, Zhanxuan E. Wu, Garth J. S. Cooper, Ivana R. Sequeira-Bisson, Jennifer L. Miles-Chan, Anne-Thea McGill, Sally D. Poppitt and Karl Fraser
Metabolites 2025, 15(8), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15080525 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Background: The causation of type 2 diabetes remains under debate, but evidence supports both abdominal lipid and ectopic lipid overspill into tissues including muscle as key. How these depots differentially alter cardiometabolic profile and change during body weight and fat loss is not [...] Read more.
Background: The causation of type 2 diabetes remains under debate, but evidence supports both abdominal lipid and ectopic lipid overspill into tissues including muscle as key. How these depots differentially alter cardiometabolic profile and change during body weight and fat loss is not known. Methods: Women with obesity scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery were assessed at baseline (BL, n = 28) and at 6-month follow-up (6m_FU, n = 26) after weight loss. Fasting plasma (Pla), subcutaneous thigh adipose (STA), subcutaneous abdominal adipose, (SAA), and thigh vastus lateralis muscle (VLM) samples were collected at BL through surgery and at 6m_FU using needle biopsy. An untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry metabolomics platform was used. Pla and tissue-specific lipid and polar metabolite profiles were modelled as changes from BL and 6m_FU. Results: There was significant body weight (−24.5 kg) loss at 6m_FU (p < 0.05). BL vs. 6m_FU tissue metabolomics profiles showed the largest difference in lipid profiles in SAA tissue in response to surgery. Conversely, polar metabolites were more susceptible to change in STA and VLM. In Pla samples, both lipid and polar metabolite profiles showed significant differences between timepoints. Jaccard–Tanimoto coefficient t-tests identified a sub-group of gut microbiome and dietary-derived omega-3-fatty-acid-containing lipid species and core energy metabolism and adipose catabolism-associated polar metabolites that are trafficked between sample types in response to bariatric surgery. Conclusions: In this first report on channelling of lipids and polar metabolites to alternative tissues in bariatric-induced weight loss, adaptive shuttling of small molecules was identified, further promoting adipose processing and highlighting the dynamic and coordinated nature of post-surgical metabolic regulation. Full article
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14 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Plasma Diacylglycerols Are Associated with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from a Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Semi-Targeted Lipidomic Analysis
by Naohiro Taya, Naoto Katakami, Kazuo Omori, Shigero Hosoe, Hirotaka Watanabe, Mitsuyoshi Takahara, Kazuyuki Miyashita, Yutaka Konya, Sachiko Obara, Ayako Hidaka, Motonao Nakao, Masatomo Takahashi, Yoshihiro Izumi, Takeshi Bamba and Iichiro Shimomura
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146977 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins observed in patients with diabetes promote atherosclerosis. However, the association between various lipid species and classes and atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify the plasma lipid characteristics associated with atherosclerosis progression in patients with diabetes. We performed [...] Read more.
Abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins observed in patients with diabetes promote atherosclerosis. However, the association between various lipid species and classes and atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify the plasma lipid characteristics associated with atherosclerosis progression in patients with diabetes. We performed semi-targeted lipidomic analysis of fasting plasma samples using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in two independent patient groups with type 2 diabetes (n = 223 and 31) and evaluated cross-sectional associations between plasma lipids and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Ten plasma lipid species, including eight diacylglycerols (DGs), and total DG levels were significantly associated with CIMT in both groups. Patients of the former group were partly observed for 5 years, and we investigated associations between DGs and CIMT progression in these patients (n = 101). As a result, 22 DGs among the 26 identified DGs and total DG (β = 0.398, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the annual change in CIMT. Furthermore, plasma DG levels improved the predictive ability for CIMT progression, with an adjusted R-squared increase of 0.105 [95% confidence interval: 0.010, 0.232] in the models. Plasma DGs are associated with CIMT progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Measurement of total plasma DG levels may be beneficial in assessing the risk of atherosclerosis progression. Full article
11 pages, 421 KiB  
Article
Serum p-Cresyl Sulfate Is Independently Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
by Yahn-Bor Chern, Ken Lee Chia, Chin-Hung Liu, Yu-Li Lin, Jen-Pi Tsai and Bang-Gee Hsu
Life 2025, 15(7), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071116 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 240
Abstract
p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a gut-derived uremic toxin with proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, has been implicated in cardiovascular injuries among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic stiffness (AS), assessed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular risk. [...] Read more.
p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a gut-derived uremic toxin with proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, has been implicated in cardiovascular injuries among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aortic stiffness (AS), assessed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the association between serum PCS levels and AS in patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD. In total, 165 patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD were enrolled. Clinical data and fasting blood samples were collected. Arterial stiffness (AS) was assessed bilaterally by measuring carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) on both the left and right sides. A value above 10 m/s was considered indicative of increased stiffness. Serum PCS levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty patients (30.3%) had AS. The AS group was significantly older and had higher diabetes prevalence, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, urinary protein-creatinine ratio, and PCS levels than the control group. In the multivariate analysis, both PCS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.097; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.024–1.175; p = 0.008) and age (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.025–1.090; p < 0.001) were independently associated with AS. In conclusion, elevated serum PCS and older age were independently associated with AS. Thus, PCS is a potential early marker of vascular damage in CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vascular Health and Metabolism)
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17 pages, 1693 KiB  
Article
Overcoming Challenges in the Determination of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Post-Mortem Plasma Samples with the Use of Targeted Metabolomics and the Quality by Design Approach
by Joanna Dawidowska, Julia Jacyna-Gębala, Renata Wawrzyniak, Michał Kaliszan and Michał Jan Markuszewski
Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071688 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
Background: Excessive alcohol consumption constitutes a serious cause of death worldwide. Fatty acid ethyl esters, as metabolites of the non-oxidative elimination pathway of ethanol, have been recognized as mediators of alcohol-induced organ damage. These metabolites serve as potential biomarkers for the assessment of [...] Read more.
Background: Excessive alcohol consumption constitutes a serious cause of death worldwide. Fatty acid ethyl esters, as metabolites of the non-oxidative elimination pathway of ethanol, have been recognized as mediators of alcohol-induced organ damage. These metabolites serve as potential biomarkers for the assessment of ethanol intake and might be also used in post-mortem studies. Methods: In this study, the development and optimization of a simple, fast, precise, accurate, and cost-effective method with the use of gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of six fatty acid ethyl esters, namely ethyl laurate, myristate, palmitate, linoleate, oleate, and stearate, were conducted. Results: The optimized method was fully validated according to ICH guidelines. Additionally, identification of critical method parameters was possible by using the quality by design approach. By carrying out analyses according to the Plackett–Burman plan (design of experiments methodology), the robustness of the analytical method developed was confirmed for four (ethyl palmitate, linoleate, oleate, and stearate) ethyl esters. In the case of ethyl myristate, the variable significantly affecting the results appeared to be the temperature of solvent evaporation after the deproteinization step. Conclusions: Biochemical interpretation of the obtained results with available medical records suggests that plasma concentrations of selected fatty acid ethyl esters are valuable indicators of pre-mortem alcohol consumption and may be one of the key factors helpful in determining the cause and mechanism of death. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology of Fatty Acid Metabolism)
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9 pages, 789 KiB  
Article
Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir in Cats with Naturally Occurring Feline Infectious Peritonitis
by Petra Černá, Luke Wittenburg, Jennifer Hawley, McKenna Willis, Britta Siegenthaler and Michael R. Lappin
Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070666 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 669
Abstract
Antiviral drugs like EIDD-2801 (molnupiravir; MPV) have been successfully used in the treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The previous study of the pharmacokinetics of MPV in healthy cats showed promise for its use and safety. The objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics [...] Read more.
Antiviral drugs like EIDD-2801 (molnupiravir; MPV) have been successfully used in the treatment of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The previous study of the pharmacokinetics of MPV in healthy cats showed promise for its use and safety. The objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics of molnupiravir in cats with naturally occurring FIP by measuring MPV and EIDD-193 (β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine; NHC) serum levels. Blood was collected from seven cats diagnosed with naturally occurring FIP treated at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h post oral MPV administration and at 12 h post pill administration 7 days later. Serum concentrations of MPV and NHC were determined using a previously published high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. The mean dose of MPV was 15.44 mg/kg (SD ± 1.82). The mean peak serum concentration of MPV (Cmax) after a single PO dose of MPV was 38 ng/mL (SD ± 5). The mean peak serum concentration of NHC (Cmax) after a single PO dose of MVP was 1551 ng/mL (SD ± 720). the time to reach NHC Cmax (Tmax) was 2.6 h (SD ± 1.4), and the NHC elimination half-life was 1.6 h (SD ± 1.1). Minimal drug accumulation was seen in trough concentrations following twice-daily dosing for 7 days. The low MPV levels may be explained by fast conversion to its active metabolite NHC. The mean NHC concentrations at all time points were at least 4 times the reported in vitro IC50 for feline coronavirus strains and twice-daily dosing for seven days did not lead to drug accumulation within the serum. The results support the use of MPV in the treatment of FIP, and if therapeutic drug monitoring is to be performed, NHC should be measured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feline Coronavirus Infections)
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15 pages, 1282 KiB  
Article
Structural and Quantitative Analysis of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Para-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) by Direct Analysis in Real Time Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry (DART-IM-MS)
by Calum Bochenek, Jack Edwards, Zhibo Liu and Chrys Wesdemiotis
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132828 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and para-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are emerging classes of anthropogenic contaminants that are environmentally persistent (most often found in ground and surface water sources), bioaccumulative, and harmful to human health. These chemicals are currently regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection [...] Read more.
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and para-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are emerging classes of anthropogenic contaminants that are environmentally persistent (most often found in ground and surface water sources), bioaccumulative, and harmful to human health. These chemicals are currently regulated in the US by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Analysis of these contaminants is currently spearheaded by mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) because of their high sensitivity and separation capabilities. Although effective, a major flaw in LC-MS analysis is its large consumption of solvents and the amount of time required for each experiment. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is a new technique that offers high sensitivity and permits rapid analysis with little to no sample preparation. Herein, we present the qualitative and quantitative analysis of PFASs and PPDs by high-resolution DART-MS, interfaced with ion mobility (IM) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) characterization, demonstrating the utility of this multidimensional approach for the fast separation and detection of environmental contaminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)
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18 pages, 1000 KiB  
Article
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Is Associated with Lower Serum Sphingolipids but Higher β-Hydroxybutyrate and Lactate: A Pilot Study
by Ibrahim Aslan, Tuğçe Çeker, Tayfun Ustabaş, Vuslat Zorlu, Çağatay Yılmaz and Mutay Aslan
Pathophysiology 2025, 32(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32030029 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and severe complication of diabetes mellitus, marked by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It is associated with significant metabolic and inflammatory adjustments that can impact multiple biochemical pathways. This study aimed to determine the serum sphingolipid [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and severe complication of diabetes mellitus, marked by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It is associated with significant metabolic and inflammatory adjustments that can impact multiple biochemical pathways. This study aimed to determine the serum sphingolipid profile in DKA and investigate its relationship with neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase), pro-inflammatory cytokines, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), and lactate levels. Methods: Thirty-three participants were divided into three groups: control (BMI ≤ 30, no health issues), obese (BMI > 30), and DKA (BMI ≤ 30). Sphingomyelins (16:0–24:0 SMs) and ceramides (C16–C24 CERs) were measured using ultra-fast liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). N-SMase, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Evaluations were done in the DKA group before and after standard clinical treatment for DKA (post-DKA group), which included intravenous insulin therapy, fluid resuscitation, and electrolyte replacement, as per established clinical guidelines. Results: β-OHB levels were significantly higher in the DKA group than in the control, obese, and post-DKA groups. Although β-OHB levels decreased in the post-DKA group, they remained elevated compared to the control and obese groups. Lactate levels were also higher in the DKA group, with a significant decrease in the post-DKA group. TNF-α and IL-1β were higher in the obese group compared to control and DKA groups, and TNF-α decreased significantly in the post-DKA group compared to DKA. N-SMase, 16:0–18:0 SMs, and C18-C24 CER levels were lower in the DKA and post-DKA groups compared to obese and control groups. Serum β-OHB and lactate levels were significantly correlated with S1P, total CER, total SM, and N-SMase values. Conclusions: The study reveals significant metabolic and inflammatory differences in DKA and post-DKA states, suggesting a relationship between sphingolipids, N-SMase, and these alterations, which could offer insights into DKA pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metabolic Disorders)
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17 pages, 2019 KiB  
Article
Free Fatty Acid Determination in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beers via Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis
by Christiana Mantzourani and Maroula G. Kokotou
Separations 2025, 12(5), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12050114 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 2243
Abstract
In recent years, non-alcoholic beers have been gaining popularity. Among the various components that affect the flavor and sensory characteristics of beers, free fatty acids (FFAs) are minor components. However, due to their involvement in beer quality, fast and simple methods for analyzing [...] Read more.
In recent years, non-alcoholic beers have been gaining popularity. Among the various components that affect the flavor and sensory characteristics of beers, free fatty acids (FFAs) are minor components. However, due to their involvement in beer quality, fast and simple methods for analyzing FFAs in beers are of importance. In this work, we present a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the rapid determination of FFAs in beers, avoiding a tedious sample preparation and derivatization and allowing the simultaneous study of a large set of FAs, including medium-chain, long-chain, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs. The method was applied in the analysis of twelve non-alcoholic and nine alcoholic beer samples from the local market, permitting the comparison of their FFA profiling. Among the 37 FAs studied, 29 were quantified, and palmitic, stearic, oleic and myristic acids were identified as the predominant FAs in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beers. The majority of the predominant long-chain FAs, including palmitic, stearic and myristic acids, were found in decreased amounts in non-alcoholic beers, compared to the alcoholic ones, with the marked exception of oleic acid, which was increased in non-alcoholic beers. Among the medium-chain FAs, octanoic acid was found at lower concentrations in non-alcoholic beers, comparing to regular beers, while lauric acid was slightly increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested the correlation of FFAs with the type of beer (alcoholic or non-alcoholic beer). Full article
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13 pages, 2154 KiB  
Article
Circulating Amino Acid Changes Three Years After Bariatric Surgery
by Ina Maltais-Payette, Fannie Lajeunesse-Trempe, Mélanie Nadeau, Léonie Bouvet-Bouchard, Frédéric Simon Hould, Laurent Biertho and André Tchernof
Metabolites 2025, 15(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15050297 - 30 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 636
Abstract
Background and objective: Studies using metabolomics to study bariatric surgery have shown that amino acids are one of the most changed groups of metabolites after the intervention. However, the surgery-related variation in individual amino acids, as well as the long-term impact and the [...] Read more.
Background and objective: Studies using metabolomics to study bariatric surgery have shown that amino acids are one of the most changed groups of metabolites after the intervention. However, the surgery-related variation in individual amino acids, as well as the long-term impact and the differences between the types of surgeries, have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in circulating amino acids after three types of bariatric surgery up to 36 months after the intervention. Methods: We studied 63 participants diagnosed with T2D at baseline, who received either a sleeve gastrectomy, a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or a biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. We measured the concentrations of 16 circulating amino acids in fasting plasma before the surgery as well as after 4, 12, 24 and 36 months via liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Eleven circulating amino acids were significantly modified by bariatric surgery. Glutamate, leucine and isoleucine showed the greatest decrease. Most of the changes in circulating amino acids occurred within 1 year of the operations. Only one measured plasmatic amino acid (threonine) had a significantly different change pattern according to surgery types. In repeated-measure correlations, changes in circulating amino acids were significantly associated with changes in adiposity and metabolic markers. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery changes the levels of most circulating amino acids, and the effect occurs in the short term without major differences between surgery types. The mechanisms explaining these changes are not elucidated but likely include modifications in amino acid metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Metabolic Health)
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11 pages, 348 KiB  
Article
Serum P-Cresyl Sulfate Levels Correlate with Peripheral Arterial Disease in Hypertensive Patients
by Yahn-Bor Chern, Jen-Pi Tsai, Bang-Gee Hsu, Chin-Hung Liu and Ji-Hung Wang
Diagnostics 2025, 15(9), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091097 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 460
Abstract
Background/Objectives: p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) is implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Hypertension is a major risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is linked to increased mortality in patients with hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the association [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) is implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Hypertension is a major risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is linked to increased mortality in patients with hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum PCS levels and PAD in hypertension cases. Methods: We analyzed fasting blood samples and clinical data from 105 patients with hypertension in a cardiovascular outpatient clinic. Serum PCS levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Ankle–brachial index (ABI) was measured using an automated oscillometric device; ABI < 0.9 indicated PAD. Results: A total of 24 patients (22.9%) had PAD. The PAD group had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.026), elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p < 0.001) and increased PCS levels (p = 0.002) than the normal ABI group. Multivariate logistic regression showed that PCS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.154, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.013–1.315, p = 0.031) and CRP (per 0.1 mg/dL increase, OR: 1.649, 95% CI: 1.138–2.389, p = 0.008) were independently associated with PAD. According to Spearman’s correlation analysis, log-transformed PCS (log-PCS) levels negatively correlated with left or right ABI (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.001) but positively correlated with log-CRP (p = 0.024). Conclusions: Elevated serum PCS and CRP levels are significantly associated with PAD in patients with hypertension, suggesting the potential role of PCS in PAD pathogenesis. Full article
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23 pages, 3871 KiB  
Article
Proteomics of Bacterial and Mouse Extracellular Vesicles Released in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Nutrient-Stressed Animals Reveals an Interplay Between Microbial Serine Proteases and Mammalian Serine Protease Inhibitors
by Régis Stentz, Emily Jones, Lejla Gul, Dimitrios Latousakis, Aimee Parker, Arlaine Brion, Andrew J. Goldson, Kathryn Gotts and Simon R. Carding
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094080 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by members of the intestinal microbiota can not only contribute to digestion but also mediate microbe–host cell communication via the transfer of functional biomolecules to mammalian host cells. An unresolved question is which host factors and conditions influence [...] Read more.
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by members of the intestinal microbiota can not only contribute to digestion but also mediate microbe–host cell communication via the transfer of functional biomolecules to mammalian host cells. An unresolved question is which host factors and conditions influence BEV cargo and how they impact host cell function. To address this question, we analysed and compared the proteomes of BEVs released by the major human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) in vivo in fed versus fasted animals using nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). Among the proteins whose abundance was negatively affected by fasting, nine of ten proteins of the serine protease family, including the regulatory protein dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), were significantly decreased in BEVs produced in the GITs of fasted animals. Strikingly, in extracellular vesicles produced by the intestinal epithelia of the same fasted mice, the proteins with the most increased abundance were serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Together, these findings suggest a dynamic interaction between GI bacteria and the host. Additionally, they indicate a regulatory role for the host in determining the balance between bacterial serine proteases and host serpins exported in bacterial and host extracellular vesicles. Full article
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21 pages, 2947 KiB  
Article
Dietary Fibre Modulates Body Composition, Blood Glucose, Inflammation, Microbiome, and Metabolome in a Murine Model of Periodontitis
by Thilini Jayasinghe, Josie Jenkins, Nidhi Medara, Phannaphat Choowong, Gangani Dharmarathne, Fay Kong, Hanna Cho, Se Hun Kim, Yuchen Zhang, Ricardo Franco-Duarte, Joerg Eberhard and Axel Spahr
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071146 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
Background: Dietary fibre plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, inflammation, and microbiome composition. However, its impact on systemic and oral health, particularly in periodontitis, remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of high- and low-fibre diets on body composition, glycaemic control, inflammation, [...] Read more.
Background: Dietary fibre plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, inflammation, and microbiome composition. However, its impact on systemic and oral health, particularly in periodontitis, remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of high- and low-fibre diets on body composition, glycaemic control, inflammation, microbiome, and metabolome in a murine model of experimental periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were randomised to a high-fibre (40% fibre) or low-fibre (5% fibre) diet for eight weeks. Body weight, fat mass, lean mass, fasting blood glucose, serum inflammatory markers, alveolar bone loss, and root length were assessed. Oral and faecal microbiome composition was analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Metabolomic and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiling was conducted using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: Mice on the high-fibre diet exhibited significantly lower body weight (p < 0.0001), fat mass (p = 0.0007), and lean mass (p < 0.0001) compared to the low-fibre group. Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the high-fibre group (p = 0.0013). TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were significantly elevated in the low-fibre group (p < 0.0001), suggesting a heightened pro-inflammatory state. While alveolar bone loss and root length did not differ significantly, microbiome analysis revealed distinct bacterial compositions (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05), with fibre-fermenting taxa enriched in high-fibre-fed mice. Metabolomic analysis identified 19 significantly altered metabolites, indicating dietary adaptations. Conclusions: A high-fibre diet improves glycaemic control, reduces systemic inflammation, and alters microbial and metabolic profiles in experimental periodontitis. These findings highlight dietary fibre’s role in modulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways relevant to periodontal and systemic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Increasing Dietary Fibre for Improving Human Health)
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15 pages, 1075 KiB  
Article
Green Extraction Method: Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction Followed by HILIC-HRMS Analysis to Quantify Hydrophilic Compounds in Plants
by Alexandra Louis, Jean François Chich, Hadrien Chepca, Isabelle Schmitz, Philippe Hugueney and Alessandra Maia-Grondard
Metabolites 2025, 15(4), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040223 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 472
Abstract
Background: Hydrophilic compounds, such as amino acids, organic acids and sugars, among others, are present in large amounts in plant cells. The analysis and quantification of these major hydrophilic compounds are particularly relevant in plant science because they have a considerable impact on [...] Read more.
Background: Hydrophilic compounds, such as amino acids, organic acids and sugars, among others, are present in large amounts in plant cells. The analysis and quantification of these major hydrophilic compounds are particularly relevant in plant science because they have a considerable impact on the quality of plant-derived products and on plant–pathogen relationships. Our objective was to develop and validate a complete analysis workflow combining a water-based extraction procedure with a fast separation using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC-HRMS) for quantitative analysis of hydrophilic compounds in plant tissues. Results: Water-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods for hydrophilic compounds were compared using HILIC-HRMS. The newly developed method involved 20 s MAE time followed by a 10 min HILIC-HRMS analysis. This bioanalytical method was validated for 24 polar metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, to ensure the reliability of analytical results: selectivity, limits of detection and quantification, calibration range and precision. Depending on the compounds, quantification limit was as low as 0.10 µM up to 4.50 µM. Between-run RSDs evaluated on Vitis vinifera and Arabidopsis samples were all below 20% except for three compounds. Conclusions: A water-based MAE method, coupled with HILIC-HRMS, was developed for the absolute quantification of free amino acids, organic acids, and sugars in plant tissues. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in both lignified plants, such as Vitis vinifera, and non-lignified plants, such as Arabidopsis. This method is suitable for medium- to high-throughput analysis of key polar metabolites from small amounts of plant material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Metabolism)
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16 pages, 4994 KiB  
Article
Rapid Screening for Hazardous Substances with Regulatory Differences in Milk Between Countries Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
by Qiaozhen Guo, Jing Zhang, Bing Shao, Jie Yin, Yunjia Yang and Yi Yang
Foods 2025, 14(6), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14060967 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 818
Abstract
Regulatory heterogeneity on the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of hazardous substances for food is identified as a challenge of trade between countries. To balance the import and export trade of milk, a high-throughput determination method was established for hazardous substances with regulatory differences. [...] Read more.
Regulatory heterogeneity on the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of hazardous substances for food is identified as a challenge of trade between countries. To balance the import and export trade of milk, a high-throughput determination method was established for hazardous substances with regulatory differences. In this paper, we investigated 462 hazardous substances with different MRLs for food based on different countries’ regulations, involving pesticides, veterinary drugs, and some toxins. A mass database was established for these compounds including the basic information, retention time, collision cross section, parent ion, and product ions with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-QTOFMS). After that, the sample preparation for milk, including extraction solvents and purified sorbents, was optimized by selecting 274 hazardous compounds as the representative compounds. Acetonitrile/methanol (9:1, v/v) containing 1% acetic acid was used for extracting, and 50 mg EMR and 50 mg PSA were used for purifying the target substances in milk. Then, the methodology was evaluated by spiking the compounds in real milk. The experiment was conducted by matrix calibration, and the results displayed that most compounds had good linearity within their linear ranges (R2 > 0.99). The recovery ranged from 61.8% to 119.7% at three spiking levels, with RSDs between 1.1% and 20.2%. The limits of quantitation of target compounds in milk ranged from 1 to 10 μg/kg. This could meet the MRL requirements among different countries. All the results demonstrated this determination technology was a fast, sensitive, and accurate method for screening hazardous substance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Processing and Quality Assurance of Milk and Milk Products)
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24 pages, 3480 KiB  
Article
Biological Effects of Polysaccharides from Bovistella utriformis as Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antihyperglycemic Agents: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by Aya Maaloul, Claudia Pérez Manríquez, Juan Decara, Manuel Marí-Beffa, Daniel Álvarez-Torres, Sofía Latorre Redoli, Borja Martínez-Albardonedo, Marisel Araya-Rojas, Víctor Fajardo and Roberto T. Abdala Díaz
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17030335 - 5 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1064
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study explores the bioactive potential of Bovistella utriformis biomass and its polysaccharides (PsBu) through comprehensive biochemical and bioactivity analyses, focusing on their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antihyperglycemic properties. Methods: Elemental analysis determined the biomass’s chemical composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study explores the bioactive potential of Bovistella utriformis biomass and its polysaccharides (PsBu) through comprehensive biochemical and bioactivity analyses, focusing on their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antihyperglycemic properties. Methods: Elemental analysis determined the biomass’s chemical composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS and DPPH assays. Monosaccharide composition was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro cytotoxicity assays were conducted on cancer and normal cell lines to determine IC50 values and selectivity indices (SI). Zebrafish embryo toxicity was evaluated for teratogenic effects, and an in vivo antihyperglycemic study was performed in diabetic rat models. Results: The biomass exhibited high carbon content (around 41%) and nitrogen levels, with a balanced C/N ratio nearing 5. Protein content exceeded 50%, alongside significant carbohydrate, fiber, and ash levels. Antioxidant assays revealed inhibition rates of approximately 89% (ABTS) and 64% (DPPH). GC-MS analysis identified glucose as the predominant sugar (>80%), followed by galactose and mannose. Additionally, HPLC detected a photoprotective compound, potentially a mycosporin-like amino acid. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated PsBu’s selective activity against colon, lung, and melanoma cancer cell lines (IC50: 100–500 µg·mL−1), while effects on normal cell lines were lower (IC50 > 1300 µg·mL−1 for HaCaT, >2500 µg·mL−1 for HGF-1), with SI values approaching 27, supporting PsBu’s potential as a targeted anticancer agent. Zebrafish embryo assays yielded LC50 values ranging from 1.4 to 1.8 mg·mL−1. In vivo, PsBu reduced fasting blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats (approximately 210 mg·dL−1 vs. 230 mg·dL−1 in controls) and preserved pancreatic β-cell integrity (around 80% vs. 65% in controls). Conclusions: These findings suggest that B. utriformis biomass and PsBu exhibit strong antioxidant activity, selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and antihyperglycemic potential, making them promising candidates for further biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drug Targeting and Design)
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