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Keywords = electrochemical devices

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20 pages, 8469 KiB  
Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Oilseed Crops: Nanomaterial-Driven Detection and Smart Agriculture
by Youwei Jiang, Kun Wan, Aiting Chen, Nana Tang, Na Liu, Tao Zhang, Qijun Xie and Quanguo He
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162881 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a promising tool for the early detection of diseases in oilseed crops such as rapeseed, soybean, and peanut. These biosensors offer high sensitivity, portability, and cost-effectiveness. Timely diagnosis is critical, as many pathogens exhibit latent infection phases or [...] Read more.
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a promising tool for the early detection of diseases in oilseed crops such as rapeseed, soybean, and peanut. These biosensors offer high sensitivity, portability, and cost-effectiveness. Timely diagnosis is critical, as many pathogens exhibit latent infection phases or produce invisible metabolic toxins, leading to substantial yield losses before visible symptoms occur. This review summarises recent advances in the field of nanomaterial-assisted electrochemical sensing for oilseed crop diseases, with a particular focus on sensor mechanisms, interface engineering, and biomolecular recognition strategies. The following innovations are highlighted: nanostructured electrodes, aptamer- and antibody-based probes, and signal amplification techniques. These innovations have enabled the detection of pathogen DNA, enzymes, and toxins at ultra-low concentrations. Notwithstanding these achievements, challenges persist, including signal interference from plant matrices, limitations in device miniaturization, and the absence of standardized detection protocols. Future research should explore the potential of AI-assisted data interpretation, the use of biodegradable sensor materials, and the integration of these technologies with agricultural IoT networks. The aim of this integration is to enable real-time, field-deployable disease surveillance. The integration of laboratory innovations with field applications has been demonstrated to have significant potential in supporting sustainable agriculture and strengthening food security through intelligent crop health monitoring. Full article
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17 pages, 3794 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of In2O3-rGO Hybrid Composites for Electrochemical Applications
by Alina Matei, Cosmin Obreja, Cosmin Romaniţan, Oana Brîncoveanu, Marius Stoian and Vasilica Țucureanu
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080958 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
In the present paper, the interaction between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon materials was studied, and the results showed a synergetic effect, leading to an improvement in the properties of the obtained hybrid composites. The In2O3 NPs were prepared by [...] Read more.
In the present paper, the interaction between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon materials was studied, and the results showed a synergetic effect, leading to an improvement in the properties of the obtained hybrid composites. The In2O3 NPs were prepared by the precipitation method and thermal treatment at 550 °C. The composites were obtained using an ex situ method, by mixing the In2O3 NPs with reduced oxide graphene (rGO) in a ratio of 10:1. The structural, morphological, and chemical composition studies of the In2O3 NPs and In2O3-rGO composites were investigates by FTIR and EDX spectroscopy, SEM microscopy, and XRD analysis. These techniques have highlighted the obtaining of In2O3 of high purity, and crystallinity, with the mean particle size in the range of 8–25 nm, but also, the dispersion of In2O3 NPs onto rGO sheets. We examined the influence of the In2O3 nanostructure morphology and In2O3-rGO composites on the electrochemical properties using cyclic voltammetry. The surface properties of the In2O3 and composite films were studied by contact angles, which indicate the maintenance of the hydrophilic nature. The obtained results establish the synergy between the main components to form In2O3-rGO, which can be used for the development of biosensors to enhance the device performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Coatings: Adapting to the Future)
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18 pages, 4380 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Potential of Green Synthesized Sr0.8Ce0.2Fe0.8Co0.2O3 Using Orange and Lemon Extracts for Hybrid Supercapacitor Applications
by Asmara Fazal, M. Javaid Iqbal, Mohsin Ali Raza, Badriah S. Almutairi, Hesham M. H. Zakaly, Naureen Akhtar, Muneeb Irshad and Saira Riaz
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080310 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
Supercapacitors are required to store energy from renewable resources to ensure a pollutant-free environment. To further encourage its study, researchers are interested in introducing green methods to produce electrode materials. Green synthesis is an innovative and emerging field because plant extracts are the [...] Read more.
Supercapacitors are required to store energy from renewable resources to ensure a pollutant-free environment. To further encourage its study, researchers are interested in introducing green methods to produce electrode materials. Green synthesis is an innovative and emerging field because plant extracts are the best substitute for toxic chemicals. They are considered eco-friendly and cost-effective. In this work, two plant extracts, orange juice (ORJ) and lemon juice (LMJ), are used to synthesize the Sr0.8Ce0.2Fe0.8Co0.2O3 perovskite using the auto-combustion method. The electrochemical performance of Sr0.8Ce0.2Fe0.8Co0.2O3 made from LMJ and ORJ is compared to check their effectiveness. LMJ proved to be a better reducing agent than ORJ with a higher specific capacity of 300 C/g (544 F/g) at 1 A/g current density due to increased oxygen vacancies and surface area. These findings show that green-synthesized perovskites can be utilized in high-performance hybrid supercapacitor devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Supercapacitors)
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26 pages, 7562 KiB  
Article
Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Monodispersed V5+ Faradic Electrode Toward High-Performance Supercapacitor Application
by Sutharthani Kannan, Chia-Hung Huang, Pradeepa Stephen Sengolammal, Suba Devi Rengapillai, Sivakumar Marimuthu and Wei-Ren Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161252 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 171
Abstract
Layered intercalating V2O5 (vanadium pentoxide) is a durable battery-type electrode material exploited in supercapacitors. The advancement of V2O5 nanomaterials synthesized from non-aqueous organic solvents holds significant potential for energy storage applications. Liquid-phase synthesis of orthorhombic V2 [...] Read more.
Layered intercalating V2O5 (vanadium pentoxide) is a durable battery-type electrode material exploited in supercapacitors. The advancement of V2O5 nanomaterials synthesized from non-aqueous organic solvents holds significant potential for energy storage applications. Liquid-phase synthesis of orthorhombic V2O5 cathode material corroborated its compatibility with quartet glycols and allowed examination of their explicit roles in faradic charge storage efficacy. V2O5 was found to be an intercalative material in all the quartet glycols. The crystalline, rod-like morphology and monodisperse V2O5 electrode were ascribed to the effects of ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene glycols. Notable differences were observed in the electrochemical analysis of the prepared V2O5 (EV, DV, TV, and TTV). In a three-electrode cell setup, the DV electrode demonstrated a superior specific capacity of 460.2 C/g at a current density of 1 A/g. From the Trasatti analysis, the DV electrode exhibited 961.53 C/g of total capacitance, comprising a diffusion-controlled contribution of 898.19 C/g and a surface-controlled contribution of 63.34 C/g. The aqueous asymmetric device DV//AC exhibited a maximum energy density of 65.72 Wh/kg at a power density of 1199.97 W/kg. The glycol-derived electrodes were anticipated to bepromising materials for supercapacitors and have the potential to meet electrochemical energy needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 6261 KiB  
Article
Filamentary Resistive Switching Mechanism in CuO Thin Film-Based Memristor
by Monika Ozga, Robert Mroczynski, Krzysztof Matus, Sebastian Arabasz and Bartłomiej S. Witkowski
Materials 2025, 18(16), 3820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163820 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
Understanding the resistive switching (RS) mechanisms in memristive devices is crucial for developing non-volatile memory technologies. Here, we investigate the memristor effect in hydrothermally grown Au-nanoseeded CuO films. Based on I-V measurements, conductive-AFM, S/TEM, and EDS analyses, we examine the changes within the [...] Read more.
Understanding the resistive switching (RS) mechanisms in memristive devices is crucial for developing non-volatile memory technologies. Here, we investigate the memristor effect in hydrothermally grown Au-nanoseeded CuO films. Based on I-V measurements, conductive-AFM, S/TEM, and EDS analyses, we examine the changes within the switching layer associated with RS. Our results reveal a filamentary mechanism of RS. Notably, EDS mapping shows directional Au redistribution between the bottom nanoseeds and the top electrode, while Cu and O remain uniformly distributed. These findings support an electrochemical metallization (ECM)-like filamentary mechanism driven by Au species migration. The use of Au-nanoseeds, required by the solution-based growth method, critically affects filament formation and RS behavior. Our results emphasize the importance of microstructure and electrode–oxide interfaces in determining the switching mechanism in oxide-based memristors. Full article
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16 pages, 2324 KiB  
Article
A Stability Study of [Cu(I)(dmby)2]TFSI in Biopolymer-Based Aqueous Quasi-Solid Electrolytes
by Giulia Adriana Bracchini, Elvira Maria Bauer, Claudia Mazzuca and Marilena Carbone
Gels 2025, 11(8), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080645 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 152
Abstract
In the field of advanced electrical energy conversion and storage, remarkable attention has been given to the development of new, more sustainable electrolytes. In this regard, the combination of redox shuttles with aqueous bio-polymer gels seems to be a valid alternative via which [...] Read more.
In the field of advanced electrical energy conversion and storage, remarkable attention has been given to the development of new, more sustainable electrolytes. In this regard, the combination of redox shuttles with aqueous bio-polymer gels seems to be a valid alternative via which to overcome the typical drawbacks of common liquid electrolytes such as corrosion, volatility or leakage. Despite the promising results obtained so far, redox-active species such as bis(6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonylimide, ([Cu(I)(dmby)2]TFSI), still present inherent challenges associated with their poor water solubility and oxidative lability, which prevents their employment in cheap and sustainable aqueous electrolytes. The present study investigates the stabilization of the Cu(I) complex ([Cu(I)(dmby)2]TFSI) within two natural hydrogels based on the biopolymers κ-carrageenan and galactomannan, using ZnO nanoparticles as gelling agents. These eco-friendly and biocompatible systems are proposed as potential matrices for quasi-solid electrolytes (QSEs), offering a promising platform for advanced electrolyte design in electrochemical applications. Both hydrogels effectively stabilized and retained the redox species within their networks. In order to shed light on distinct stabilization mechanisms, complementary FTIR and SEM analyses were relevant to reveal the structural rearrangements, specific to each matrix, upon complex incorporation. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis confirmed notable thermal resilience in both systems, with the galactomannan-based gel demonstrating enhanced performance. Altogether, this work introduces a novel strategy for embedding copper-based redox couples into gelled electrolytes, paving the way toward their integration in real electrochemical devices, where long-term stability, redox retention, and energy conversion efficiency are critical evaluation criteria. Full article
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15 pages, 3400 KiB  
Article
Ti3C2TX MXene/Polyaniline-Modified Nylon Fabric Electrode for Wearable Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring in Sweat
by Lichao Wang, Meng Li, Shengnan Ya, Hang Tian, Kerui Li, Qinghong Zhang, Yaogang Li, Hongzhi Wang and Chengyi Hou
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080531 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
Sweat-based electrochemical sensors for wearable applications have attracted substantial interest due to their non-invasive nature, compact design, and ability to provide real-time data. Remarkable advancements have been made in integrating these devices into flexible platforms. While thin-film polymer substrates are frequently employed for [...] Read more.
Sweat-based electrochemical sensors for wearable applications have attracted substantial interest due to their non-invasive nature, compact design, and ability to provide real-time data. Remarkable advancements have been made in integrating these devices into flexible platforms. While thin-film polymer substrates are frequently employed for their durability, the prolonged buildup of sweat on such materials can disrupt consistent sensing performance and adversely affect skin comfort over extended periods. Therefore, investigating lightweight, comfortable, and breathable base materials for constructing working electrodes is essential for producing flexible and breathable sweat electrochemical sensors. In this study, nylon fabric was chosen as the base material for constructing the working electrode. The electrode is prepared using a straightforward printing process, incorporating Ti3C2TX MXene/polyaniline and methylene blue as modification materials in the electronic intermediary layer. The synergistic effect of the modified layer and the multi-level structure of the current collector enhances the electrochemical kinetics on the electrode surface, improves electron transmission efficiency, and enables the nylon fabric-based electrode to accurately and selectively measure glucose concentration in sweat. It exhibits a wide linear range (0.04~3.08 mM), high sensitivity (3.11 μA·mM−1), strong anti-interference capabilities, and high stability. This system can monitor glucose levels and trends in sweat, facilitating the assessment of daily sugar intake for personal health management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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11 pages, 1327 KiB  
Article
All-in-One Sustainable Thread Biosensor for Chemiluminescence Smartphone Detection of Lactate in Sweat
by Emanuela Maiorano, Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Eugenio Lunedei and Elisa Michelini
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080530 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Thanks to their low-cost, portability, and sustainability, microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) are emerging as an attractive analytical platform for wearable biosensing. While several μTADs, mainly based on colorimetric and electrochemical detection methods, have been developed, achieving the needed sensitivity and accuracy for [...] Read more.
Thanks to their low-cost, portability, and sustainability, microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) are emerging as an attractive analytical platform for wearable biosensing. While several μTADs, mainly based on colorimetric and electrochemical detection methods, have been developed, achieving the needed sensitivity and accuracy for these biosensors continues to present a significant challenge. Prompted by this need we investigated for the first time the implementation of chemiluminescence (CL) as a detection technique for μTADs. Exploiting the lactate oxidase-catalyzed reaction coupled with the enhanced luminol/H2O2/horseradish peroxidase CL system, we developed a cotton-thread-based chemiluminescent device enabling the detection of lactate with a limit of detection of 0.25 mM in a 2 µL volume of artificial sweat at pH 6.5 within 3 min. The use of recycled grape skin as support made the device sustainable, while the smartphone detection allowed a simple and quantitative readout for the end-user. Using a smartphone as a detector, the analytical performance was evaluated in different conditions and in the presence of potential interferents, showing suitability for monitoring lactate levels in physiological conditions, such as for monitoring anaerobic thresholds in endurance training. Full article
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52 pages, 3866 KiB  
Review
Beyond Oxidation: Engineering Functional Anodised Metal Matrices Through Molecular and Surface Modifications
by Mateusz Schabikowski, Agnieszka Stróż and Andrzej Kruk
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167809 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
Anodised metal matrices represent a versatile and multifunctional platform for the development of advanced materials with tunable physicochemical properties. Through electrochemical oxidation processes—commonly referred to as anodisation—metals such as aluminium, titanium, niobium, zinc and tantalum can be transformed into structured oxide layers with [...] Read more.
Anodised metal matrices represent a versatile and multifunctional platform for the development of advanced materials with tunable physicochemical properties. Through electrochemical oxidation processes—commonly referred to as anodisation—metals such as aluminium, titanium, niobium, zinc and tantalum can be transformed into structured oxide layers with defined porosity, thickness and surface morphology. These methods enable the fabrication of ordered nanoporous arrays, nanotubes and nanowires, depending on the process parameters and the type of metal. The review introduces and outlines the various anodisation techniques and parameters. This is crucial, since each individual metal requires specified optimal conditions to obtain a stable anodised oxide layer. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the design and application of anodised metal substrates, with the focus on their role as functional platforms in catalysis, sensing, energy storage and biomedical engineering. Special attention is given to post-anodisation surface modification strategies, such as chemical functionalisation, thin-film deposition and molecular-level integration, which significantly expand the utility of these materials. The review also highlights the challenges, limitations and future perspectives of anodising technologies, aiming to guide the rational design of next-generation devices based on engineered oxide architectures. Full article
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15 pages, 2685 KiB  
Article
High-Speed 1024-Pixel CMOS Electrochemical Imaging Sensor with 40,000 Frames per Second for Dopamine and Hydrogen Peroxide Imaging
by Kevin A. White, Matthew A. Crocker and Brian N. Kim
Electronics 2025, 14(16), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163207 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing arrays enable the spatial study of dopamine levels throughout brain slices, the diffusion of electroactive molecules, as well as neurotransmitter secretion from single cells. The integration of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices in the development of electrochemical sensing devices enables large-scale [...] Read more.
Electrochemical sensing arrays enable the spatial study of dopamine levels throughout brain slices, the diffusion of electroactive molecules, as well as neurotransmitter secretion from single cells. The integration of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices in the development of electrochemical sensing devices enables large-scale parallel recordings, providing beneficial high-throughput for drug screening studies, brain–machine interfaces, and single-cell electrophysiology. In this paper, an electrochemical sensor capable of recording at 40,000 frames per second using a CMOS sensor array with 1024 electrochemical detectors and a custom field-programmable gate array data acquisition system is detailed. A total of 1024 on-chip electrodes are monolithically integrated onto the designed CMOS chip through post-CMOS fabrication. Each electrode is paired with a dedicated transimpedance amplifier, providing 1024 parallel electrochemical sensors for high-throughput studies. To support the level of data generated by the electrochemical device, a powerful data acquisition system is designed to operate the sensor array as well as digitize and transmit the output of the CMOS chip. Using the presented electrochemical sensing system, both dopamine and hydrogen peroxide diffusions across the sensor array are successfully recorded at 40,000 frames per second across the 32 × 32 electrochemical detector array. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab-on-Chip Biosensors)
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46 pages, 1676 KiB  
Review
Neural–Computer Interfaces: Theory, Practice, Perspectives
by Ignat Dubynin, Maxim Zemlyanskov, Irina Shalayeva, Oleg Gorskii, Vladimir Grinevich and Pavel Musienko
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8900; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168900 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
This review outlines the technological principles of neural–computer interface (NCI) construction, classifying them according to: (1) the degree of intervention (invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive); (2) the direction of signal communication, including BCI (brain–computer interface) for converting neural activity into commands for external devices, [...] Read more.
This review outlines the technological principles of neural–computer interface (NCI) construction, classifying them according to: (1) the degree of intervention (invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive); (2) the direction of signal communication, including BCI (brain–computer interface) for converting neural activity into commands for external devices, CBI (computer–brain interface) for translating artificial signals into stimuli for the CNS, and BBI (brain–brain interface) for direct brain-to-brain interaction systems that account for agency; and (3) the mode of user interaction with technology (active, reactive, passive). For each NCI type, we detail the fundamental data processing principles, covering signal registration, digitization, preprocessing, classification, encoding, command execution, and stimulation, alongside engineering implementations ranging from EEG/MEG to intracortical implants and from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). We also review mathematical modeling methods for NCIs, focusing on optimizing the extraction of informative features from neural signals—decoding for BCI and encoding for CBI—followed by a discussion of quasi-real-time operation and the use of DSP and neuromorphic chips. Quantitative metrics and rehabilitation measures for evaluating NCI system effectiveness are considered. Finally, we highlight promising future research directions, such as the development of electrochemical interfaces, biomimetic hierarchical systems, and energy-efficient technologies capable of expanding brain functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain-Computer Interfaces: Development, Applications, and Challenges)
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25 pages, 5321 KiB  
Article
Corrosion and Ion Release in 304L Stainless Steel Biomedical Stylets
by Lucien Reclaru, Alexandru Florian Grecu, Daniela Florentina Grecu, Cristian Virgil Lungulescu and Dan Cristian Grecu
Materials 2025, 18(16), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163769 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
Styles are invasive medical devices that are visible on images and are used in several medical specialties, including cardiology, neurology, orthopaedics, anaesthesia, oto-rhino-laryngology (ENT), and dentistry. With their thin and flexible design, they allow for the optimal positioning and precise guidance of medical [...] Read more.
Styles are invasive medical devices that are visible on images and are used in several medical specialties, including cardiology, neurology, orthopaedics, anaesthesia, oto-rhino-laryngology (ENT), and dentistry. With their thin and flexible design, they allow for the optimal positioning and precise guidance of medical devices such as nerve stimulation, defibrillation, electrode positioning, and catheter insertion. Generally, they are made of stainless steel, offering a combination of rigidity and flexibility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity of austenitic stainless steel 304L used for the manufacture of J-stylets in uniform, pitting, crevice, and intergranular corrosion. We follow the manufacturing process step by step in order to analyse the risks of corrosion sensitisation and the cumulative effects of various forms of degradation, which could lead to a significant release of metal cations. Another objective of this study is to determine the optimal heat treatment temperature to minimise sensitivity to the intergranular corrosion of 304L steel. Uniform corrosion: Two samples were taken at each stage of the manufacturing process (eight steps in total), in the form of rods. After one hour of immersion, potentiodynamic polarisation curves were plotted up to ±400 mV vs. SCE. A coulometric analysis was also performed by integrating the anode zone between E (i = 0) and +400 mV vs. SCE. The values obtained by integration are expressed as mC/cm2. The test medium used was a simulated artificial plasma solution (9 g/L NaCl solution). Intergranular corrosion: (a) Chemical test: Thirty rod-shaped samples were tested, representing the eight manufacturing steps, as well as heat treatments at 500 °C, 620 °C, and 750 °C, in accordance with ASTM A262 (F method). (b) Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (EPR) according to ASTM G108–94 (2015). Two samples were tested for each condition: without heat treatment and after treatments at 500 °C, 620 °C, and 750 °C. Release of cations: The release of metal ions was evaluated in the following two media: artificial sweat, according to EN 1811:2011+A1:2015, and bone plasma, according to the Fitton-Jackson and Burks-Peck method. Six samples that had been heat-treated at 500 °C for one hour were analysed. Results, discussions: (a) Analysis of the polarisation curves revealed significant disturbances in the heat treatment steps, as well as the μC/cm2 quantities, which were between 150,000 and 400,000 compared to only 40–180 for the other manufacturing steps; (b) Electrochemical Potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests indicated that the temperature of 500 °C was a good choice to limit 304L steel sensitisation in intergranular corrosion; and (c) the quantities of cations released in EN 1811 sweat were of the order of a few μg/cm2 week, as for Fe: 2.31, Cr: 0.05, and Ni: 0.12. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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15 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
Effective Endotoxin Reduction in Hospital Reverse Osmosis Water Using eBooster™ Electrochemical Technology
by José Eudes Lima Santos, Letícia Gracyelle Alexandre Costa, Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle and Sergio Ferro
Water 2025, 17(15), 2353; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152353 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, pose a significant risk in healthcare environments, particularly in Central Sterile Supply Departments (CSSDs), where the delivery of sterile pyrogen-free medical devices is critical for patient safety. Traditional methods for controlling endotoxins in [...] Read more.
Endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, pose a significant risk in healthcare environments, particularly in Central Sterile Supply Departments (CSSDs), where the delivery of sterile pyrogen-free medical devices is critical for patient safety. Traditional methods for controlling endotoxins in water systems, such as ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, have proven ineffective at reducing endotoxin concentrations to comply with regulatory standards (<0.25 EU/mL). This limitation presents a significant challenge, especially in the context of reverse osmosis (RO) permeate used in CSSDs, where water typically has very low conductivity. Despite the established importance of endotoxin removal, a gap in the literature exists regarding effective chemical-free methods that can meet the stringent endotoxin limits in such low-conductivity environments. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of the eBooster™ electrochemical technology—featuring proprietary electrode materials and a reactor design optimized for potable water—for endotoxin removal from water, specifically under the low-conductivity conditions typical of RO permeate. Laboratory experiments using the B250 reactor achieved >90% endotoxin reduction (from 1.2 EU/mL to <0.1 EU/mL) at flow rates ≤5 L/min and current densities of 0.45–2.7 mA/cm2. Additional real-world testing at three hospitals showed that the eBooster™ unit, when installed in the RO tank recirculation loop, consistently reduced endotoxin levels from 0.76 EU/mL (with UV) to <0.05 EU/mL over 24 months of operation, while heterotrophic plate counts dropped from 190 to <1 CFU/100 mL. Statistical analysis confirmed the reproducibility and flow-rate dependence of the removal efficiency. Limitations observed included reduced efficacy at higher flow rates, the need for sufficient residence time, and a temporary performance decline after two years due to a power fault, which was promptly corrected. Compared to earlier approaches, eBooster™ demonstrated superior performance in low-conductivity environments without added chemicals or significant maintenance. These findings highlight the strength and novelty of eBooster™ as a reliable, chemical-free, and maintenance-friendly alternative to traditional UV disinfection systems, offering a promising solution for critical water treatment applications in healthcare environments. Full article
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17 pages, 3870 KiB  
Review
Eco-Friendly, Biomass-Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
by Yeong-Seok Oh, Seung Woo Seo, Jeong-jin Yang, Moongook Jeong and Seongki Ahn
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080915 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom [...] Read more.
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom doping. These physical and chemical characteristics provide the structural and chemical flexibility needed for various electrochemical applications. Additionally, biomass-derived materials offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional components, promoting green chemistry and circular resource utilization. This review provides a systematic overview of synthesis methods, structural design strategies, and material engineering approaches for their use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), and supercapacitors (SCs). It also highlights key challenges in these systems, such as the severe volume expansion of anode materials in LIBs and the shuttle effect in LSBs and discusses how biomass-derived carbon can help address these issues. Full article
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11 pages, 929 KiB  
Article
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Application of TiO2 Using Spirulina and Chlorella Algae Extract
by Maria Vitória França Corrêa, Gideã Taques Tractz, Guilherme Arielo Rodrigues Maia, Hagata Emmanuely Slusarski Fonseca, Larissa Oliveira Berbel, Lucas José de Almeida and Everson do Prado Banczek
Colorants 2025, 4(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants4030025 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
The present study investigates dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating natural extracts from the microalgae Spirulina and Chlorella as photosensitizers. TiO2-based electrodes were prepared and immersed in methanolic algae extracts for 24 and 48 h. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks near 400 [...] Read more.
The present study investigates dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating natural extracts from the microalgae Spirulina and Chlorella as photosensitizers. TiO2-based electrodes were prepared and immersed in methanolic algae extracts for 24 and 48 h. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks near 400 nm and 650 nm, characteristic of chlorophyll. Electrochemical analyses, including photochronoamperometry and open-circuit potential, confirmed the photosensitivity and charge transfer capabilities of all systems. The cell sensitized with Chlorella after 48 h of immersion exhibited the highest energy conversion efficiency (0.0184% ± 0.0015), while Spirulina achieved 0.0105% ± 0.0349 after 24 h. Chlorella’s superior performance is attributed to its higher chlorophyll content and enhanced light absorption, facilitating more efficient electron injection and interaction with the TiO2 surface. Although the efficiency remains lower than that of conventional silicon-based solar cells, the results highlight the potential of natural colorants as sustainable and low-cost alternatives for photovoltaic applications. Nonetheless, further, improvements are required, particularly in dye stability and anchorage, to improve device performance. This research reinforces the viability of natural photosensitizers in DSSC technology and supports continued efforts to optimize their application. Full article
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