Search Results (1,407)

Within the emerging field of nutritional neuroscience, omega-3 fatty acids are among the most extensively investigated dietary bioactive compounds with potential relevance to cognitive aging. As populations continue to age worldwide, identifying modifiable nutritional factors that support cognitive health has become an important public health priority. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), obtained primarily from marine sources, are integral components of neuronal membranes and serve as precursors of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. This narrative review integrates concepts from nutritional neuroscience and geroscience to examine how dietary omega-3 fatty acids may influence biological pathways involved in age-related cognitive decline. Current evidence suggests that DHA and EPA affect multiple processes linked to brain aging, including neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, cerebrovascular integrity, cellular senescence, and gut–brain axis signaling. These mechanisms overlap with several hallmarks of aging and may contribute to the maintenance of cognitive function during later life. Observational studies generally associate higher dietary intake or circulating omega-3 status with better cognitive performance and a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Findings from randomized controlled trials are less consistent, although benefits appear more likely in individuals with low baseline omega-3 status, mild cognitive impairment, or increased biological vulnerability. Beyond their established anti-inflammatory effects, omega-3 fatty acids may influence multiple aging-related pathways, particularly inflammaging, vascular aging, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although heterogeneity in study design, dosage, intervention timing, and participant characteristics precludes firm conclusions, viewing omega-3 fatty acids through a geroscience lens offers a useful framework for interpreting existing evidence and informing future research. Overall, omega-3 fatty acids represent a promising nutritional strategy for supporting cognitive health across the lifespan, warranting further investigation in well-characterized populations and precision nutrition approaches. Full article

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder closely associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Mulberry leaves are rich in bioactive proteins, but whether mulberry leaf albumin-type protein can improve diet-induced obesity remains unclear. In this study, ultrafiltered mulberry leaf albumin-type protein (UMP) was prepared and its anti-obesity effects were evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. UMP contained 87.12 ± 0.52 g/100 g protein, 2.52 ± 0.00 g/100 g polyphenols, and 8.21 ± 1.49 g/100 g polysaccharides, with two major albumin-type protein bands of approximately 14 and 52 kDa. Structural analysis showed that UMP was mainly composed of β-turns and α-helices. In HFD-fed mice, daily administration of UMP for 16 weeks reduced body weight gain by 3.85 g and 5.63 g in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively, without affecting food intake. Biochemical assays, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and histological analysis showed that UMP improved insulin responsiveness, alleviated serum dyslipidemia, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, and decreased circulating alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lipopolysaccharide levels. Histological analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance-based short-chain fatty acid quantification further showed that UMP protected colonic morphology and increased colonic short-chain fatty acid levels. Gut microbiota analysis showed that UMP restored microbial diversity, reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio, and enriched potentially beneficial genera, including Ileibacterium and norank_f_Muribaculaceae. Fecal biochemical assays suggested that UMP promoted fecal free fatty acid excretion and partially improved bile acid-related metabolic alterations. Untargeted serum metabolomics revealed that UMP reshaped metabolic pathways related to lipid turnover, bile acid signaling, glucose utilization, and glucuronidation. Correlation analysis linked UMP-enriched bacterial taxa with key metabolites involved in fatty acid and energy metabolism. Together, these findings indicate that UMP attenuates HFD-induced obesity through coordinated regulation of gut microbiota, intestinal metabolites, and systemic metabolic homeostasis. UMP may therefore represent a promising functional dietary protein for the prevention of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

Obesity is a major health concern within the United States. Previous studies have shown that a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may help combat metabolic disease by improving cardiometabolic and inflammatory status. Pecans have high MUFA content and the highest antioxidant capacity of any nut. The aim of this preliminary study is to determine if a diet supplemented with 1.5 ounces of pecans daily for eight weeks could improve blood glucose, lipid panel, inflammatory markers, and body composition in individuals with overweight and obesity as compared to a control group who maintained their normal diet. Post-intervention measurements showed no significant difference from baseline values for either the experimental or the control group. Data acquired using the Vioscreen Food Frequency Questionnaire found negative correlations were present between LDL cholesterol and dietary intake of iron, selenium, zinc, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol. Furthermore, there were negative correlations determined between fasting blood glucose and dietary intake of magnesium, MUFA, and SFA. Regarding inflammatory markers, no detectable levels of IL-10 nor TNF-α were found in the majority of samples. IL-6 was detectable in all samples, but showed no statistical difference between any of the groups in the study. Thus, an intervention of 1.5 oz of pecans for eight weeks did not significantly change measured metabolic parameters nor levels of serum IL-6. However, due to the sample size limitations of this hypothesis-generating preliminary study, further research is needed. Further studies should include a longer intervention period, a larger cohort, and potentially a larger dosage of pecans to increase the amount of MUFA in the diet to determine if such interventions may influence cardiometabolic and inflammatory parameters. Full article

Cancer remains a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, with oxidative stress playing a central role in its pathogenesis, progression, and response to therapy. Nutrition has emerged as a modifiable factor capable of influencing redox homeostasis, thereby contributing to both cancer prevention and therapeutic outcomes. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on dietary patterns, specific nutrients, and bioactive compounds that modulate oxidative stress and are associated with reduced cancer risk and improved response to treatment. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from 2002 to 2025 to capture contemporary dietary approaches and clinical evidence. Eligible studies addressed nutrient compounds, dietary strategies, obesity, gut microbiota, conventional cancer therapies, and clinical outcomes, with particular emphasis on mechanisms related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune modulation. Epidemiological evidence consistently supports the protective role of plant-based dietary patterns and reduced intake of red and processed meat, partly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nutrients such as dietary fiber, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids are associated with decreased oxidative damage, improved immune responses, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy across multiple tumor types, including colorectal, breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, as well as glioblastoma. Emerging data also suggest that dietary interventions, including ketogenic diets and fasting, may influence tumor metabolism and redox balance, potentially increasing sensitivity to conventional therapies. The gut microbiota has been identified as a key mediator linking diet, oxidative stress, and cancer-related pathways. Although current evidence supports the role of nutritional strategies in targeting oxidative stress for cancer prevention and treatment, further large-scale randomized clinical trials are required to clarify their impact on survival and treatment efficacy. The integration of nutritional counseling into oncology practice represents a cost-effective, accessible, and patient-centered approach with the potential to modulate oxidative stress and improve clinical outcomes. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of precision dietary crude protein (CP) reduction through corn dust substitution for soybean meal on lactational performance, milk fatty acid composition, and antioxidant status in mid-lactation dairy cows. Six Holstein Friesian cows were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 28-day periods and fed total mixed rations containing 17.40% (TMR17), 16.29% (TMR16), or 15.18% CP (TMR15). Forage was maintained at 40% of dietary dry matter. Dry matter intake and plasma metabolites were unaffected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). However, apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein declined significantly (p < 0.05), while acid detergent fiber digestibility showed a linear downward tendency (p = 0.06). Actual milk yield, lactose yield, and solids-not-fat (SNF) yield were unaffected by treatments (p > 0.05), but milk protein percentage decreased linearly (p = 0.01) as dietary CP declined. Body weight change also tended to decline (p = 0.09), suggestive of possible increased body reserve mobilization, although this was not confirmed with body condition score or direct metabolic indicators. Milk urea nitrogen decreased linearly (p = 0.05), which suggested improved nitrogen utilization. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, GSH-Px activity, and total antioxidant capacity were not significantly modified (p > 0.05); however, plasma DPPH radical scavenging capacity increased linearly with higher protein levels (p = 0.01; Trt: p = 0.02). Conversely, TMR15 improved milk lipid quality by significantly increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.03; Trt: p = 0.05), particularly oleic acid (p = 0.05), whereas total saturated fatty acids remained unchanged (p = 0.55). Overall, reducing dietary CP improved MUFA proportions and nitrogen efficiency but decreased milk protein percentage and plasma DPPH antioxidant protection, highlighting a trade-off between production performance, animal health, and milk quality. Full article

Optimizing protein nutrition in ruminants is vital for enhancing growth performance, meat quality, and overall production efficiency. However, the precise protein requirement for ruminants remains unclear. Two experimental trials were conducted to investigate the impact of varying levels of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) on in situ feed degradability, growth performance, meat quality, and rumen fermentation parameters in fattening Hu sheep. In EXP 1, six Hu sheep were fitted with rumen fistulas to measure rumen degradation characteristics of diets varying levels of crude protein (CP) (13%, 14%, 15%, and 16% X RUP: CP 40%, 45%, 50%). The results showed that the ruminal DM and GE degradation had no difference between the experimental diets (p > 0.05). However, the CP degradation rate gradually decreased as the dietary RUP proportion increased (p < 0.05). In EXP 2, a double factorial experiment was conducted using 720 male Hu sheep, divided into twelve dietary treatments with varying levels of crude protein (CP) (13%, 14%, 15%, and 16%) and RUP (40%, 45%, and 50%). Key performance indicators such as body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at the beginning and end of the trial. Post-slaughter, meat quality attributes, including drip loss and initial pH of the longissimus dorsi muscle, were assessed after 40 days of the trial. Rumen fluid samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles to evaluate rumen fermentation efficiency. The results demonstrated that increasing RUP levels significantly improved BWG and ADG (p < 0.05) without affecting ADFI and FCR. Although dietary protein levels had minimal impact, higher RUP levels were associated with a trend toward increased final body weight (p = 0.09). Dietary protein levels and the RUP: CP ratio had no significant effect on meat quality (p > 0.05). Ruminal acetate, valerate, and iso-valerate concentrations were reduced as RUP: CP increased (p < 0.05), and propionate concentration showed a similar trend (p = 0.062). In conclusion, optimizing RUP levels in the diets of fattening Hu sheep significantly enhances growth performance without compromising feed efficiency or the overall rumen fermentation process. These findings provide a foundation for developing feeding strategies that maximize production efficiency in sheep farming. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on growth performance, antioxidant status, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and meat quality in lambs through a meta-analysis. The electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were used to identify the articles required for the meta-analysis using the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The data used in this meta-analysis were obtained from 12 peer-reviewed English-language articles published in the last decade (January 2016 to April 2026). All data were analyzed using random-effects models. Dietary supplementation with GAA decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) and increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake, average daily gain, carcass weight and yield, and Longissimus dorsi muscle area. Dietary supplementation with GAA decreased (p < 0.001) serum malondialdehyde concentration and increased (p ≤ 0.05) serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Dietary supplementation with GAA decreased (p < 0.001) ruminal pH and increased (p < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, as well as the ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and butyrate. Dietary supplementation with GAA decreased (p < 0.001) drip loss in meat and increased (p < 0.001) meat pH and meat protein content. In conclusion, guanidinoacetic acid can be used as a dietary additive to improve growth performance, antioxidant status, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and meat quality in lambs. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of dietary sea buckthorn flavonoid (SF) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical, antioxidant, and immune indices, rumen fermentation, and ruminal bacterial composition in Hu sheep fed a high-concentrate diet. Thirty 6-month-old fattening Hu sheep were randomly assigned to a high-concentrate control diet (HC) or the same diet supplemented with 0.30% SF (HT; n = 15 per group) for 45 days. Compared with the HC group, SF supplementation increased average daily gain (p = 0.04) and reduced the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.01) without affecting average daily feed intake. Serum total protein, alanine aminotransferase, total antioxidant capacity, IgA, IgG, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-1β were increased in the HT group (p ≤ 0.05). Ruminal acetate and valerate concentrations increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively), and total volatile fatty acid concentration showed an increasing tendency (p = 0.06), whereas rumen pH was unaffected. The relative abundances of Succiniclasticum and Acidaminococcus increased in the HT group (p < 0.05), indicating modulation of specific ruminal bacterial taxa. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.30% SF improved growth efficiency, antioxidant status, selected immune indices, and specific rumen fermentation and bacterial responses in Hu sheep fed a high-concentrate diet. However, the isolated increase in serum alanine aminotransferase may indicate hepatic metabolic adaptation or mild liver stress. Dose–response and time-course studies incorporating liver-specific biomarkers and histopathological evaluation are required to clarify the hepatic safety of sea buckthorn flavonoid supplementation. Full article

Rising global temperatures pose a serious threat to the productivity of farmed animals. Prolonged heat exposure impairs growth, reproduction and immunity; suppresses feed intake; and disrupts intestinal barriers, leading to substantial economic losses. Conventional cooling strategies offer limited relief, spurring research into the underlying molecular dysregulation. Epigenetic mechanisms link heat stress (HS) to gene expression. Specific nutrients that modulate these mechanisms could help mitigate HS. This review critically summarizes how methyl donors, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vitamins, and phytochemicals reshape the epigenome of poultry, ruminants, and swine under HS conditions, focusing on heat shock protein (HSP) modulation, intestinal barrier reinforcement, and enhancement of antioxidant capacity. Across these interventions, several consistent observations emerge: methyl donors appear to modulate HSP70 expression, butyrate reinforces intestinal barrier integrity, and folate reverses stress-induced hypermethylation in swine—although direct epigenetic evidence remains limited in most cases. However, knowledge gaps remain, especially regarding aquatic animals and interactions among dietary components. By integrating mechanistic and empirical evidence, this review provides a basis for precision nutrition that goes beyond single-nutrient strategies. Targeted dietary intervention may influence thermal tolerance through epigenetic mechanisms. Looking ahead, direct measurements of epigenetic endpoints and systematic cross-species comparisons will be essential to validate and extend the current findings. Full article

Microbiome-linked pathologies in humans have significantly increased over recent decades, suggesting that lifestyle changes, particularly those related to diet, have contributed to the disruption of beneficial microbial composition and functions. Specifically, modern processed diets that are low in dietary fiber and high in fat and sugar can lead to the depletion of bacterial taxa over generations and contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases. These pathologies can potentially be prevented by increasing fiber intake, making the promotion of dietary fiber crucial for human health. Despite the recognized importance of fiber integration, there remains a significant gap in the understanding of the use of multiple dietary fibers in food to promote microbiota diversity, as well as which dietary fibers promote specific microbial taxa to restore symbiosis. To address this gap, we conducted an in vitro fermentation study using fecal samples from two individuals. We tested three types of dietary fibers of varying complexity: inulin, pectin, and dextran in a β-glucan–based medium. Samples were collected over a 48 h fermentation period (0–4–8–24–32–48 h) to evaluate temporal shifts in microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found that the introduction of different fibers steered the microbiota of both individuals toward a convergent trajectory by 24–48 h. This result indicated that fiber complexity can reduce inter-individual variation in microbial community structure. Distinct levels of polysaccharide complexity between fiber types modulated specific bacterial taxa, supporting the concept that consuming a diversity of dietary fiber acts on complementary microbial niches. Notably, the observed shifts toward butyrate-associated taxa and reduction of pro-inflammatory lineages with dextran/β-glucan are relevant for pathologies characterized by dysbiosis, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Together, these results underscore the value of incorporating multiple fibers into food production, including fermented foods, to enhance prebiotic properties, stimulate the growth of fiber-fermenting bacteria, and promote microbial diversity. While these observations derive from a controlled in vitro pilot setting, they support the concept that multi-fiber dietary strategies based on complementary fermentable fibers with prebiotic properties may help shift the microbiome away from a pro-inflammatory state. Accordingly, dietary guidelines and public health approaches aimed at reducing chronic disease risk may benefit from emphasizing the inclusion of composite fiber blends rather than relying solely on single-fiber supplementation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Circulating insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a constitutively secreted product of mature Leydig cells and is considered a stable biomarker of Leydig cell functional capacity, a key determinant of androgenic status across the male lifespan. Since the adult Leydig cell population is established during late childhood and puberty, nutritional and metabolic exposures during these periods may contribute to later variation in young adult INSL3. To investigate whether childhood and adolescent nutritional/metabolic markers, particularly vitamin D, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary trace-element intake, are associated with circulating INSL3 concentrations in young adulthood. Methods: Data were analysed from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population-based UK birth cohort. Nutritional and metabolic markers measured during childhood and adolescence included vitamin D, fatty acid-related traits, glutamine, leucine, dietary zinc intake, and dietary selenium intake. Associations with circulating INSL3 at 17 and 24 years were first explored using bivariate correlation analysis. Variables showing signals of interest were then examined in multiple linear regression models using log-transformed data and relevant covariates, including BMI at 8 years and log-transformed exact age at the age-24 clinic visit. Results: Among the variables examined, vitamin D at 9 years showed a small positive association with INSL3 at 24 years (r = 0.098, n = 735, p = 0.008), remaining below the corrected threshold after both Benjamini–Hochberg and Bonferroni correction (q = 0.032 and Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.032). This relationship remained evident after adjustment for BMI at 8 years and after further adjustment for log-transformed exact age at the age-24 clinic visit. In these multivariable models, BMI at 8 years showed little evidence of association with INSL3 at 24 years, whereas log-transformed exact age at the age-24 clinic visit showed a negative association with INSL3. In contrast, no meaningful associations were observed for fatty-acid-related measures. Among amino acids and dietary trace-element measures, glutamine at 17 years showed a weak nominal positive association with INSL3 at 24 years, but this did not remain below the threshold after multiple-testing correction. Conclusions: Childhood vitamin D status, particularly at 9 years of age, may represent an early-life factor associated with variation in adult Leydig cell functional capacity. Fatty acid-related measures showed no clear associations, while glutamine yielded only a weak exploratory signal. These findings support the concept that the childhood metabolic environment may influence the developmental establishment of adult Leydig cell capacity. Full article

Preserving the Apulo-Calabrese (AC), an endangered Italian autochthonous pig breed, requires sustainable nutritional strategies that improve pork quality without compromising productive performance. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with extruded linseed, alone or combined with grape pomace powder, rich in antioxidants, on growth performance and carcass traits in purebred Apulo-Calabrese (AC) pigs and Apulo-Calabrese × Goland (AC × G) crossbred pigs. Two independent feeding trials were conducted using three dietary treatments: a control diet (CTR), a diet containing 5% extruded linseed (SL), and a diet containing 5% extruded linseed plus 0.2% grape pomace powder rich in polyphenols (SLXI). Thirty-six purebred AC pigs reared outdoors, and 30 AC × G crossbred pigs reared indoors were included in the study. Body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded throughout the trials, while hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass yield (CY), pH45, pH24, and backfat thickness (BF) were evaluated at slaughter. Data were analyzed separately for the two trials using Linear Mixed Models. Feed intake was complete in all groups, indicating good diet palatability. In purebred AC pigs, dietary treatment significantly affected overall ADG, with CTR pigs showing higher ADG than SLXI animals, while SL displayed intermediate values not significantly different from either CTR or SLXI. BW and carcass traits were not significantly influenced by diet. In addition, a significant Diet × Time interaction was detected for ADG (p = 0.010), indicating diet-dependent growth patterns over time. Sex did not significantly affect BW, ADG, or carcass traits in purebred pigs. In crossbred AC × G pigs, dietary treatments could not be evaluated inferentially due to the lack of pen-level replication; therefore, growth and carcass data are presented descriptively. However, Sex significantly affected carcass yield, with males showing higher CY than females (p = 0.004), while BW, ADG, and the remaining carcass traits were not influenced by Sex. The results suggest that extruded linseed, alone or combined with low-dose grape pomace powder, can be included in diets for purebred and crossbred pigs without compromising growth performance or basic carcass traits. These findings support the use of powdered grape pomacein feeding strategies aimed at the valorization and conservation of Apulo-Calabrese pig genetic resources. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these dietary strategies on meat fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, sensory quality, and shelf life. Full article

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become increasingly common, a trend driven by obesity, excess nutritional intake, and dysfunctional adipose tissue. While continuous dietary stress triggers adipose-tissue-derived lipotoxicity and disrupts hepatic metabolic homeostasis and provokes inflammation, the transcriptional scaffolds that mitigate this lipotoxicity remain incompletely understood. We investigated the role of zinc finger protein 90 (ZFP90) in defending against diet-induced metabolic stress and MASLD pathogenesis. Methods: Wild-type and ZFP90-knockout mice were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) to model nutrient-overload-induced MASLD. Hepatic phenotypes were characterized using metabolic profiling and RNA sequencing. Mechanistic dynamics were evaluated through protein interaction assays, and clinical relevance was validated using human MASLD liver biopsies. Results: ZFP90 deficiency significantly accelerated HFD-induced steatosis, systemic insulin resistance, and inflammatory infiltration. Crucially, ZFP90 depletion drove severe white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction, characterized by impaired lipogenic capacity, exacerbated lipolysis, and diminished local insulin signaling. This was accompanied by a pro-inflammatory secretory shift in WAT, evident from decreased Adipoq and increased Cd68/Ccl3 expression. In the liver, transcriptomic analysis revealed a profound induction of pathways related to fatty acid uptake and cytokine signaling. Mechanistically, ZFP90 forms a repressive complex with TRIM28, acting as a crucial molecular brake on NF-kB signaling. Loss of ZFP90 unleashes p65-mediated hyper-inflammation. Clinically, hepatic ZFP90 expression is significantly upregulated in patients with MASLD. Conclusions: ZFP90 is a novel regulator of immunometabolic homeostasis under dietary stress. By forming of complex with Trim28 to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, ZFP90 suppresses pro-inflammatory responses and protects the liver from obesity-associated systemic lipotoxicity. These findings provide critical insights into the adipo-hepatic axis and highlight ZFP90 as a promising therapeutic target to mitigate the progression to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Full article

Dietary fiber is an under-consumed nutritional substrate that supports gut microbial metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, enteroendocrine signaling, and cardiometabolic regulation. Among dietary fibers, psyllium and glucomannan are clinically accessible viscous, gel-forming soluble fibers with distinct but complementary physicochemical profiles. This narrative review examines how these fibers act through luminal viscosity, nutrient diffusion, bile acid and cholesterol handling, short-chain fatty acid production, epithelial barrier support, enteroendocrine L-cell signaling, and low-grade metabolic inflammation. Psyllium has the strongest clinical support for stool normalization, glycemic modulation, and LDL cholesterol reduction, whereas glucomannan provides marked viscosity and water-holding capacity that may support satiety, lipid modulation, and weight-management strategies when appropriately hydrated and tolerated. We also discuss the emerging nutritional context of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy, in which appetite suppression, reduced meal volume, delayed gastrointestinal transit, and constipation may reduce dietary fiber intake and fermentable substrate delivery to the colon. The pain- and mood-related implications are framed as hypothesis-generating extensions, because direct clinical evidence that psyllium or glucomannan improves these outcomes remains limited. A psyllium-centered, selectively glucomannan-supported strategy may help close the fiber gap and support bowel function, microbial metabolite signaling, and cardiometabolic stability during modern metabolic and weight-loss therapies. Full article

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the impact of dietary modifications on unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) intake on the course of three oral autoimmune conditions: oral lichen planus (OLP), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), and pemphigus. These acids serve a structural function as key components of cell membrane phospholipids, influencing their fluidity and membrane receptor activity. The proper ratio of these acids in the diet may be crucial for maintaining normal functioning of the human immune system. Methods: The following bases were searched with no time restrictions: PUMS Library, Embase/Elsevier, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Of the 247 results identified in pre-screening, 6 studies that met all search criteria were included in the final systematic review. The risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized trials and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. Results: The outcome measures included: proportions of LA-derived oxylipins (9-HODE, 13-HODE), ulcer size (mm), monthly number of ulcers, average pain (VAS), duration of episodes, and quality of life (OHIP-14), healing time, and fatty acid analysis of total plasma phospholipid fraction, Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI) for disease severity (mild ≤ 15, severe > 15); AHEI-2010 score (9–90 points) for diet quality. In all studies, improvements in clinical parameters and subjective complaints were observed after implementing a dietary intervention. Conclusions: Dietary modification may be a valuable component of adjunctive therapy. Nutritional optimization offers a genuine opportunity to reduce reliance on conventional pharmaceuticals, thereby limiting the risk of systemic adverse effects associated with long-term pharmacotherapy. Full article