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26 pages, 4785 KiB  
Article
Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by Geometric Mechanotransductive 3D-Printed Poly-(L)-Lactic Acid Matrices
by Harrison P. Ryan, Bruce K. Milthorpe and Jerran Santos
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157494 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 178
Abstract
Bone-related defects present a key challenge in orthopaedics. The current gold standard, autografts, poses significant limitations, such as donor site morbidity, limited supply, and poor morphological adaptability. This study investigates the potential of scaffold geometry to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem [...] Read more.
Bone-related defects present a key challenge in orthopaedics. The current gold standard, autografts, poses significant limitations, such as donor site morbidity, limited supply, and poor morphological adaptability. This study investigates the potential of scaffold geometry to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) through mechanotransduction, without the use of chemical inducers. Four distinct poly-(L)-lactic acid (PLA) scaffold architectures—Traditional Cross (Tc), Triangle (T), Diamond (D), and Gyroid (G)—were fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. hADSCs were cultured on these scaffolds, and their response was evaluated utilising an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, immunofluorescence, and extensive proteomic analyses. The results showed the D scaffold to have the highest ALP activity, followed by Tc. Proteomics results showed that more than 1200 proteins were identified in each scaffold with unique proteins expressed in each scaffold, respectively Tc—204, T—194, D—244, and G—216. Bioinformatics analysis revealed structures with complex curvature to have an increased expression of proteins involved in mid- to late-stage osteogenesis signalling and differentiation pathways, while the Tc scaffold induced an increased expression of signalling and differentiation pathways pertaining to angiogenesis and early osteogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches for Tissue Repair and Tissue Regeneration)
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21 pages, 8731 KiB  
Article
Individual Segmentation of Intertwined Apple Trees in a Row via Prompt Engineering
by Herearii Metuarea, François Laurens, Walter Guerra, Lidia Lozano, Andrea Patocchi, Shauny Van Hoye, Helin Dutagaci, Jeremy Labrosse, Pejman Rasti and David Rousseau
Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4721; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154721 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Computer vision is of wide interest to perform the phenotyping of horticultural crops such as apple trees at high throughput. In orchards specially constructed for variety testing or breeding programs, computer vision tools should be able to extract phenotypical information form each tree [...] Read more.
Computer vision is of wide interest to perform the phenotyping of horticultural crops such as apple trees at high throughput. In orchards specially constructed for variety testing or breeding programs, computer vision tools should be able to extract phenotypical information form each tree separately. We focus on segmenting individual apple trees as the main task in this context. Segmenting individual apple trees in dense orchard rows is challenging because of the complexity of outdoor illumination and intertwined branches. Traditional methods rely on supervised learning, which requires a large amount of annotated data. In this study, we explore an alternative approach using prompt engineering with the Segment Anything Model and its variants in a zero-shot setting. Specifically, we first detect the trunk and then position a prompt (five points in a diamond shape) located above the detected trunk to feed to the Segment Anything Model. We evaluate our method on the apple REFPOP, a new large-scale European apple tree dataset and on another publicly available dataset. On these datasets, our trunk detector, which utilizes a trained YOLOv11 model, achieves a good detection rate of 97% based on the prompt located above the detected trunk, achieving a Dice score of 70% without training on the REFPOP dataset and 84% without training on the publicly available dataset.We demonstrate that our method equals or even outperforms purely supervised segmentation approaches or non-prompted foundation models. These results underscore the potential of foundational models guided by well-designed prompts as scalable and annotation-efficient solutions for plant segmentation in complex agricultural environments. Full article
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11 pages, 2733 KiB  
Article
Laser Texturing of Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co): Effects on Adhesion and Stress Relief in CVD Diamond Films
by Argemiro Pentian Junior, José Vieira da Silva Neto, Javier Sierra Gómez, Evaldo José Corat and Vladimir Jesus Trava-Airoldi
Surfaces 2025, 8(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces8030054 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 206
Abstract
This study proposes a laser texturing method to optimize adhesion and minimize residual stresses in CVD diamond films deposited on tungsten carbide (WC-Co). WC-5.8 wt% Co substrates were textured with quadrangular pyramidal patterns (35 µm) using a 1064 nm nanosecond-pulsed laser, followed by [...] Read more.
This study proposes a laser texturing method to optimize adhesion and minimize residual stresses in CVD diamond films deposited on tungsten carbide (WC-Co). WC-5.8 wt% Co substrates were textured with quadrangular pyramidal patterns (35 µm) using a 1064 nm nanosecond-pulsed laser, followed by chemical treatment (Murakami’s solution + aqua regia) to remove surface cobalt. Diamond films were grown via HFCVD and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, EDS, and Rockwell indentation. The results demonstrate that pyramidal texturing increased the surface area by a factor of 58, promoting effective mechanical interlocking and reducing compressive stresses to −1.4 GPa. Indentation tests revealed suppression of interfacial cracks, with propagation paths deflected toward textured regions. The pyramidal geometry exhibited superior cutting post-deposition cooling time for stress relief from 3 to 1 h. These findings highlight the potential of laser texturing for high-performance machining tool applications. Full article
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14 pages, 1284 KiB  
Article
Non-Enzymatic Selective Detection of Histamine in Fishery Product Samples on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
by Hiroshi Aoki, Risa Miyazaki and Yasuaki Einaga
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080489 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 221
Abstract
Histamine sensing that uses enzymatic reactions is the most common form of testing due to its selectivity for histamine. However, enzymes are difficult to store for long periods of time, and the inactivation of enzymes decreases the reliability of the results. In this [...] Read more.
Histamine sensing that uses enzymatic reactions is the most common form of testing due to its selectivity for histamine. However, enzymes are difficult to store for long periods of time, and the inactivation of enzymes decreases the reliability of the results. In this study, we developed a novel, quick, and easily operated histamine sensing technique that takes advantage of the histamine redox reaction and does not require enzyme-based processes. Because the redox potential of histamine is relatively high, we used a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode that has a wide potential window. At pH 8.4, which is between the acidity constant of histamine and the isoelectric point of histidine, it was found that an oxygen-terminated BDD surface successfully detected histamine, both selectively and exclusively. Measurements of the sensor’s responses to extracts from fish meat samples that contained histamine at various concentrations revealed that the sensor responds linearly to the histamine concentration, thus allowing it to be used as a calibration curve. The sensor was used to measure histamine in another fish meat sample treated as an unknown sample, and the response was fitted to the calibration curve to perform an inverse estimation. When estimated in this way, the histamine concentration matched the certified value within the range of error. A more detailed examination showed that the sensor response was little affected by the histidine concentration in the sample. The detection limit was 20.9 ppm, and the linear response range was 0–150 ppm. This confirms that this sensing method can be used to measure standard histamine concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biosensors for Food and Agriculture Safety)
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23 pages, 4900 KiB  
Article
Degradation of Glyphosate in Water by Electro-Oxidation on Magneli Phase: Application to a Nanofiltration Concentrate
by Wiyao Maturin Awesso, Ibrahim Tchakala, Sophie Tingry, Geoffroy Lesage, Julie Mendret, Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna, Eddy Petit, Valérie Bonniol, Mande Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika and Marc Cretin
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3153; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153153 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficiency of sub-stoichiometric Ti4O7 titanium oxide anodes for the electrochemical degradation of glyphosate, a persistent herbicide classified as a probable carcinogen by the World Health Organization. After optimizing the process operating parameters (pH and current density), [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the efficiency of sub-stoichiometric Ti4O7 titanium oxide anodes for the electrochemical degradation of glyphosate, a persistent herbicide classified as a probable carcinogen by the World Health Organization. After optimizing the process operating parameters (pH and current density), the mineralization efficiency and fate of degradation by-products of the treated solution were determined using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer and HPLC/MS, respectively. The results showed that at pH = 3, glyphosate degradation and mineralization are enhanced by the increased generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) at the anode surface. A current density of 14 mA cm2 enables complete glyphosate removal with 77.8% mineralization. Compared with boron-doped diamond (BDD), Ti4O7 shows close performance for treatment of a concentrated glyphosate solution (0.41 mM), obtained after nanofiltration of a synthetic ionic solution (0.1 mM glyphosate), carried out using an NF-270 membrane at a conversion rate (Y) of 80%. At 10 mA cm2 for 8 h, Ti4O7 achieved 81.3% mineralization with an energy consumption of 6.09 kWh g1 TOC, compared with 90.5% for BDD at 5.48 kWh g1 TOC. Despite a slight yield gap, Ti4O7 demonstrates notable efficiency under demanding conditions, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective alternative to BDD for glyphosate electro-oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Treating Organic Pollutants)
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12 pages, 7016 KiB  
Article
Triamcinolone Acetonide-Assisted Visualization and Removal of Vitreous Cortex Remnants in Retinal Detachment: A Prospective Cohort Study
by Francesco Faraldi, Carlo Alessandro Lavia, Daniela Bacherini, Clara Rizzo, Maria Cristina Savastano, Marco Nassisi, Mariantonia Ferrara, Mario R Romano and Stanislao Rizzo
Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151854 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), vitreous cortex remnants (VCRs) may contribute to the development and progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study aimed to evaluate potential toxicity and trauma secondary to VCRs visualization and removal during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), vitreous cortex remnants (VCRs) may contribute to the development and progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study aimed to evaluate potential toxicity and trauma secondary to VCRs visualization and removal during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for RRD. Methods: Prospective study on patients with primary RRD who underwent PPV. Imaging assessment included widefield OCT (WF-OCT), ultra-WF retinography and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). During PPV, a filtered and diluted triamcinolone acetonide (TA) solution (20 mg/mL) was used to evaluate the presence and extension of VCRs, removed using an extendible diamond-dusted sweeper (EDDS). After six months, retinal and retinal pigment epithelium toxicity and retinal trauma due to VCRs removal were investigated. Results: Retinal reattachment was achieved in 21/21 cases included in the study. No signs of retinal or RPE toxicity were detected and WF-OCT performed in the areas of VCRs removal revealed an intact inner retinal architecture in the majority of eyes, with minor and localized inner retinal indentations in 4 cases. Conclusions: VCRs visualization and removal using TA and EDDS appears to be safe, with no retinal toxicity and very limited and circumscribed mechanical trauma. This approach may contribute to reducing the risk of postoperative PVR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Optics)
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19 pages, 431 KiB  
Article
The Detection of a Defect in a Dual-Coupling Optomechanical System
by Zhen Li and Ya-Feng Jiao
Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071166 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 227
Abstract
We provide an approach to detect a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, which might be a defect in a diamond nanomembrane, using a dual-coupling optomechanical system. The NV center modifies the energy-level structure of a dual-coupling optomechanical system through dressed states arising from its interaction [...] Read more.
We provide an approach to detect a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, which might be a defect in a diamond nanomembrane, using a dual-coupling optomechanical system. The NV center modifies the energy-level structure of a dual-coupling optomechanical system through dressed states arising from its interaction with the mechanical membrane. Thus, we study the photon blockade in the cavity of a dual-coupling optomechanical system in which an NV center is embedded in a single-crystal diamond nanomembrane. The NV center significantly influences the statistical properties of the cavity field. We systematically investigate how three key NV center parameters affect photon blockade: (i) its coupling strength to the mechanical membrane, (ii) transition frequency, and (iii) decay rate. We find that the NV center can shift, give rise to a new dip, and even suppress the original dip in a bare quadratic optomechanical system. In addition, we can amplify the effect of the NV center on photon statistics by adding a gravitational potential when the NV center has little effect on photon blockade. Therefore, our study provides a method to detect diamond nanomembrane defects in a dual-coupling optomechanical system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
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12 pages, 1891 KiB  
Article
Full-Space Three-Dimensional Holograms Enabled by a Reflection–Transmission Integrated Reconfigurable Metasurface
by Rui Feng, Yaokai Yu, Dongyang Wu, Qiulin Tan and Shah Nawaz Burokur
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141120 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
A metasurface capable of flexibly manipulating electromagnetic waves to realize holograms presents significant potential in millimeter-wave imaging systems and data storage domains. In this study, full-space three-dimensional holograms are realized from a reflection–transmission integrated reconfigurable metasurface, which can achieve nearly 360° phase coverage [...] Read more.
A metasurface capable of flexibly manipulating electromagnetic waves to realize holograms presents significant potential in millimeter-wave imaging systems and data storage domains. In this study, full-space three-dimensional holograms are realized from a reflection–transmission integrated reconfigurable metasurface, which can achieve nearly 360° phase coverage in reflection space and 180° phase coverage in transmission space. By adjusting the voltage applied to the constituting electronically tunable meta-atoms of the metasurface, an octahedron hologram constituted by three hologram images in different focal planes is generated in the reflection space at 6.25 GHz. Moreover, a diamond hologram, also composed of three hologram images in different focal planes, is achieved in the transmission space at 6.75 GHz. Both the numerical simulation and experimental measurement are performed to validate the full-space holograms implemented by the modified weighted Gerchberg–Saxton (WGS) algorithm with specific phase distribution in different imaging planes. The obtained results pave the way for a wide range of new applications, such as next-generation three-dimensional displays for immersive viewing experiences, high-capacity optical communication systems with enhanced data encoding capabilities, and ultra-secure anti-counterfeiting solutions that are extremely difficult to replicate. Full article
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8 pages, 10733 KiB  
Article
Integrated NV Center-Based Temperature Sensor for Internal Thermal Monitoring in Optical Waveguides
by Yifan Zhao, Shihan Ding, Shuo Wang, Yiming Hu, Hongliang Liu, Zhen Shang and Yongjian Gu
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4123; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134123 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
Color centers in solids, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their exceptional properties for quantum sensing. In this work, we demonstrate an NV center-based temperature sensor integrated into an optical waveguide to enable [...] Read more.
Color centers in solids, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their exceptional properties for quantum sensing. In this work, we demonstrate an NV center-based temperature sensor integrated into an optical waveguide to enable internal temperature sensing. A surface-cladding optical waveguide was fabricated in a diamond wafer containing NV centers using femtosecond laser direct writing. By analyzing the resonant peaks of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra, we established a precise correlation between temperature changes induced by the pump laser and shifts in the ODMR peak positions. This approach enabled temperature monitoring with a sensitivity of 1.1 mK/Hz. These results highlight the significant potential of color centers in solids for non-contact, micro-scale temperature monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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26 pages, 3149 KiB  
Review
Research Progress and Future Perspectives on Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices Based on p-Type Boron-Doped Diamond/n-Type Titanium Dioxide Heterojunctions: A Mini Review
by Shunhao Ge, Dandan Sang, Changxing Li, Yarong Shi, Qinglin Wang and Dao Xiao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131003 - 29 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 516
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with broad application potential, known for its excellent photocatalytic performance, high chemical stability, low cost, and non-toxicity. These properties make it highly attractive for applications in photovoltaic energy, environmental remediation, and optoelectronic devices. [...] Read more.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with broad application potential, known for its excellent photocatalytic performance, high chemical stability, low cost, and non-toxicity. These properties make it highly attractive for applications in photovoltaic energy, environmental remediation, and optoelectronic devices. For instance, TiO2 is widely used as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production via water splitting and for degrading organic pollutants, thanks to its efficient photo-generated electron–hole separation. Additionally, TiO2 exhibits remarkable performance in dye-sensitized solar cells and photodetectors, providing critical support for advancements in green energy and photoelectric conversion technologies. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is renowned for its exceptional electrical conductivity, high hardness, wide electrochemical window, and outstanding chemical inertness. These unique characteristics enable its extensive use in fields such as electrochemical analysis, electrocatalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. For example, BDD electrodes exhibit high sensitivity and stability in detecting trace chemicals and pollutants, while also demonstrating excellent performance in electrocatalytic water splitting and industrial wastewater treatment. Its chemical stability and biocompatibility make it an ideal material for biosensors and implantable devices. Research indicates that the combination of TiO2 nanostructures and BDD into heterostructures can exhibit unexpected optical and electrical performance and transport behavior, opening up new possibilities for photoluminescence and rectifier diode devices. However, applications based on this heterostructure still face challenges, particularly in terms of photodetector, photoelectric emitter, optical modulator, and optical fiber devices under high-temperature conditions. This article explores the potential and prospects of their combined heterostructures in the field of optoelectronic devices such as photodetector, light emitting diode (LED), memory, field effect transistor (FET) and sensing. TiO2/BDD heterojunction can enhance photoresponsivity and extend the spectral detection range which enables stability in high-temperature and harsh environments due to BDD’s thermal conductivity. This article proposes future research directions and prospects to facilitate the development of TiO2 nanostructured materials and BDD-based heterostructures, providing a foundation for enhancing photoresponsivity and extending the spectral detection range enables stability in high-temperature and high-frequency optoelectronic devices field. Further research and exploration of optoelectronic devices based on TiO2-BDD heterostructures hold significant importance, offering new breakthroughs and innovations for the future development of optoelectronic technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Photonics and Optoelectronics)
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14 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
The Growth Mechanism of Boron-Doped Diamond in Relation to the Carbon-to-Hydrogen Ratio Using the Hot-Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
by Taekyeong Lee, Miyoung You, Seohan Kim and Pungkeun Song
Micromachines 2025, 16(7), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070742 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
This study synthesized boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films using hot-filament chemical vapor deposition at different carbon-to-hydrogen (C/H) ratios in the range of 0.3–0.9%. The C/H ratio influence, a key parameter controlling the balance between diamond growth and hydrogen-assisted etching, was systematically investigated while [...] Read more.
This study synthesized boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films using hot-filament chemical vapor deposition at different carbon-to-hydrogen (C/H) ratios in the range of 0.3–0.9%. The C/H ratio influence, a key parameter controlling the balance between diamond growth and hydrogen-assisted etching, was systematically investigated while maintaining other deposition parameters constant. Microstructural and electrochemical analysis revealed that increasing the C/H ratio from 0.3% to 0.7% led to a reduction in sp2-bonded carbon and enhanced the crystallinity of the diamond films. The improved conductivity under these conditions can be attributed to effective substitutional boron doping. Notably, the film deposited at a C/H ratio of 0.7% exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and the widest electrochemical potential window (2.88 V), thereby indicating excellent electrochemical stability. By contrast, at a C/H ratio of 0.9%, the excessively supplied carbon degraded the film quality and electrical and electrochemical performance, which was owing to the increased formation of sp2 carbon. In addition, this led to an elevated background current and a narrowed potential window. These results reveal that precise control of the C/H ratio is critical for optimizing the BDD electrode performance. Therefore, a C/H ratio of 0.7% provides the most favorable conditions for applications in advanced oxidation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Women in Micromachines)
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17 pages, 17488 KiB  
Article
Effect of Diamond-like Carbon Thin-Film Deposition on the Hardness of Pure Titanium Surfaces
by Hideaki Sato, Yutaka Kameyama, Ryota Yoshikawa, Kaito Tabuchi, Chizuko Ogata and Satoshi Komasa
Materials 2025, 18(13), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18132992 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the physical durability of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin film coated on pure titanium. The titanium surface of the abutment does not have sufficient toughness to prevent an increase in surface roughness or damage when [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the physical durability of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin film coated on pure titanium. The titanium surface of the abutment does not have sufficient toughness to prevent an increase in surface roughness or damage when the implant is scaled using a professional mechanical implement. The scaling process used for the removal of the dental plaque adhered to the abutment surface could increase the potential for the deposition of oral microorganisms and the accumulation of plaque, which increase the risk of peri-implantitis. A DLC thin film is biocompatible material that is known for its toughness, including extreme hardness, high abrasion resistance, chemical inertness, and high corrosion resistance. Protecting the abutment surface with the application of a DLC might prevent plaque adhesion due to its non-stick property. There was little change in the surface roughness of titanium samples to which DLC surface protection had been applied when the surface of the sample was scratched with a stainless steel scalar more than a thousand times. When cleaning the surface of pure titanium samples, the surface roughness significantly increased. DLC thin films are effective for the prevention the surface roughness of pure titanium implants from being increased when the conventional cleaning of the surface of the implant is performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Implantology, and Digital Dentistry)
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19 pages, 5722 KiB  
Article
Comparing Operational Approaches (Spectrophotometric, Electroanalytic and Chromatographic) to Quantify the Concentration of Emerging Contaminants: The Limit of Detection, the Uncertainty of Measurement, Applicability and Open Problems
by Marconi Sandro Franco de Oliveira, Jorge Leandro Aquino de Queiroz, Danyelle Medeiros de Araújo, Mayra Kerolly Sales Monteiro, Karen Giovanna Duarte Magalhaes, Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle and Elisama Vieira dos Santos
Coatings 2025, 15(6), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060719 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 475
Abstract
In this study, a boron-doped diamond (BDD) sensor was used to study the electroanalytical behavior of emerging contaminants (ECs), such as caffeine, paracetamol and methyl orange. BDD shows strong resolving power for the superimposed voltammetric response of ECs in well-resolved peaks with increased [...] Read more.
In this study, a boron-doped diamond (BDD) sensor was used to study the electroanalytical behavior of emerging contaminants (ECs), such as caffeine, paracetamol and methyl orange. BDD shows strong resolving power for the superimposed voltammetric response of ECs in well-resolved peaks with increased peak current. Differential pulse voltammetry, which is an electroanalytical technique, was compared with two reference techniques including absorption spectrophotometry in the UV-vis region and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the detection and quantification of ECs. The results obtained were satisfactory, as the complete removal of ECs was achieved in all applied processes. The detection limits were 0.69 mg L−1, 0.84 mg L−1 and 0.46 mg L−1 for CAF, PAR and MO, respectively. The comparison of electroanalysis results with those obtained by UV-vis and HPLC established and confirmed the potential applicability of the technique for determining CAF, PAR and MO analytes in synthetic effluents and environmental water samples (tap water, groundwater and lagoon water). The electrochemical approach can therefore be highlighted for its low consumption of reagents, ease of operation, time of analysis and excellent precision and accuracy, because these are characteristics that enable the use of this technique as another means of determining analytes in effluents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Coatings in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis)
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32 pages, 23138 KiB  
Review
Improving Wear Resistance of DLC-Coated Metal Components During Service: A Review
by Luji Wu, Zhongchao Bai, Qingle Hao and Jiayin Qin
Lubricants 2025, 13(6), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13060257 - 11 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have emerged as a focal point in advanced carbon materials research due to exceptional tribological properties, including ultralow friction coefficient, exceptional wear resistance, ultrahigh hardness, and chemical inertness. Deposition of DLC coatings on metal components represents an innovative solution [...] Read more.
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have emerged as a focal point in advanced carbon materials research due to exceptional tribological properties, including ultralow friction coefficient, exceptional wear resistance, ultrahigh hardness, and chemical inertness. Deposition of DLC coatings on metal components represents an innovative solution to enhance wear resistance in engineering applications. However, suboptimal adhesion strength between coatings and substrates, coupled with inherent material limitations, critically compromises the tribological performance. This review systematically examines recent advances in improving the wear resistance of DLC-coated metal components. First, the fundamental wear mechanisms governing both metallic substrates and DLC coatings under service conditions are elucidated. Next, three pivotal technologies, substrate material treatment/strengthening, coating structure design, and elemental doping, all demonstrating significant efficacy in wear resistance enhancement, are critically analyzed. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of these techniques reveals the synergistic potential in hybrid approaches. Finally, a concise summary of the outlook is presented. Full article
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15 pages, 3262 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Diamond Polishing Process for Sub-Nanometer Roughness Using Ar/O2/SF6 Plasma
by Lei Zhao, Xiangbing Wang, Minxing Jiang, Chao Zhao, Nan Jiang, Kazhihito Nishimura, Jian Yi and Shuangquan Fang
Materials 2025, 18(11), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18112615 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 585
Abstract
Diamond, known for its exceptional physical and chemical properties, shows great potential in advanced fields such as medicine, semiconductors, and optics. However, reducing surface roughness is critical for enhancing its performance. This study employs inductively coupled plasma (ICP) polishing to etch single-crystal diamond [...] Read more.
Diamond, known for its exceptional physical and chemical properties, shows great potential in advanced fields such as medicine, semiconductors, and optics. However, reducing surface roughness is critical for enhancing its performance. This study employs inductively coupled plasma (ICP) polishing to etch single-crystal diamond and analyzes the impact of different etching parameters on surface roughness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using the change in surface roughness before and after etching as the main evaluation metric, the optimal etching parameters were determined: Ar/O2/SF6 gas flow ratio of 40/50/10 sccm, ICP power of 200 W, RF bias power of 40 W, chamber pressure of 20 mTorr, and etching time of 10 min. Results show that increased etching time and SF6 flow rate raise surface roughness; although higher ICP and RF power reduce roughness, they also cause nanostructure formation, affecting surface quality. Lower chamber pressure results in smaller roughness increases, while higher pressure significantly worsens it. Based on the optimized process parameters, the pristine single-crystal diamond was further etched in this study, resulting in a significant reduction of the surface roughness from 2.22 nm to 0.562 nm, representing a 74.7% decrease. These improvements in surface roughness demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized process, enhancing the diamond’s suitability for high-precision optical applications. Full article
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