Search Results (662)

Titanium–aluminum–vanadium (Ti6Al4V) is a material chosen for spine, orthopedic, and dental implants due to its combination of desirable mechanical and biological properties. Lasers have been used to modify metal surfaces, enabling the generation of a surface on Ti6Al4V with distinct micro- and nano-scale structures. Studies indicate that topography with micro/nano features of osteoclast resorption pits causes bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and osteoprogenitor cells to favor differentiation into an osteoblastic phenotype. This study examined whether the biological response of human MSCs to Ti6Al4V surfaces is sensitive to laser treatment-controlled micro/nano-topography. First, 15 mm diameter Ti6Al4V discs (Spine Wave Inc., Shelton, CT, USA) were either machined (M) or additively manufactured (AM). Surface treatments included no laser treatment (NT), nanosecond laser (Ns), femtosecond laser (Fs), or nanosecond followed by femtosecond laser (Ns+Fs). Surface wettability, roughness, and surface chemistry were determined using sessile drop contact angle, laser confocal microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human MSCs were cultured in growth media on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) or test surfaces. On day 7, the levels of osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF) in the conditioned media were measured. M NT, Fs, and Ns+Fs surfaces were hydrophilic; Ns was hydrophobic. AM NT and Fs surfaces were hydrophilic; AM Ns and Ns+Fs were hydrophobic. Roughness (Sa and Sz) increased after Ns and Ns+Fs treatment for both M and AM disks. All surfaces primarily consisted of oxygen, titanium, and carbon; Fs had increased levels of aluminum for both M and AM. SEM images showed that M NT discs had a smooth surface, whereas AM surfaces appeared rough at a higher magnification. Fs surfaces had a similar morphology to their respective NT disc at low magnification, but higher magnification revealed nano-scale bumps not seen on NT surfaces. AM Fs surfaces also had regular interval ridges that were not seen on non-femto laser-ablated surfaces. Surface roughness was increased on M and AM Ns and Ns+Fs disks compared to NT and Fs disks. OCN was enhanced, and DNA was reduced on Ns and Ns+Fs, with no difference between them. OPN, OPG, and VEGF levels for laser-treated M surfaces were unchanged compared to NT, apart from an increase in OPG on Fs. MSCs grown on AM Ns and Ns+Fs surfaces had increased levels of OCN per DNA. These results indicate that MSCs cultured on AM Ns and AM Ns+Fs surfaces, which exhibited unique roughness at the microscale and nanoscale, had enhanced differentiation to an osteoblastic phenotype. The laser treatments of the surface mediated this enhancement of MSC differentiation and warrant further clinical investigation. Full article

The evidence for photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic instrumentation is classified as low or very low certainty, indicating a need for further research. Longitudinal pain assessments over 24 h are crucial, and studies should explore these pain periods. Background/Objectives: This double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PBM on pain following single-visit endodontic treatment of maxillary molars at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Primary outcomes included pain at 24 h; secondary outcomes included pain at 4, 8, and 12 h, pain during palpation/percussion, OHIP-14 analysis, and frequencies of pain. Methods: Approved by the Research Ethics Committee (5.598.290) and registered in Clinical Trials (NCT06253767), the study recruited adults (21–70 years) requiring endodontic treatment in maxillary molars. Fifty-eight molars were randomly assigned to two groups: the PBM Group (n = 29), receiving conventional endodontic treatment with PBM (100 mW, 333 mW/cm², 9 J distributed at 3 points near root apices), and the control group (n = 29), receiving conventional treatment with PBM simulation. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale. Results: Statistical analyses used chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests, with explained variance (η²). Ten participants were excluded, leaving 48 patients for analysis. No significant differences were observed in postoperative pain at 24, 4, 8, or 12 h, or in palpation/percussion or OHIP-14 scores. Pain frequencies ranged from 12.5% to 25%. Conclusions: PBM does not influence post-treatment pain in maxillary molars under these conditions. These results emphasize the importance of relying on well-designed clinical trials to guide treatment decisions, and future research should focus on personalized dosimetry adapted to the anatomical characteristics of the treated dental region to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of therapeutic protocols. Full article

Three-dimensional printing is commonly used to fabricate provisional dental restorations. Studies have reported that changes in printing orientation affect the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric provisional restorations; however the findings have been inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to analyze the articles evaluating the influence of printing orientation on the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric provisional dental restorations. Recommendations provided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to structure and compose the review. The PICO (Participant, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) question ordered was: ‘Do 3D-printed provisional dental restorations (P) printed at various orientations (except 0°) (I) exhibit similar physical and mechanical properties (O) when compared to those printed at a 0° orientation (C)?’. An electronic search was conducted on 28 and 29 April 2025, by two independent researchers across four databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) to systematically collect relevant articles published up to March 2025. After removing duplicate articles and applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty-one articles were incorporated into this review. Self-designed Performa’s were used to tabulate all relevant information. For the quality analysis, the modified CONSORT scale was utilized. The quantitative analysis was performed on only fifteen out of twenty-one articles. It can be concluded that the printing orientation affects some of the tested properties, which include fracture strength (significantly higher for specimens printed at 0° when compared to 90°), wear resistance (significantly higher for specimens printed at 90° when compared to 0°), microhardness (significantly higher for specimens printed at 90°and 45° when compared to 0°), color stability (high at 0°), and surface roughness (significantly higher for specimens printed at 45° and 90° when compared to 0°). There were varied outcomes in terms of flexural strength and elastic modulus. Full article

Background: Post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTTNP) is a chronic condition often caused by dental procedures such as implant placement or tooth extraction. It involves persistent pain and sensory disturbances, negatively affecting the quality of life of patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Chosun University Dental Hospital and included 120 patients diagnosed with PTTNP involving the orofacial region. Patient data were collected between January 2014 and December 2023. Among them, 79 patients (65.8%) developed PTTNP following dental implant placement, with a total of 121 implants analyzed. The inferior alveolar nerve was most frequently involved. Clinical factors, including the time to treatment, removal of the causative factor, the Sunderland injury grade, and the type of treatment, were evaluated. Pain intensity and sensory changes were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Treatment initiated within the early post-injury period, commonly regarded as within three months, and implant removal tended to improve outcomes. Pharmacological therapy was the most commonly employed modality, particularly gabapentinoids (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) and tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline. However, combined therapy, which included pharmacologic, physical, and surgical approaches, was associated with the greatest sensory improvement. Conclusions: Prompt, multidisciplinary intervention may enhance recovery in patients with PTTNP. Implant-related injuries require careful management, and multimodal strategies appear more effective than monotherapies. Full article

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent and immune-regulatory cells derived from tissues such as bone marrow, dental pulp, and periodontal ligament, emerged as promising agents in regenerative dentistry. Their clinical applications include endodontic tissue regeneration, periodontal healing, and alveolar bone repair, addressing critical challenges in dental tissue restoration. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for open-access, English-language clinical trials and observational studies published from 2015 to 2025. Studies focusing on the application of MSCs in dental tissue regeneration were included based on predefined eligibility criteria. Results: Out of 2400 initial records, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and eligibility assessment. Most studies investigated MSCs derived from dental pulp and periodontal ligament for regenerating periodontal tissues and alveolar bone defects. The majority reported improved clinical outcomes; however, variations in MSC sources, delivery methods, sample sizes, and follow-up periods introduced methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions: MSCs show significant potential in enhancing bone and periodontal regeneration in dental practice. Nonetheless, the current evidence is limited by small sample sizes, short follow-up, and inconsistent methodologies. Future large-scale, standardized clinical trials are required to validate MSC-based regenerative therapies and optimize treatment protocols. Full article

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory system. Due to academic stress and parafunctional habits, dental students may be particularly vulnerable to TMD. Objective: To determine the prevalence of TMD symptoms and their psychosocial and functional correlates among students at the Faculty of Dental Medicine, UMPh Iasi, Romania, using the diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) self-report axis and axis II instruments. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 356 volunteer students (66.0% female; mean age, 22.9 ± 3.6 years) out of a total population of 1874 completed an online DC/TMD–based questionnaire. Axis I assessed orofacial pain, joint noises, and mandibular locking. Axis II instruments included the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-20), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC). Descriptive statistics summarized frequencies, means, and standard deviations; χ² tests and t-tests compared subgroups by sex; Pearson correlations explored relationships among continuous measures (α = 0.05). Results: A total of 5% of respondents reported orofacial pain in the past 30 days; 41.6% observed TMJ noises; 19.7% experienced locking episodes. Mean JFLS score was 28.3 ± 30.5, with 4.8% scoring > 80 (severe limitation). Mean PHQ-9 was 5.96 ± 5.37 (mild depression); 15.5% scored ≥ 10. Mean GAD-7 was 5.20 ± 4.95 (mild anxiety); 16.0% scored ≥ 10. Mean OBC score was 12.3 ± 8.5; 30.1% scored ≥ 16, indicating frequent parafunctional habits. Symptom prevalence was similar by sex, except temporal headache (43.4% females vs. 24.3% males; p = 0.0008). Females reported higher mean scores for pain intensity (2.09 vs. 1.55; p = 0.0013), JFLS (32.5 vs. 18.0; p < 0.001), PHQ-9 (6.43 vs. 5.16; p = 0.048), and OBC (13.9 vs. 9.7; p = 0.0014). Strong correlation was observed between PHQ-9 and GAD-7 (r = 0.74; p < 0.001); moderate correlations were observed between pain intensity and PHQ-9 (r = 0.31) or GAD-7 (r = 0.30), between JFLS and pain intensity (r = 0.33), and between OBC and PHQ-9 (r = 0.39) (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Nearly half of dental students reported TMD symptoms, with appreciable functional limitation and psychosocial impact. Parafunctional behaviors and psychological distress were significantly associated with pain and dysfunction. These findings underscore the need for early screening, stress-management interventions, and interdisciplinary care strategies in the dental student population. Full article

Objectives: The present cross-sectional analysis aimed to investigate whether Large Language Model-based chatbots can be used as reliable sources of information in orthodontics by evaluating chatbot responses and comparing them to those of dental practitioners with different levels of knowledge. Methods: Eight true and false frequently asked orthodontic questions were submitted to five leading chatbots (ChatGPT-4, Claude-3-Opus, Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental, Microsoft Copilot, and DeepSeek). The consistency of the answers given by chatbots at four different times was assessed using Cronbach’s α. Chi-squared test was used to compare chatbot responses with those given by two groups of clinicians, i.e., general dental practitioners (GDPs) and orthodontic specialists (Os) recruited in an online survey via social media, and differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. Additionally, chatbots were asked to provide a justification for their dichotomous responses using a chain-of-through prompting approach and rating the educational value according to the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Results: A high degree of consistency in answering was found for all analyzed chatbots (α > 0.80). When comparing chatbot answers with GDP and O ones, statistically significant differences were found for almost all the questions (p < 0.05). When evaluating the educational value of chatbot responses, DeepSeek achieved the highest GQS score (median 4.00; interquartile range 0.00), whereas CoPilot had the lowest one (median 2.00; interquartile range 2.00). Conclusions: Although chatbots yield somewhat useful information about orthodontics, they can provide misleading information when dealing with controversial topics. Full article

Background/Objectives: Migraine affects approximately 3–10% of school-aged children and up to 28% of adolescents, with prevalence increasing during adolescence. For pediatric specialty providers, increased awareness of this condition may influence patient care. This study examined pediatric dentists’ education, clinical exposure, and perceived knowledge gaps related to pediatric migraine, with the goal of identifying barriers to recognition and referral, as well as informing future training to support accurate diagnosis and interdisciplinary care. Methods: A 28-item electronic questionnaire was distributed to all members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, including pediatric dentists and postgraduate pediatric dental residents, assessing knowledge, beliefs, clinical experience, and interest in further training regarding pediatric headache/migraine management. Respondents with and without previous training were compared in terms of general understanding using t-tests; a linear regression model analyzed predictors of provider awareness regarding links between oral conditions and headache/migraine. Results: Among 315 respondents, the mean self-perceived awareness score was 2.7 ± 1.3 (on a 0–5 scale). The most frequently identified contributing factors were clenching (73.7%), bruxism (72.4%), and temporomandibular disorders (65.7%). Nearly all respondents (95.2%) reported no formal education on headache/migraine prevention, yet 78.1% agreed on the importance of understanding the relationship between oral health and headache/migraine. Respondents with prior training were significantly more aware (p < 0.001) than those without prior training. Educating families (p < 0.001), frequency of patient encounters with headache (p = 0.032), coordination with healthcare providers (p = 0.002), and access to appropriate management resources (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of providers’ awareness. Conclusions: Pediatric dental providers expressed strong interest in enhancing their knowledge of headache/migraine management, highlighting the value of integrating headache/migraine-related education into training programs and promoting greater interdisciplinary collaboration. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dental fear affects about one in four general dentistry patients in the U.S. and other high-income countries. However, the prevalence of fear in orthodontic practice has received scant attention, with no studies in the U.S. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orthodontic and general dentistry fear and the relationship between the two among patients at a large, U.S. urban university orthodontic clinic serving a culturally and ethnically diverse population. Methods: Patients (N = 186) rated their general dentistry and orthodontic fear using a validated single-item scale. Results: A substantial proportion of patients experienced clinically significant fear of dentists (22.1% [95% CI 16.31–28.69%]) and orthodontists (17.2% [95% CI 11.61–22.82%]). There was a strong effect size (r = 0.67) between ratings of fear of dentists and orthodontists. Our prevalences were nearly identical to the weighted prevalences in the literature for general dentistry and orthodontic fear (22.90% [95% CI: 20.73–25.22%] and 17.65% [95% CI: 15.09–20.53%], respectively) among orthodontic patients. Conclusions: Despite orthodontic procedures being generally less fear-inducing than general dentistry, orthodontists should assume that over one in six patients will be fearful. Further research is needed to create an assessment of the most feared orthodontic stimuli and to broaden the application of evidence-based dental fear treatments. We recommend screening all orthodontic patients using a single, validated question; if patients are fearful, providers should use empathic communication and accommodate patient needs in treatment sessions. Full article

Objective: This cross-sectional content analysis aimed to investigate how oil pulling is portrayed on YouTube Shorts, focusing on the types of speakers, claims made, and alignment with scientific evidence. The study further explored how the content may influence viewer perception, health behaviors, and the potential spread of misinformation. Methods: On 28 January 2025, a systematic search of YouTube Shorts was performed using the term “oil pulling” in incognito mode to reduce algorithmic bias. English language videos with at least 1000 views were included through purposive sampling. A total of 47 Shorts met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a structured coding framework that recorded speaker type (e.g., dentist, hygienist, influencer), engagement metrics, stated benefits, oil type and regimen, the use of disclaimers or citations, and stance toward oil pulling rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Speaker background and nationality were determined through publicly available channel descriptions or linked websites, with user identities anonymized and ethical approval deemed unnecessary due to the use of publicly available content. In total, 47 videos met the inclusion criteria. Results: Of the 47 YouTube Shorts that met the inclusion criteria, most were posted by influencers rather than dental professionals. These videos predominantly encouraged oil pulling, often recommending coconut oil for 10–15 min daily and citing benefits such as reduced halitosis and improved gum health. However, a smaller subset advanced more extreme claims, including reversing cavities and remineralizing enamel. Notably, US-licensed dentists and dental hygienists tended to discourage or express skepticism toward oil pulling, assigning lower Likert scores (1 or 2) to influencers and alternative health practitioners (often 4 or 5). Conclusions: YouTube Shorts largely promote oil pulling through anecdotal and testimonial-driven content, often diverging from evidence-based dental recommendations. The findings reveal a disconnect between professional dental guidance and popular social media narratives. While some benefits like halitosis reduction may have limited support, exaggerated or misleading claims may result in improper oral hygiene practices. Greater engagement from dental professionals and improved health communication strategies are needed to counteract misinformation and reinforce oil pulling’s role, if any, as an adjunct—not a replacement—for standard oral care. Future studies should explore viewer interpretation, behavioral influence, and cross-platform content patterns to better understand the impact of short-form health videos. Full article

Autogenous tooth transplantation offers a biologically favorable approach to tooth replacement, preserving the periodontal ligament, promoting alveolar development, and maintaining proprioception. Background/Objectives: Its broader clinical applicability is limited by variability in techniques and outcome definitions. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the clinical success of autogenous tooth transplantation across donor tooth types, developmental stages, surgical techniques, and fixation methods. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42024625550), five databases and the gray literature were searched through July 2025. Eligible studies reported clinical outcomes for autogenous tooth transplantation. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis of logit-transformed proportions was conducted, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses by tooth type, root development stage, surgical technique, and fixation method. Results: Twenty studies involving 1366 transplanted teeth were included. The pooled success rate was 94.0% (95% CI: 22.5–99.9%) across follow-up periods ranging from one month to twenty-nine years. However, interpretation is limited by distinct heterogeneity (I² = 99.8%) and the wide confidence interval. Subgroup analyses by tooth type, root maturity, surgical technique, and fixation method are, therefore, emphasized to support clinical interpretation. Conclusions: Autogenous tooth transplantation achieves consistently high success across clinical contexts when biologic handling is respected. These findings support its broader use in dental and orthodontic practice and underscore the need for standardized outcome reporting and prospective research. Interpretation is limited by heterogeneity and variation in reporting standards. Full article

Background/Objective: Laser therapy has gained attention in dental practice to minimize bleeding and enhance blood clot formation. This study aimed to explore the utilization and to compare the clinical efficacy of laser-mediated hemostasis for older patients receiving routine dental treatment. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted across research networks between October 2023 and August 2024, involving 60 patients aged 50 years and older (average = 63.35 years) at risk of postoperative bleeding following dental treatments. Additionally, laser therapy for hemostasis was selected and provided among calibrated operators. A single researcher performed data collection. Before statistical analysis, data verification and clinical assessment were conducted by the operators and researcher. A clinical cut-off for hemostasis was set at 5 min. Two diode laser machines were used namely, an 810 nm and dual wavelengths of 635 nm and 980 nm. Results: There were 94 extraction sockets, 28 procedures of scaling and root planing and 18 procedures of minor oral surgery. Combining laser ablating sulcular fiber and photobiomodulation initiating blood clot formation was a preferable hemostatic technique for extraction socket, while photobiomodulation alone was a preferred technique for soft tissue hemostasis (p < 0.001). All operators confirmed that 97.86 percent of bleeding events achieved more rapid hemostasis. 61.43 percent of bleeding events clinically achieved hemostasis within 5 min by using laser-mediated hemostasis alone (p = 0.092). Full recovery of the extraction socket was significantly observed during the 2- to 4-week follow-up period (p = 0.005). No clinical complications were reported. Conclusions: Laser-mediated hemostasis effectively reduced hemostatic duration, prevented postoperative bleeding and promoted wound healing in older patients undergoing routine dental treatment. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of four advanced artificial intelligence-powered chatbots—ChatGPT-4 Omni (ChatGPT-4o), DeepSeek, Gemini Advanced, and Claude 3.7 Sonnet—in responding to questions related to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in the primary dentition. The assessment focused on accuracy, completeness, readability, and response time, aligning with the 2020 International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines. Twenty-five open-ended TDI questions were submitted to each model in two separate sessions. Responses were anonymized and evaluated by four pediatric dentists. Accuracy and completeness were rated using Likert scales; readability was assessed using five standard indices; and response times were recorded in seconds. ChatGPT-4o demonstrated significantly higher accuracy than Gemini Advanced (p = 0.005), while DeepSeek outperformed Gemini Advanced in completeness (p = 0.010). Response times differed significantly (p < 0.001), with DeepSeek being the slowest and ChatGPT-4o and Gemini Advanced being the fastest. DeepSeek produced the most readable outputs relatively, though none met public readability standards. Claude 3.7 generated the most complex texts (p < 0.001). A strong correlation existed between accuracy and completeness (ρ = 0.701, p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the cautious integration of artificial intelligence chatbots into pediatric dental care due to varied performance. Clinical accuracy, completeness, and readability are critical when offering information aligned with guidelines to support decisions in dental trauma management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. This condition influences the course of orthodontic treatment, as it affects various clinical aspects of the patient that must be taken into consideration prior to initiation. Therefore, achieving adequate control and management of diabetic patients undergoing orthodontic therapy is essential. This article presents a qualitative synthesis of studies addressing how diabetes affects orthodontic treatments, emphasizing the importance of understanding the necessary considerations prior to initiating treatment and how to manage potential complications. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A database search was performed on 5 May 2025, in PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and The Cochrane Library, using terms related to “diabetes mellitus” and “orthodontic treatments”. Studies meeting the search criteria were included, particularly those that were published in the past ten years and reported on the influence of diabetes on orthodontic treatment. The quality of the case–control studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS); for cross-sectional studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used; and for experimental studies, the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool was applied. Results: Fourteen studies ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The evidence showed that diabetes increases gingival bleeding due to elevated levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines; reduces the efficiency of tooth movement; increases root resorption and affects bone remodeling; and compromises both periodontal and pulpal responses, thereby hindering tissue regeneration. It was also observed that the use of insulin or antidiabetic agents such as metformin may partially mitigate these adverse effects. Conclusions: This systematic review reveals a clear relationship between diabetes and various clinical aspects that influence the progression of orthodontic treatments. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to better understand the impact of this systemic condition on dental treatment outcomes. Full article

Background: Dental anxiety often poses a significant barrier to effective dental care in pediatric patients. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral midazolam at two different doses for sedation and amnesia in preschool children undergoing dental procedures under 30 min, including primary teeth extraction, root canal treatment, dental filling, and stainless-steel crown. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial included 80 children aged 3–6 years with dental anxiety (Types 1 and 2 of the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale) at the National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi. following the CONSORT guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to receive oral midazolam at 0.3 mg/kg or 0.6 mg/kg. Sedation efficacy, onset time, procedure duration, cooperation level (Houpt Behavior Rating Scale), recovery time, and amnesia at 12 h, 24 h, and 1 week, as well as adverse events, were recorded and analyzed. Results: Both midazolam doses were effective for sedation (0.3 mg/kg: 95% vs. 0.6 mg/kg: 100%, p = 0.49). The higher dose (0.6 mg/kg) provided significantly longer effective procedural time (27.3 ± 4.1 min vs. 20.3 ± 4.0 min, p < 0.001) and better patient cooperation (95% vs. 78.9%, p = 0.045), but slightly prolonged recovery time (34.6 ± 4.6 min vs. 31.8 ± 4.4 min, p = 0.008). Both doses produced similar amnesic effects, with approximately 90% anterograde amnesia at 12 h post-procedure. Adverse events were minimal and mild. Conclusions: Both 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg doses of oral midazolam are safe and effective for sedation and amnesia in preschool children undergoing dental procedures. While the 0.6 mg/kg dose provides better procedural cooperation and prolonged sedation, it also requires a slightly longer recovery time. Full article