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Keywords = deep water floating offshore wind turbine

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27 pages, 7559 KiB  
Article
Multi-Column Semi-Submersible Floating Body Hydrodynamic Performance Analysis
by Wei Wang, Jingyi Hu, Cheng Zhao, Yonghe Xie, Xiwu Gong and Dingliang Jiang
Energies 2025, 18(8), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081884 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
Due to the limited availability of land resources, offshore wind turbines have become a crucial technology for the development of deep-water renewable energy. The multi-floating body platform, characterized by its shallow draft and main body located near the sea surface, is prone to [...] Read more.
Due to the limited availability of land resources, offshore wind turbines have become a crucial technology for the development of deep-water renewable energy. The multi-floating body platform, characterized by its shallow draft and main body located near the sea surface, is prone to significant motion in marine environments. The proper chamfering of the heave plate can effectively enhance its resistance during wave action, thereby improving the stability of the floating platform. The optimal chamfer angle is 35°. Considering the complexity of the floating body’s motion response, this study focuses on the damping characteristics of the heave plate with 35° chamfered perforations. Using the NREL 5 MW three-column semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform as the research model, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the floating body with a perforated heave plate are systematically studied through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and physical tests. The amplitude of vertical force under various working conditions is measured. Through theoretical analysis, the additional mass coefficient and additional damping coefficient for different working conditions and models are determined. The study confirms that the heave plate with 35° chamfered perforations significantly reduces heave in the multi-floating body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wind Farm Design and Optimization)
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37 pages, 31679 KiB  
Article
Mooring Failure Analysis of Semisubmersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Considering Mooring Redundancy at Each Azimuth Angle
by Shuai Hao, Xuning Zhang, Yang Yu, Bin Wang and Xingdao Bo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020360 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1217
Abstract
Semisubmersible floating structures are becoming the predominant understructure type for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) worldwide. As FOWTs are erected far away from land and in deep seas, they inevitably suffer violent and complicated sea conditions, including extreme waves and winds. Mooring lines [...] Read more.
Semisubmersible floating structures are becoming the predominant understructure type for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) worldwide. As FOWTs are erected far away from land and in deep seas, they inevitably suffer violent and complicated sea conditions, including extreme waves and winds. Mooring lines are the representative flexible members of the whole structure and are likely to incur damage due to years of impact, corrosion, or fatigue. To improve mooring redundancy at each azimuth angle around a wind turbine, a group of mooring lines are configured in the same direction instead of just one mooring line. This study focuses on the mooring failure problems that would probably occur in a realistic redundant mooring system of a semisubmersible FOWT, and the worst residual mooring layout is considered. An FOWT numerical model with a 3 × 3 mooring system is established in terms of 3D potential flow and BEM (blade element momentum) theories, and aero-hydro floating-body mooring coupled analyses are performed to discuss the subsequent time histories of dynamic responses after different types of mooring failure. As under extreme failure conditions, the final horizontal offsets of the structure and the layout of the residual mooring system are evaluated under still water, design, and extreme environmental conditions. The results show that the transient tension in up-wave mooring lines can reach more than 12,000 kN under extreme environmental conditions, inducing further failure of the whole chain group. Then, a deflection angle of 60° may occur on the residual laid chain, which may bring about dangerous anchor dragging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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24 pages, 7772 KiB  
Review
A Review of Experiment Methods, Simulation Approaches and Wake Characteristics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
by Xiaoxu Chen, Tengyuan Wang, Chang Cai, Jianshuang Liu, Xiaoxia Gao, Naizhi Guo and Qingan Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020208 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 2044
Abstract
With the urgent demand for net-zero emissions, renewable energy is taking the lead and wind power is becoming increasingly important. Among the most promising sources, offshore wind energy located in deep water has gained significant attention. This review focuses on the experimental methods, [...] Read more.
With the urgent demand for net-zero emissions, renewable energy is taking the lead and wind power is becoming increasingly important. Among the most promising sources, offshore wind energy located in deep water has gained significant attention. This review focuses on the experimental methods, simulation approaches, and wake characteristics of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). The hydrodynamics and aerodynamics of FOWTs are not isolated and they interact with each other. Under the environmental load and mooring force, the floating platform has six degrees of freedom motions, which bring the changes in the relative wind speed to the turbine rotor, and furthermore, to the turbine aerodynamics. Then, the platform’s movements lead to a complex FOWT wake evolution, including wake recovery acceleration, velocity deficit fluctuations, wake deformation and wake meandering. In scale FOWT tests, it is challenging to simultaneously satisfy Reynolds number and Froude number similarity, resulting in gaps between scale model experiments and field measurements. Recently, progress has been made in scale model experiments; furthermore, a “Hardware in the loop” technique has been developed as an effective solution to the above contradiction. In numerical simulations, the coupling of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics is the concern and a typical numerical simulation of multi-body and multi-physical coupling is reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, recent advancements have been made in the analysis of wake characteristics, such as the application of instability theory and modal decomposition techniques in the study of FOWT wake evolution. These studies have revealed the formation of vortex rings and leapfrogging behavior in adjacent helical vortices, which deepens the understanding of the FOWT wake. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on FOWT wake dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)
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22 pages, 12478 KiB  
Article
Typhoon Eye-Induced Misalignment Effects on the Serviceability of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Insights Typhoon SOULIK
by Chun-Yu Yang, Yu-An Tzeng, Yu-Ti Jhan, Chih-Wen Cheng and Shun-Han Yang
Energies 2025, 18(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030490 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1235
Abstract
The northern Taiwan Strait, characterized by deep waters and high wind energy density, presents significant potential for developing floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). However, the region is prone to typhoons, with substantial variations in wind speed and direction during typhoon eye passages, posing [...] Read more.
The northern Taiwan Strait, characterized by deep waters and high wind energy density, presents significant potential for developing floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). However, the region is prone to typhoons, with substantial variations in wind speed and direction during typhoon eye passages, posing challenges to FOWT safety and performance. This study investigates the serviceability of a 10 MW FOWT installed offshore of Hsinchu under typical wind and wave conditions during the eye of Typhoon SOULIK. Wind and wave data were sourced from the ERA5 reanalysis database. Simulations were conducted using OrcaFlex 11.4c, which enables fully coupled dynamic analysis of the entire FOWT system, including the mooring system, platform, tower, turbine, and nacelle, facilitating accurate predictions of system behavior in complex offshore environments. This study evaluated scenarios of maximum wind speed, significant wave height, wind–wave misalignment, and minimum wind speed during typhoon eye passage, considering both idle and power production modes in accordance with IEC TS 61400-3-2 requirements. The results indicate that platform yaw motion exceeds IEC limits during typhoon events, particularly in power production mode. This highlights the need for reducing platform motion. It is recommended to further develop control strategies or implement an active control system for the platform to ensure operational reliability. This research provides critical insights into FOWT design and operational challenges in typhoon-prone regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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17 pages, 592 KiB  
Opinion
Investigating Alternative Application Ranges for Floating Offshore Wind
by Mareike Leimeister
Wind 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5010001 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
The current technological developments within the offshore wind industry reveal a trend towards larger wind turbine MW-classes for both bottom-fixed and floating support structures. Furthermore, bottom-fixed designs are modified and enhanced to also serve deeper offshore sites. Apart from these technological developments, another [...] Read more.
The current technological developments within the offshore wind industry reveal a trend towards larger wind turbine MW-classes for both bottom-fixed and floating support structures. Furthermore, bottom-fixed designs are modified and enhanced to also serve deeper offshore sites. Apart from these technological developments, another trend of a competitive nature, related to politics and other stakeholders, can be observed: ever-higher targets are specified for offshore wind energy, while national offshore water areas are limited and divided among various stakeholders in terms of their use. This situation raises the following questions, which are discussed in this paper: 1. Should and could floating offshore wind be extended to shallow-water regions? 2. What benefits can be gained when going beyond traditional floating wind technologies, and what does this mean in detail? 3. What are the motivations, challenges, and solutions for coexistence options? The investigations reveal that floating solutions are more than just options for supporting offshore wind turbines at very-deep-water sites. By extending the traditional application ranges of floating wind turbine systems and going beyond traditional floating offshore wind technologies, additional benefits can be reaped, and worldwide climate and renewable energy targets can be met in harmony with other stakeholders. Full article
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22 pages, 6220 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Coupled and Uncoupled Modeling of Floating Wind Farms with Shared Anchors
by Katherine Coughlan, Ericka Lozon, Matthew Hall, Bruce Martin and Sanjay Arwade
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010106 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1450
Abstract
As design options for floating wind farms continue to be explored, shared (or multiline) anchors that secure mooring lines from multiple turbines remain a promising technology that can potentially reduce the number of anchors and overall mooring costs. This study evaluates two methods [...] Read more.
As design options for floating wind farms continue to be explored, shared (or multiline) anchors that secure mooring lines from multiple turbines remain a promising technology that can potentially reduce the number of anchors and overall mooring costs. This study evaluates two methods for analyzing the loads on shared anchors: one in which floating offshore wind turbines are simulated individually (using the software OpenFAST), and one in which an entire floating wind farm is simulated collectively (using the software FAST.Farm). A three-line shared anchor is evaluated for multiple loading scenarios in deep water, using the International Energy Agency 15 MW turbine on the VolturnUS-S semisubmersible platform. While the two methods produce broadly comparable results, the coupled wave loading on platforms within the farm results in wave force cancellations and amplifications that decrease multiline force directional ranges and increase multiline force extreme values (up to 7%) and standard deviations (up to 11%) for wave-driven load cases. The inclusion of wakes in FAST.Farm also reduces the net load on the shared anchor due to the velocity deficit, leading to larger differences between OpenFAST and FAST.Farm (up to 3% difference in mean loads) for load cases with operational turbines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Utilization of Offshore Renewable Energy)
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19 pages, 7235 KiB  
Article
Study on the Influence of an Internal Stiffening System on the Structural Strength of the Semi-Submersible Structures for a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
by Hao Yu Dou, Han Koo Jeong and Jian Lun Jiang
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6471; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246471 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 871
Abstract
This study presents the development and comparative analysis of a new Y-type floating offshore wind turbine platform based on the existing T-type model. Utilizing advanced simulation tools, such as MSC, Patran and Nastran 2022.3, FEGate For Ship 5.0, and Ansys AQWA 2021 R2, [...] Read more.
This study presents the development and comparative analysis of a new Y-type floating offshore wind turbine platform based on the existing T-type model. Utilizing advanced simulation tools, such as MSC, Patran and Nastran 2022.3, FEGate For Ship 5.0, and Ansys AQWA 2021 R2, extensive evaluations are conducted on the structural strength, stability, and dynamic response of both the T-type and the newly proposed Y-type platforms. In this research, the structural optimization algorithm based on the above simulation tools is adopted, and its results are compared with preoptimization results to demonstrate the improvements made in design precision and reliability. Results indicate that the Y-type model achieves a maximum reduction in von Mises stress by 30.21 MPa compared to the T-type model, and its heave and pitch motion amplitudes are reduced by 4.3412 m and 4.9362°, respectively, under extreme sea state conditions. Through structural optimization using the Nastran SOL200 module, the column structure weight is reduced by 11.31%, meeting the strength requirements while enhancing efficiency. These findings highlight the Y-type platform’s improved performance and provide robust design strategies for floating offshore wind turbines in deep-water regions, crucial for advancing global renewable energy solutions. Future research should focus on the impacts of different marine conditions on platform performance and consider integrating new materials or innovative design enhancements to further optimize platform functionality. Additionally, due to potential limitations from model simplification, emphasis on real-world testing and validation under operational conditions is recommended. Overall, this research clarifies the differences in structural performance between the T-type and Y-type floating platforms and introduces an improved platform design approach, offering valuable insights and guidance for the future development of floating offshore wind turbine technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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20 pages, 6411 KiB  
Article
Subsea Long-Duration Energy Storage for Integration with Offshore Wind Farms
by Charise Cutajar, Tonio Sant, Luke Aquilina, Daniel Buhagiar and Daniel Baldacchino
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6405; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246405 - 19 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
Long-duration energy storage systems are becoming a vital means for decarbonizing the global economy. However, with floating wind farms being commissioned farther offshore, the need to co-locate energy storage with the energy harnessing units is becoming more essential. This paper presents a transient [...] Read more.
Long-duration energy storage systems are becoming a vital means for decarbonizing the global economy. However, with floating wind farms being commissioned farther offshore, the need to co-locate energy storage with the energy harnessing units is becoming more essential. This paper presents a transient thermal analysis of the charging process of a subsea open-cycle hydro-pneumatic energy storage system. The proposed system is designed for integration with floating wind turbines in deep water sites. Situating the system subsea presents unique opportunities for integration with offshore wind plants through the exploitation of well-known subsea pipeline technology and the surrounding seawater environment, which acts as a natural heat sink/source. The results obtained from numerical modeling in Python© Version 3.7.4 present the variation in various operating parameters with time. The outcomes reveal that the proposed system is able to achieve a work ratio and an energy storage capacity ratio of up to 0.80 and 0.95, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed open-cycle system is predicted to boost the energy storage density by a factor ranging between 2.00 and 8.10 when compared to the energy storage density of conventional closed-cycle units. Namely, the energy storage density of the long-duration energy storage can reach up to 16.20 kWh/m3 when operated in an open-cycle configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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31 pages, 13199 KiB  
Article
Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Mooring Chains of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Shallow Water
by Jiahao Chen, Chuanfu Wang, Xiaodi Wu, Fan Feng and Yan Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122202 - 1 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are severely restricted in numerous sea areas due to challenges from the strong nonlinear characteristics of mooring chains in shallow water (less than 50 m). Therefore, this paper introduces a design method of mooring chains of a FOWT [...] Read more.
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are severely restricted in numerous sea areas due to challenges from the strong nonlinear characteristics of mooring chains in shallow water (less than 50 m). Therefore, this paper introduces a design method of mooring chains of a FOWT at a water depth of 44 m and carries out a parametric sensitivity analysis on length, nominal diameter, and clump weights of mooring chains. The results of the study found that compared with the mooring chains in deep water, the mooring chains in shallow water show obvious nonlinear characteristics in mooring tension, the lying section of the mooring chain on the seabed, and the mooring chain spatial angle, which brings great risk to the safe operation of FOWTs. The change in the nominal diameter of the mooring chain has a certain impact on the dynamic characteristics of a FOWT, but it is not as significant as that from the change in the length of the mooring chain. In addition, a mooring chain in shallow water is prone to the slack–taut phenomenon; thus, this paper puts forward an optimization investigation using clump weights at the suspension section of the mooring chain, which improved the performance of the mooring chain significantly. Full article
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20 pages, 4875 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Pitch Response for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
by Ruifeng Chen, Ke Zhang, Min Luo, Ye An and Lixiang Guo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122198 - 1 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
Accurate dynamic response prediction is a challenging and crucial aspect for the fatigue or ultimate analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), which are increasingly recognized for their potential to harness wind energy in deep-water environments. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches like the [...] Read more.
Accurate dynamic response prediction is a challenging and crucial aspect for the fatigue or ultimate analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), which are increasingly recognized for their potential to harness wind energy in deep-water environments. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches like the finite element method are time-consuming, making them inefficient for generating the extensive datasets required. This paper presents an efficient deep learning-based approach, referred to as the CNN-GRU model, considering multiple external environments. This model integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs), effectively extracting the coupling relationships among various input features and capturing the temporal dependencies to enhance predictive accuracy. The proposed model is applied to two distinct types of FOWTs under three sea states, and the results demonstrate its satisfactory accuracy, with an average correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.9962 and an average coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9864. The high accuracy across all cases proves the model’s robustness and reliability. Furthermore, the model’s optimal configurations, including memory lengths, sample sizes, and optimizer, are identified through parametric studies. Moreover, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) interpretation is utilized to reveal the most significant features influencing structural responses. In addition, a comparative analysis with two other ensemble models, namely random forest and gradient boosting, is conducted. The proposed approach achieves superior accuracy, with computational time approximately half that of the other two models, thereby highlighting its efficiency and effectiveness. The comprehensive framework, which encompasses feature selection, data processing, deep learning model construction, and interpretation, demonstrates significant potential for addressing a broad range of engineering problems through deep learning methodologies. Full article
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20 pages, 5215 KiB  
Article
A Study on Offshore Anchor Selection with a Focus on Torpedo Anchor Stability and Performance
by Hung-Chun Chang, Amir Noorizadegan, Yi-Hsiu Liu and Kai-Tung Ma
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101721 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2407
Abstract
The global pursuit of renewable energy has significantly accelerated offshore wind energy development. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are increasingly in the spotlight as they offer superior capabilities for harnessing abundant wind resources in deep-water areas, outperforming traditional fixed-bottom turbines. The deployment and [...] Read more.
The global pursuit of renewable energy has significantly accelerated offshore wind energy development. Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are increasingly in the spotlight as they offer superior capabilities for harnessing abundant wind resources in deep-water areas, outperforming traditional fixed-bottom turbines. The deployment and station-keeping of these floating structures are critically dependent on robust mooring systems and the precise selection of anchoring solutions. This paper provides an overview of various anchors, including driven and suction caissons, torpedo, and drag anchors, and their applications in real-world projects. These commonly used anchors were discussed in relation to mooring types, soil conditions, and expected bearing capacities. Torpedo anchor installation failures have been reported in cases where excessive tilt angles occur during deployment. This motivates us to present an in-depth study on the importance of directional stability during installation of torpedo anchors. The study will utilize computational fluid dynamics Star-CCM+ 2402 to analyze and assess the impact of the center of gravity configuration on stabilization. Additionally, theoretical formulas will be used to estimate the holding capacity that the torpedo anchor can provide. These insights are designed to assist wind energy developers in making informed and effective anchoring decisions for floating wind turbine projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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24 pages, 10507 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Analysis of Crane Vessel and Floating Wind Turbine during Temporary Berthing for Offshore On-Site Maintenance Operations
by Jinkun Shi, Mingfeng Hu, Yifan Zhang, Xiaodong Chen, Sheng Yang, Thiago S. Hallak and Mingsheng Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081393 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
With the increased scale and deployment of floating wind turbines in deep sea environments, jack-up installation vessels are unable to conduct maintenance operations due to limitations in water depth. This has led to the recognition of the advantages of floating cranes in offshore [...] Read more.
With the increased scale and deployment of floating wind turbines in deep sea environments, jack-up installation vessels are unable to conduct maintenance operations due to limitations in water depth. This has led to the recognition of the advantages of floating cranes in offshore maintenance activities. However, the dynamic coupling between the crane and the floating wind turbine under wave and wind action can result in complex responses, which also relate to complex mooring configurations. The ability to maintain stability during maintenance operations has become a primary concern. In order to address this issue, a method of connecting a floating crane with a floating wind turbine is proposed, simulating the berthing of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) to a crane. Thus, a systematic comparison was conducted with frequency- and time-domain simulation using ANSYS-AQWA software. The simulation results demonstrated the feasibility and dynamic efficiency of this novel berthing approach. Connecting the crane vessel to a floating wind turbine significantly reduced the crane tip movement. Simulations showed that the crane tip movement in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions was reduced by over 30%, which implies that it may be feasible to conduct offshore on-site maintenance operations for the FOWT by using floating crane vessels if the two bodies were properly constrained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Development of Offshore Wind Technology)
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33 pages, 12159 KiB  
Article
Advancing Offshore Renewable Energy: Integrative Approaches in Floating Offshore Wind Turbine-Oscillating Water Column Systems Using Artificial Intelligence-Driven Regressive Modeling and Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control
by Irfan Ahmad, Fares M’zoughi, Payam Aboutalebi, Aitor J. Garrido and Izaskun Garrido
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081292 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
This research investigates the integration of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) with Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) to enhance sustainable energy generation, focusing on addressing dynamic complexities and uncertainties inherent in such systems. The novelty of this study lies in its dual approach, which [...] Read more.
This research investigates the integration of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) with Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) to enhance sustainable energy generation, focusing on addressing dynamic complexities and uncertainties inherent in such systems. The novelty of this study lies in its dual approach, which integrates regressive modeling with an aero-hydro-elasto-servo-mooring coupled system with a deep data-driven network and implements a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control mechanism to improve system stability. By employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), the study circumvents the challenges of real-time closed-loop control on FOWT structures using the OpenFAST simulation tool. Data-driven models, trained on OpenFAST datasets, facilitate real-time predictive behavior analysis and decision-making. Advanced computational learning techniques, particularly ANNs, accurately replicate the dynamics of FOWT-OWC numerical models. An intelligent PID control mechanism is subsequently applied to mitigate structural vibrations, ensuring effective control. A comparative analysis with traditional barge-based FOWT systems underscores the enhanced modeling and control methodologies’ effectiveness. In this sense, the experimental results demonstrate substantial reductions in the mean oscillation amplitude, with reductions from 5% to 35% observed across various scenarios. Specifically, at a wave period from 20 s and a wind speed of 5 m/s, the fore-aft displacement was reduced by 35%, exemplifying the PID control system’s robustness and efficacy under diverse conditions. This study highlights the potential of ANN-driven modeling as an alternative to managing the complex non-linear dynamics of NREL 5 MW FOWT models and underscores the significant improvements in system stability through tailored PID gain scheduling across various operational scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind and Wave Energies—2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 21073 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Forecasting of Metocean Data for Offshore Engineering Applications
by Mohammad Barooni, Shiva Ghaderpour Taleghani, Masoumeh Bahrami, Parviz Sedigh and Deniz Velioglu Sogut
Atmosphere 2024, 15(6), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060640 - 26 May 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
The advancement towards utilizing renewable energy sources is crucial for mitigating environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. Offshore wind turbines, particularly floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), are developed to harness the stronger, steadier winds available over deep waters. Accurate metocean [...] Read more.
The advancement towards utilizing renewable energy sources is crucial for mitigating environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. Offshore wind turbines, particularly floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), are developed to harness the stronger, steadier winds available over deep waters. Accurate metocean data forecasts, encompassing wind speed and wave height, are crucial for offshore wind farms’ optimal placement, operation, and maintenance and contribute significantly to FOWT’s efficiency, safety, and lifespan. This study examines the application of three machine learning (ML) models, including Facebook Prophet, Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Factors (SARIMAX), and long short-term memory (LSTM), to forecast wind speeds and significant wave heights, using data from a buoy situated in the Pacific Ocean. The models are evaluated based on their ability to predict 1-, 3-, and 30-day future wind speed and wave height values, with performances assessed through Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) metrics. Among the models, LSTM displayed superior performance, effectively capturing the complex temporal dependencies in the data. Incorporating exogenous variables, such as atmospheric conditions and gust speed, further refined the predictions.The study’s findings highlight the potential of machine learning (ML) models to enhance the integration and reliability of renewable energy sources through accurate metocean forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Computing for Atmospheric Modeling)
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17 pages, 2559 KiB  
Article
The Probability of Ship Collision during the Fully Submerged Towing Process of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
by Yihong Li, Longxiang Liu, Sunwei Li and Zhen-Zhong Hu
Sustainability 2024, 16(4), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041705 - 19 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2274
Abstract
As global warming intensifies, the development of offshore wind farms is swiftly progressing, especially deep-water Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) capable of energy capture in deep-sea regions, which have emerged as a focal point of both academic and industrial interest. Although numerous researchers [...] Read more.
As global warming intensifies, the development of offshore wind farms is swiftly progressing, especially deep-water Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) capable of energy capture in deep-sea regions, which have emerged as a focal point of both academic and industrial interest. Although numerous researchers have conducted comprehensive and multifaceted studies on various components of wind turbines, less attention has been paid to the operational stage responses of FOWTs to wind, waves, and currents and the reliability of their structural components. This study primarily employs a theoretical analysis to establish mathematical models under a series of reasonable assumptions, examining the possibility of collisions between FOWT transport fleets and other vessels in the passage area during the towing process. Using the model, this paper takes the Wanning Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF) project, which is scheduled to be deployed in the South China Sea, as its research object and calculates the probability of collisions between FOWTs and other vessels in three months from the pier near Wanning, Hainan, to a predetermined position 22 km away. The findings of the analysis indicate that the mathematical model developed in this study integrates the quantities and velocities of navigational vessels within the target maritime area as well as the speeds, routes, and schedules of the FOWT transport fleet. By employing statistical techniques and geometric calculations, the model can determine the frequency of collisions between various types of vessels and the FOWT transport fleet during the transportation period. This has substantial relevance for future risk assessments and disaster prevention and mitigation measures in the context of FOWT transportation. Full article
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