Search Results (11,110)

Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) and Group Rapid Transit (GRT) are classes of fully automated public transport systems, where passengers can travel in small vehicles on an interconnected, grade-separated network of guideways, non-stop, from origin to destination. PRT and GRT are considered sustainable as they are low-emission and able to attract car drivers. The parameterized cost modeling framework developed in this paper has the advantage that profitability of different PRT/GRT systems can be rapidly verified in a transparent way and in function of a variety of relevant system parameters. This framework may contribute to a more transparent, rapid, and low-cost evaluation of PRT/GRT schemes for planning and decision-making purposes. The main innovation is the introduction of the “peak hour network saturation” S: the number of vehicles in circulation during peak hour divided by the maximum number of vehicles running at line speed with minimum time headways. It is an index that aggregates the main uncertainties in the planning process, namely the demand level relative to the supply level. Furthermore, a maximum S can be estimated for a PRT/GRT project, even without a detailed demand estimation. The profit per trip is analytically derived based on S and a series of more certain parameters, such as fares, capital and maintenance costs, daily demand curve, empty vehicle share, and physical properties of the system. To demonstrate the ability of the framework to analyze profitability in function of various parameters, we apply the methods to a single vehicle PRT, a platooned PRT, and a mixed PRT/GRT. The results show that PRT services with trip length proportional fares could be profitable already for $S>0.25$. The PRT capacity, profitability, and robustness to tripled infrastructure costs can be increased by vehicle platooning or GRT service during peak hours. Full article

Background/Objectives: Phase II oncology trials often rely on single-arm designs to test $H_0:\pi ={\pi }_0$ versus $H_a:\pi >{\pi }_0$, especially when randomized trials are infeasible due to cost or disease rarity. Traditional approaches, such as the exact binomial test and Simon’s two-stage design, tend to be conservative, with actual Type I error rates falling below the nominal $\alpha$ due to the discreteness of the underlying binomial distribution. This study aims to develop a more efficient and flexible method that maintains accurate Type I error control in such settings. Methods: We propose a convolution-based method that combines the binomial distribution with a simulated normal variable to construct an unbiased estimator of $\pi$. This method is designed to precisely control the Type I error rate while enabling more efficient trial designs. We derive its theoretical properties and assess its performance against traditional exact tests in both one-stage and two-stage trial designs. Results: The proposed method results in more efficient designs with reduced sample sizes compared to standard approaches, without compromising the control of Type I error rates. We introduce a new two-stage design incorporating interim futility analysis and compare it with Simon’s design. Simulations and real-world examples demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly lower trial cost and duration. Conclusions: This convolution-based approach offers a flexible and efficient alternative to traditional methods for early-phase oncology trial design. It addresses the conservativeness of existing designs and provides practical benefits in terms of resource use and study timelines. Full article

Direct seeding has gained prominence as a labor-efficient and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional transplanting in rice cultivation. In direct seeding systems, early-stage management is crucial for stable seedling establishment, with sowing uniformity measured by seed counts being a critical indicator of success. However, conventional manual seed counting methods are time-consuming, prone to human error, and impractical for large-scale or repetitive tasks, necessitating advanced automated solutions. Recent advances in computer vision technologies and precision agriculture tools, offer the potential to automate seed counting tasks. Nevertheless, challenges such as domain discrepancies and limited labeled data restrict robust real-world deployment. To address these issues, we propose a density estimation-based seed counting framework integrating semi-supervised learning and background augmentation. This framework includes a cost-effective data acquisition system enabling diverse domain data collection through indoor background augmentation, combined with semi-supervised learning to utilize augmented data effectively while minimizing labeling costs. The experimental results on field data from unknown domains show that our approach reduces seed counting errors by up to 58.5% compared to conventional methods, highlighting its potential as a scalable and effective solution for agricultural applications in real-world environments. Full article

The numerical simulation of unsteady, high-Reynolds-number incompressible flows governed by the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations presents significant challenges in computational fluid dynamics, primarily concerning numerical stability and computational efficiency. Standard Galerkin finite element methods often suffer from non-physical oscillations in convection-dominated regimes, while the multiscale nature of these flows demands prohibitively high computational resources for uniformly refined meshes. This paper proposes an improved Galerkin framework that synergistically integrates a Variational Multiscale Stabilization (VMS) method with an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) strategy to overcome these dual challenges. Based on the Ritz–Galerkin formulation with the stable Taylor–Hood ($P_2-P_1$) element, a VMS term is introduced, derived from a generalized $\theta$-scheme. This explicitly constructs a subgrid-scale model to effectively suppress numerical oscillations without introducing excessive artificial diffusion. To enhance computational efficiency, a novel a posteriori error estimator is developed based on dual residuals. This estimator provides the robust and accurate localization of numerical errors by dynamically weighting the momentum and continuity residuals within each element, as well as the flux jumps across element boundaries. This error indicator guides an AMR algorithm that combines longest-edge bisection with local Delaunay re-triangulation, ensuring optimal mesh adaptation to complex flow features such as boundary layers and vortices. Furthermore, the stability of the Taylor–Hood element, essential for stable velocity–pressure coupling, is preserved within this integrated framework. Numerical experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating its ability to achieve stable, high-fidelity solutions on adaptively refined grids with a substantial reduction in computational cost. Full article

Flexibility is advocated as an effective solution to address the growing need to alleviate grid congestion, necessitating efficient energy management strategies for industrial operations. This paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based optimization framework for a flexible asset in an industrial setting, aiming to minimize operational costs and enhance energy efficiency. The method integrates dynamic pricing and real-time grid analysis, alongside a state estimation model using Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) that improves the accuracy of system state predictions. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is employed for real-time adjustments. A real-world case studies from aquaculture industries and industrial power grids in Denmark demonstrates the approach. By leveraging dynamic pricing and grid signals, the system enables adaptive pump scheduling, achieving a 27% reduction in energy costs while maintaining voltage stability within 0.95–1.05 p.u. and ensuring operational safety. These results confirm the effectiveness of grid-aware, flexible control in reducing costs and enhancing stability, supporting the transition toward smarter, sustainable industrial energy systems. Full article

A monocular deflectometric system comprises a camera and a screen that collaboratively facilitate the reconstruction of a specular surface under test (SUT). This paper presents a methodology for solving the slope distribution of the SUT utilizing pose estimation derived from reflections, based on vision ray calibration (VRC). Initially recorded by the camera, an assisted flat mirror in different postures reflects the patterns displayed by a screen maintained in a constant posture. The system undergoes a calibration based on the VRC to ascertain the vision ray distribution of the camera and the spatial relationship between the camera and the screen. Subsequently, the camera records the reflected patterns by the SUT, which remains in a constant posture while the screen is adjusted to multiple postures. Utilizing the VRC, the vision ray distribution among several postures of the screen and the SUT is calibrated. Following this, an iterative integrated calibration is performed, employing the calibration results from the preceding separate calibrations as initial parameters. The integrated calibration amalgamates the cost functions from the separate calibrations with the intersection of lines in Plücker space. Ultimately, the results from the integrated calibration yield the slope distribution of the SUT, enabling an integral reconstruction. In both the numeric simulations and actual measurements, the integrated calibration significantly enhances the accuracy of the reconstructions when compared to the reconstructions with the separate calibrations. Full article

Monitoring sediment concentration in water bodies is crucial for assessing water quality, ecosystems, and environmental health. However, physical sampling and sensor-based approaches are labor-intensive and unsuitable for large-scale, continuous monitoring. This study employs machine learning models to estimate suspended sediment concentration using images captured in natural light, named RGB, and near-infrared (NIR) conditions. A controlled dataset of approximately 1300 images with SSC values ranging from 1000 mg/L to 150,000 mg/L was developed, incorporating temperature, time of image capture, and solar irradiance as additional features. Random forest regression and gradient boosting regression were trained on mean RGB values, red reflectance, time of captured, and temperature for natural light images, achieving up to 72.96% accuracy within a 30% relative error. In contrast, NIR images leveraged gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features and temperature, reaching 83.08% accuracy. Comparative analysis showed that ensemble models outperformed deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Networks and Multi-Layer Perceptrons, which struggled with high-dimensional feature extraction. These findings suggest that using machine learning models and RGB and NIR imagery offers a scalable, non-invasive, and cost-effective way of sediment monitoring in support of water quality assessment and environmental management. Full article

This communication presents an accurate and computationally efficient approach for wideband radar cross-section (RCS) estimation and scattering point reconstruction using infinitesimal dipole modeling (IDM) with compressive sensing. The proposed method eliminates the need for field sampling at numerous frequency points across the wideband range through Green’s function adjustment. Additionally, compressive sensing is employed for induced current calculation to reduce both frequency and angular sampling requirements. Numerical validation demonstrates that the method achieves a 50% reduction in field sample data and an 82.3% reduction in IDM processing time while maintaining comparable accuracy through Green’s function adjustment. Furthermore, compared to approaches without compressive sensing, the method shows a 55.1% and a 75.5% reduction in error in averaged RCS for VV-pol and HH-pol, respectively. The proposed method facilitates efficient wideband RCS estimation of various targets while significantly reducing measurement complexity and computational cost. Full article

Continuous and accurate biomass measurement is a critical enabler for control, decision making, and optimization in modern plant production systems. It supports the development of plant growth models for advanced control strategies like model predictive control, and enables responsive, data-driven, and plant state-dependent cultivation. Traditional biomass measurement methods, such as destructive sampling, are time-consuming and unsuitable for high-frequency monitoring. In contrast, image-based estimation using computer vision and deep learning requires frequent retraining and is sensitive to changes in lighting or plant morphology. This work introduces a low-cost, load-cell-based biomass monitoring system tailored for vertical farming applications. The system operates at the level of individual growing trays, offering a valuable middle ground between impractical plant-level sensing and overly coarse rack-level measurements. Tray-level data allow localized control actions, such as adjusting light spectrum and intensity per tray, thereby enhancing the utility of controllable LED systems. This granularity supports layer-specific optimization and anomaly detection, which are not feasible with rack-level feedback. The biomass sensor is easily scalable and can be retrofitted, addressing common challenges such as mechanical noise and thermal drift. It offers a practical and robust solution for biomass monitoring in dynamic, growing environments, enabling finer control and smarter decision making in both commercial and research-oriented vertical farming systems. The developed sensor was tested and validated against manual harvest data, demonstrating high agreement with actual plant biomass and confirming its suitability for integration into vertical farming systems. Full article

Floating solar technology has gained significant attention as part of the global expansion of renewable energy due to its potential for installation in underutilized water bodies. Several countries, including the Netherlands, have initiated efforts to extend this technology from inland freshwater applications to open offshore environments, particularly within offshore wind farm areas. This development is motivated by the synergistic benefits of increasing site energy density and leveraging the existing offshore grid infrastructure. The deployment of offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) systems involves assembling multiple modular units in a marine environment, introducing operational risks that may give rise to safety concerns. To mitigate these risks, weather windows must be considered prior to the task execution to ensure continuity between weather-sensitive activities, which can also lead to additional time delays and increased costs. Consequently, optimizing marine logistics becomes crucial to achieving the cost reductions necessary for making OFPV technology economically viable. This study employs a simulation-based approach to estimate the installation duration of a 5 MWp OFPV plant at a Dutch offshore wind farm site, started in different months and under three distinct risk management scenarios. Based on 20 years of hindcast wave data, the results reveal the impacts of campaign start months and risk management policies on installation duration. Across all the scenarios, the installation duration during the autumn and winter period is 160% longer than the one in the spring and summer period. The average installation durations, based on results from 12 campaign start months, are 70, 80, and 130 days for the three risk management policies analyzed. The result variation highlights the additional time required to mitigate operational risks arising from potential discontinuity between highly interdependent tasks (e.g., offshore platform assembly and mooring). Additionally, it is found that the weather-induced delays are mainly associated with the campaigns of pre-laying anchors and platform and mooring line installation compared with the other campaigns. In conclusion, this study presents a logistics modeling methodology for OFPV systems, demonstrated through a representative case study based on a state-of-the-art truss-type design. The primary contribution lies in providing a framework to quantify the performance of OFPV installation strategies at an early design stage. The findings of this case study further highlight that marine installation logistics are highly sensitive to local marine conditions and the chosen installation strategy, and should be integrated early in the OFPV design process to help reduce the levelized cost of electricity. Full article

The European Union promotes decarbonization in energy-intensive industries like glass manufacturing. Collaboration between industry and researchers focuses on reducing CO₂ emissions through hydrogen (H₂) integration as a natural gas substitute. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no updated real-world case studies are available in the literature that consider the on-site implementation of an electrolyzer for autonomous hydrogen production capable of meeting the needs of a glass manufacturing plant within current technological constraints. This study examines a representative hollow glass plant and develops various decarbonization scenarios through detailed process simulations in Aspen Plus. The models provide consistent mass and energy balances, enabling the quantification of energy demand and key cost drivers associated with H₂ integration. These results form the basis for a scenario-specific techno-economic assessment, including both on-grid and off-grid configurations. Subsequently, the analysis estimates the levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH) for each scenario and compares them to current and projected benchmarks. The study also highlights ongoing research projects and technological advancements in the transition from natural gas to H₂ in the glass sector. Finally, potential barriers to large-scale implementation are discussed, along with policy and infrastructure recommendations to foster industrial adoption. These findings suggest that hybrid configurations represent the most promising path toward industrial H₂ adoption in glass manufacturing. Full article

This paper analyzes the availability of lithium resources required to support a global decarbonized energy system featuring electrical energy storage based on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. A net-zero carbon grid consisting of existing nuclear and hydro capacity, with the balance being a 50/50 mix of wind and solar power generation, is assumed to satisfy projected world electrical demand in 2050, incorporating the electrification of transportation. The battery electrical storage capacity needed to support this grid is estimated and translated into the required number of nominal 10 MWh LFP storage plants similar to the ones currently in operation. The total lithium required for the global storage system is determined from the number of nominal plants and the inventory of lithium in each plant. The energy required to refine this amount of lithium is accounted for in the estimation of the total lithium requirement. Comparison of the estimated lithium requirements with known global lithium resources indicates that a global storage system consisting only of LFP plants would require only around 12.3% of currently known lithium reserves in a high-economic-growth scenario. The overall cost for a global LFP-based grid-scale energy storage system is estimated to be approximately USD 17 trillion. Full article

Timely and accurate monitoring of crop nitrogen (N) status is essential for precision agriculture. UAV-based hyperspectral remote sensing offers high-resolution data for estimating plant nitrogen concentration (PNC), but its cost and complexity limit large-scale application. This study compares the performance of UAV hyperspectral data (S185 sensor) with simulated multispectral data from DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral (P4M), PlanetScope (PS), and Sentinel-2A (S2) in estimating winter wheat PNC. Spectral data were collected across six growth stages over two seasons and resampled to match the spectral characteristics of the three multispectral sensors. Three variable selection strategies (one-dimensional (1D) spectral reflectance, optimized two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) spectral indices) were combined with Random Forest Regression (RFR), Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to build PNC prediction models. Results showed that, while hyperspectral data yielded slightly higher accuracy, optimized multispectral indices, particularly from PS and S2, achieved comparable performance. Among models, SVM and RFR showed consistent effectiveness across strategies. These findings highlight the potential of low-cost multispectral platforms for practical crop N monitoring. Future work should validate these models using real satellite imagery and explore multi-source data fusion with advanced learning algorithms. Full article

Monitoring the health of wind turbine foundations is essential for ensuring their operational safety. This paper presents a cost-effective approach to obtain rotational stiffness of wind turbine foundations by using only acceleration and wind speed data that are part of SCADA data, thus lowering the use of moment and tilt sensors that are currently being used for obtaining foundation stiffness. First, a convolutional neural network model is applied to map acceleration and wind speed data within a moving window to corresponding moment and tilt values. Rotational stiffness of the foundation is then estimated by fitting a line in the moment-tilt plane. The results obtained indicate that such a mapping model can provide stiffness values that are within 7% of ground truth stiffness values on average. Second, the developed mapping model is re-trained by using synthetic acceleration and wind speed data that are generated by an autoencoder generative AI network. The results obtained indicate that although the exact amount of stiffness drop cannot be determined, the drops themselves can be detected. This mapping model can be used not only to lower the cost associated with obtaining foundation rotational stiffness but also to sound an alarm when a foundation starts deteriorating. Full article

Landslides are among the most hazardous natural phenomena affecting Greater Abidjan, causing significant economic and social damage. Strategic planning supported by geographic information systems (GIS) can help mitigate potential losses and enhance disaster resilience. This study evaluates landslide susceptibility using logistic regression and frequency ratio models. The analysis is based on a dataset comprising 54 mapped landslide scarps collected from June 2015 to July 2023, along with 16 thematic predictor variables, including altitude, slope, aspect, profile curvature, plan curvature, drainage area, distance to the drainage network, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and an urban-related layer. A high-resolution (5-m) digital elevation model (DEM), derived from multiple data sources, supports the spatial analysis. The landslide inventory was randomly divided into two subsets: 80% for model calibration and 20% for validation. After optimization and statistical testing, the selected thematic layers were integrated to produce a susceptibility map. The results indicate that 6.3% (0.7 km²) of the study area is classified as very highly susceptible. The proportion of the sample (61.2%) in this class had a frequency ratio estimated to be 20.2. Among the predictive indicators, altitude, slope, SE, S, NW, and NDVI were found to have a positive impact on landslide occurrence. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), demonstrating strong predictive capability. These findings can support informed land-use planning and risk reduction strategies in urban areas. Furthermore, the prediction model should be communicated to and understood by local authorities to facilitate disaster management. The cost function was adopted as a novel approach to delineate hazardous zones. Considering the landslide inventory period, the increasing hazard due to climate change, and the intensification of human activities, a reasoned choice of sample size was made. This informed decision enabled the production of an updated prediction map. Optimal thresholds were then derived to classify areas into high- and low-susceptibility categories. The prediction map will be useful to planners in helping them make decisions and implement protective measures. Full article