Search Results (612)

Industrial Vision Inspection Systems (VISs) often struggle to adapt to increasing variability of modern manufacturing due to the inherent rigidity of their hardware architectures. Although the Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) paradigm was introduced in the early 2000s to overcome these limitations, designing such reconfigurable machines remains a complex, expert-dependent, and time-consuming task. This is primarily due to the lack of structured methodologies and the reliance on trial-and-error processes. In this context, this study proposes a novel theoretical framework to facilitate the design of fully reconfigurable handling systems for VISs, with a particular focus on fixture design. The framework is grounded in Model-Based Definition (MBD), embedding semantic information directly into the 3D CAD models of the inspected product. As an additional contribution, a general hardware architecture for the inspection of axisymmetric components is presented. This architecture integrates an anthropomorphic robotic arm, Numerically Controlled (NC) modules, and adaptable software and hardware components to enable automated, software-driven reconfiguration. The proposed framework and architecture were applied in an industrial case study conducted in collaboration with a leading automotive half-shaft manufacturer. The resulting system, implemented across seven automated cells, successfully inspected over 200 part types from 12 part families and detected more than 60 defect types, with a cycle below 30 s per part. Full article

Orthognathic surgery (OS) is a complex procedure commonly used to treat dentofacial deformities (DFDs). These conditions, related to jaw position or size and often involving malocclusion, affect approximately 15% of the population. Due to the complexity of OS, accurate planning is essential. Digital assessment using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) tools enhances surgical predictability. However, limitations in soft tissue simulation often require surgeon input to optimize aesthetic results and minimize surgical impact. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of virtual surgery planning (VSP) by analyzing the relationship between planning deviations and surgical satisfaction. A single-center, retrospective study was conducted on 16 patients who underwent OS at San Pedro University Hospital of La Rioja. VSP was based on CT scans using Dolphin Imaging software (v12.0, Patterson Dental, St. Paul, MN, USA) and surgeries were guided by VSP-designed occlusal splints. Outcomes were assessed using the Orthognathic Quality of Life (OQOL) questionnaire and deviations were measured through pre- and postoperative imaging. The results showed high satisfaction scores and good overall outcomes, despite moderate deviations from the virtual plan in many cases, particularly among Class II patients. A total of 63% of patients required VSP modifications due to poor soft tissue fitting, with 72% of these being Class II DFDs. Most deviations involved less maxillary advancement than planned, while maintaining optimal occlusion. This suggests that VSP may overestimate advancement needs, especially in Class II cases. No significant differences in satisfaction were observed between patients with low (<2 mm) and high (>2 mm) deviations. These findings support the use of VSP as a valuable planning tool for OS. However, surgeon experience remains essential, especially in managing soft tissue behavior. Improvements in soft tissue prediction are needed to enhance accuracy, particularly for Class II DFDs. Full article

Background. Digital dentistry continues to evolve, offering improved accuracy, efficiency, and patient experience across various prosthodontic procedures. Many previous reviews have focused on digital applications in prosthodontics. But the use of a fully digital workflow for full-arch implant-supported prostheses in edentulous patients remains an emerging and underexplored area in the literature. Objective. This article presents a comprehensive methodological review of the digital workflow in full-arch implant-supported rehabilitation. It follows a structured literature exploration and synthesizes relevant technological processes from patient assessment to prosthetic delivery. Methods. The relevant literature was retrieved from the PubMed database on 20 June 2024, to identify the most recent and relevant studies. A total of 22 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The majority included case and technical reports. Results. The review illustrates the integration and application of digital tools in implant dentistry, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exposure, intraoral scanning, digital smile design, virtual patients, guided surgery, and digital scanning. The key findings demonstrate multiple advantages of a fully digital workflow, such as reduced treatment time and cost, increased patient satisfaction, and improved interdisciplinary communication. Conclusions. Despite these benefits, limitations persist due to the low level of evidence, technological challenges, and the lack of standardized protocols. Further randomized controlled trials and long-term clinical evaluations are essential to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of a fully digital workflow for full-arch implant-supported rehabilitation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Bone regeneration (BR) is a cornerstone technique in reconstructive dental surgery, traditionally using either barrier membranes, titanium meshes, or perforated non-resorbable membranes to facilitate bone regeneration. Recent advancements in 3D technology, including CAD/CAM and additive manufacturing, have enabled the development of customized scaffolds tailored to patient needs, potentially overcoming the limitations of conventional methods. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science up to January 2025 to identify studies on digital technologies applied to bone augmentation. Eligible studies encompassed randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series, and case reports, all published in English. Data regarding digital workflows, software, materials, printing techniques, and sterilization methods were extracted from 23 studies published between 2015 and 2024. Results: The review highlights a diverse range of digital workflows, beginning with CBCT-based DICOM to STL conversion using software such as Mimics and Btk-3D^®. Customized titanium meshes and other meshes like Poly Ether-Ether Ketone (PEEK) meshes were produced via techniques including direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and five-axis milling. Although titanium remained the predominant material, studies reported variations in mesh design, thickness, and sterilization protocols. The findings underscore that digital customization enhances surgical precision and efficiency in BR, with several studies demonstrating improved bone gain and reduced operative time compared to conventional approaches. Conclusions: This scoping review confirms that 3D techniques represent a promising advancement in BR. Customized digital workflows provide superior accuracy and support for BR procedures, yet variability in protocols and limited high-quality trials underscore the need for further clinical research to standardize techniques and validate long-term outcomes. Full article

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has revolutionized industry through interconnected devices and intelligent applications. Leveraging the advancements in sixth-generation cellular networks (6G), the 6G-aided IIoT has demonstrated a superior performance across applications requiring low latency and high reliability, with image recognition being among the most pivotal. However, the existing algorithms often neglect the explainability of image recognition processes and fail to address the collaborative potential between edge computing servers. This paper proposes a novel method, IRCE (Intelligent Recognition with Collaborative Edges), designed to enhance the explainability and transferability in 6G-aided IIoT image recognition. By incorporating an explainable layer into the feature extraction network, IRCE provides visual prototypes that elucidate decision-making processes, fostering greater transparency and trust in the system. Furthermore, the integration of the local maximum mean discrepancy (LMMD) loss facilitates seamless transfer learning across geographically distributed edge servers, enabling effective domain adaptation and collaborative intelligence. IRCE leverages edge intelligence to optimize real-time performance while reducing computational costs and enhancing scalability. Extensive simulations demonstrate the superior accuracy, explainability, and adaptability of IRCE compared to those of the traditional methods. Moreover, its ability to operate efficiently in diverse environments highlights its potential for critical industrial applications such as smart manufacturing, remote diagnostics, and intelligent transportation systems. The proposed approach represents a significant step forward in achieving scalable, explainable, and transferable AI solutions for IIoT ecosystems. Full article

Background: Acrylic resin-based materials are a versatile category used extensively in various dental applications. Processed by current modern technologies, such as CAD/CAM technologies or 3D printing, these materials have revolutionized the field of dentistry for the efficient creation of dental devices. However, despite their extensive use, a limited number of comparative studies exist that investigate how different processing methods—such as traditional techniques, 3D printing, and CAD/CAM milling—impact the nano-mechanical behavior and internal porosity of these materials, which are critical for their long-term clinical performance. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nanomechanical properties (hardness, elasticity, and stiffness) and micro-porosity of acrylic resin-based materials indicated for temporary prosthodontic appliances manufactured by new technologies (milling, 3D printing) compared to traditional methods. Methods: The hardness, elasticity, and stiffness measurements were performed by the nano-metric indentation method (nanoindentation), and the quantitative morphological characterization of the porosity of the acrylic resin samples obtained by 3D printing and CAD/CAM milling was performed by micro-computed tomography. Results: According to nanomechanical investigations, CAD/CAM milling restorative specimens exhibited the greatest mechanical performances (E~5.233 GPa and H~0.315 GPa), followed by 3D printed samples, while the lowest mechanical properties were registered for the specimen fabricated by the traditional method (E~3.552 GPa, H~0.142 GPa). At the same time, the results of porosity studies (micro-CT) suggested that 3D printed specimens demonstrated a superior degree of porosity (temporary crown—22.93% and splints—8.94%) compared to CAD/CAM milling restorative samples (5.73%). Conclusions: The comparative analysis of these results allows for the optimal selection of the processing method in order to ensure the specific requirements of the various clinical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Digital prosthodontics increasingly utilize both additive (3D printing) and subtractive Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), yet comprehensive comparisons remain limited. This scoping review evaluates their relative performance across prosthodontic applications. Methods: Systematic searches (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, 2015–2025) identified 28 studies (27 in vitro, 1 retrospective). Data were extracted on accuracy, efficiency, materials, and outcomes. Results: CAD/CAM milling demonstrated superior accuracy for fixed prostheses, with marginal gaps for milled zirconia (123.89 ± 56.89 µm), comparable to optimized 3D-printed interim crowns (123.87 ± 67.42 µm, p = 0.760). For removable prostheses, milled denture bases achieved a trueness of 65 ± 6 µm, while SLA-printed dentures post-processed at 40 °C for 30 min showed the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) (30 min/40 °C group). Three-dimensional printing excelled in material efficiency (<5% waste vs. milling > 30–40%) and complex geometries, such as hollow-pontic fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) (2.0 mm wall thickness reduced gaps by 33%). Build orientation (45° for crowns, 30–45° for veneers) and post-processing protocols significantly influenced accuracy. Milled resins exhibited superior color stability (ΔE00: 1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 3D-printed: 4.5 ± 1.1, p < 0.05), while 3D-printed Co-Cr frameworks (SLM) showed marginal fits of 8.4 ± 3.2 µm, surpassing milling (130.3 ± 13.8 µm). Digital workflows reduced chairside time by 29% (154.31 ± 13.19 min vs. 218.00 ± 20.75 min). All methods met clinical thresholds (<120 µm gaps). Conclusions: Milling remains preferred for high-precision fixed prostheses, while 3D printing offers advantages in material efficiency, complex designs, and removable applications. Critical gaps include long-term clinical data and standardized protocols. Future research should prioritize hybrid workflows, advanced materials, and AI-driven optimization to bridge technical and clinical gaps. Full article

This article presents a methodology for developing a three-dimensional terrain model based on numerical data in the form of a point cloud, with an emphasis on reducing mesh surface errors and using a surface smoothing factor. Initial surface generation was based on a point cloud with a square mesh, and an adopted algorithm for mesh conversion to the input form for the computer aided design (CAD) environment was presented. The use of a bilinear interpolation algorithm was proposed to reduce defects in the three-dimensional surface created in the reverse engineering process. The terrain mapping accuracy analyses were performed for three samples of different geometry using two available options in the Siemens NX program. All obtained surfaces were subjected to shape deviation analysis. For each of the analyzed surfaces, changing the smoothing factor from 0% to 15% did not cause significant changes in accuracy depending on the method adopted. For flat regions, in the Uniform Density (UD) method, the size of the area outside the tolerance was 6.16%, and in the Variable Density (VD) method, it was within the range of 5.01–6%. For steep regions, in the UD method, it was 6.25%, and in the VD method, it was within the range of 5.39–6.47%, while for concave–convex regions, in the UD method, it was 6.5% and in the VD method, it was within the range of 4.96–6.36%. For a smoothing factor value of 20%, a sudden increase in the inaccuracy of the shape of the obtained surface was observed. For flat regions, in the Uniform Density (UD) method, the size of the area outside the tolerance was 69.84%, and in the Variable Density (VD) method, it was 71.62%. For steep regions, in the UD method, it was 76.07%, and in the VD method, it was 80.94%, while for concave–convex regions, in the UD method, it was 56.08%, and in the VD method, it was 62.38%. The developed methodology provided high accuracy in the reproduction of numerical data that can be used for further analyses and manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing. Based on the obtained data, three fused deposition model (FDM) prints were made, presenting each of the analyzed types of terrain geometry. Only FDM printing was used, and other technologies were not verified. Full article

In this design, foam packaging for consumer products is replaced by the kraft paper cushioning system. The kraft paper is made into a cylindrical structure, with small cylindrical structures pasted to its outer walls. The cylindrical structure can withstand a high amount of stress, internally and externally. These cylindrical structures’ center points make an imaginary equilateral triangle. Therefore, the applied load is distributed equally across the cylinders and hexagonal structures. We can replace foam packaging with this kraft paper packaging. This design is expected to provide a more eco-friendly product than a normal packaging system. The interior design for the kraft paper is created as integrated cylindrical structures designed using Computer Aided Drawing (CAD). Various tests, such as on compression, impact, and vibration, were carried out. In this design, stimulation, cost comparison of the design, and manufacturing feasibility were examined. Full article

This study investigates the applicability and advantages of using additive manufacturing to moderate heat generation in dry milling. Grinding medium balls of different sizes were designed and fabricated using computer-aided design (CAD) and a stereolithographic 3D printer. Milling processes with particle size distribution and warmup measurements were employed with the printed medium balls. The results were compared with the measurements executed with conventional stainless-steel balls. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to evaluate the effect of the warmup of the system during the milling process. A two-variable, three-level experimental design was used for the measurements. We selected two grinding parameters considered critical: speed and time. The effect of these two independent variables on heating was examined. The results show that if printed balls are applied with the same total mass as that of metal balls, the particle size reduction is increased. The greater the number of balls used, the greater the particle size reduction. In this process, where additively manufactured milling bodies were used, the temperature of the system increased by less than when stainless-steel balls were used. The use of 3D-printed medium balls demonstrated beneficial warmup behavior. Full article

Three-dimensional food printing (3DFP), a specialized application of additive manufacturing (AM), employs a layer-by-layer deposition process guided by digital image files to fabricate edible structures. Utilizing heavily modified 3D printers and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software technology allows for the precise creation of customized food items tailored to individual aesthetic preferences and nutritional requirements. Three-dimensional food printing holds significant potential in revolutionizing the food industry by enabling the production of personalized meals, enhancing the sensory dining experience, and addressing specific dietary constraints. Despite these promising applications, 3DFP remains one of the most intricate and technically demanding areas within AM, particularly in the context of modern gastronomy. Challenges such as the rheological behaviour of food materials, print stability, and the integration of cooking functions must be addressed to fully realize its capabilities. This article explores the possibilities of applying classical modified 3D printers in the food industry. The behaviour of certain recipes is also tested. Two test case scenarios are covered. The first scenario is the work and formation of a homogenized meat mass. The second scenario involves finding a chocolate recipe that is suitable for printing relatively detailed chocolate decorative elements. The current advancements, technical challenges, and future opportunities of 3DFP in the field of engineering, culinary innovation and nutritional science are also explored. Full article

Background/Objectives: Recently, a novel magnetic attachment system was introduced to improve performance. Using the same technology, a new ultra-thin magnetic attachment (UTMA) was possible to produce. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a magnet-retained telescopic partial denture (MTPD) utilizing the new UTMA. Methods: This in vitro study was performed using a titanium master model representing prepared lower first-premolar and second-molar abutment teeth. The inner crowns (ICs) (h: 4 mm, 4° taper) and four-unit MTPDs were fabricated via computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) using zirconia. A Ø4 mm UTMA system (magnet assembly and keeper thickness: 0.6 mm and 0.4 mm, respectively) was cemented into the MTPD and the ICs using dual-cure resin cement. A load of 100 N was applied along with 10,000 insertion–removal cycles. The MTPD retentive force was measured before and after every set of 1000 cycles. Stability tests and surface morphology evaluations were conducted before and after cycling. A paired t-test (α = 0.05) was used to observe statistical differences. Results: The average retentive force of the MTPD was 6.86 ± 0.63 N and did not change significantly (p > 0.05) following the load cycles (6.66 ± 0.79 N). The MTPD demonstrated adequate stability under the occlusal load. Minimal deformations were observed on the magnet assemblies, keepers, ICs, and MTPD surfaces after the load tests. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of this study, an MTPD utilizing novel UTMAs fabricated through a digital workflow demonstrated adequate retentive force, stability, and durability for clinical use. Full article

This study investigates a heavy-duty CNC machine tool crossbeam casting manufactured by a leading heavy machine tool producer. A numerical simulation model for the demolding process was developed using proprietary Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) software. The experimental validation of the residual stress was performed using the blind-hole method on the guide rail mounting surface. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, revealing that the post-demolding simulations exhibited smaller fluctuations than the pre-demolding predictions. The maximum principal stress prediction resulted in an absolute error of 11.8%, effectively reflecting the residual stress distribution for casting design and production optimization. Full article

The design of scaffolds and prostheses benefits from the opportunities provided by additive manufacturing technologies. Specifically, scaffold design using cellular structures based on lattices has become a significant focus. These lattice-based scaffolds exhibit intricate and complex shapes with controlled macro-porosity. In this study, a method is presented that enables the modeling of a graded-density lattice structure for material extrusion additive manufacturing, without relying on a geometric lattice model. The methodology utilizes computed tomography (CT) scans as inputs to obtaining a 3D scalar field and a surface model. The lattice structure is designed and generated within the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software, ensuring consistent machine toolpaths. The 3D scalar field, representing a relative density map derived from CT Hounsfield units, drives the variation of the extrusion parameters generated by the CAM, achieving a graded-density lattice. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, a section of a human femur bone with a lattice with a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid pattern was designed and 3D-printed, replicating the relative density of the target tissue. Full article

The aim of this research work was to develop and experimentally validate tools to support the design and manufacture of systems that recover electrical energy from mechanical vibrations using non-classical composite piezoelectric transducers. For this purpose, a mathematical model of this type of system was developed, which was then combined with computer-aided engineering tools and the application of the finite element method. In order to verify the obtained results, a test rig was set up to test the vibrations of the system under consideration and its energy efficiency. The results obtained were collated to determine the accuracy of the simulating the operation of piezoelectric transducers acting as electricity generators. The developed tools can be used to support engineering work in the design and manufacture of systems for the recovery of electrical energy from mechanical vibrations, with a view to maximising their operating efficiency under the assumed operating conditions. Full article