Search Results (8,636)

Background: Despite the frequent occurrence of ankle injuries, there is no consensus among orthopedic surgeons regarding the diagnosis and treatment of syndesmotic injuries. This study evaluates the clinical and radiological outcomes of three-cortex syndesmotic fixation in Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures (with or without medial malleolus involvement) associated with syndesmotic injury. Material and Method: This study analyzed thirty-six (36) patients with Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures treated between 2011 and 2022. All underwent open reduction and fixation with plates and screws for malleolar fractures, along with a 3.5 mm cortical syndesmosis fixation using three cortical engagements. Preoperative and postoperative radiological findings and final functional ankle assessments were reviewed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to assess inter- and intra-observer agreement for tibiofibular clear space (TFCS), tibiofibular overlap (TFO), medial clear space (MCS), and anterior tibiofibular ratio (ATFR) measurements. The functional status of the ankle has been assessed using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.56 ± 16.23 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 20.89 ± 24.93 months. Postoperative AOFAS scores averaged 91.08 ± 9.90. The inter-observer agreement for preoperative assessments was excellent across all parameters (ICC > 0.9). However, in the postoperative period, inter-observer agreement for ATFR measurement was poor (ICC < 0.5), while agreement for all other parameters remained excellent (ICC > 0.9). Intra-observer comparisons of preoperative (pre-op) and postoperative (post-op) measurements were poor across all parameters (ICC < 0.5); this can be attributed to the success of reduction, reflecting the positive directional change on all parameters. After an average follow-up of 20 months, four radiological parameters showed significant differences, indicating enhanced stability and reduced diastasis. Conclusions: Three-cortex syndesmotic screw fixation in Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures with syndesmotic injuries yielded excellent mid-term radiological and functional outcomes. Full article

Seismic lines are among the most widespread anthropogenic disturbances in Alberta’s boreal peatlands, where repeated petroleum-exploration surveys can alter surface morphology, hydrology, and recovery potential. Although low-impact seismic (LIS) techniques are designed to minimize ground disturbance, the long-term consequences of re-using existing lines remain poorly understood. This study used remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS)-based LiDAR and optical imagery to examine how peatland microtopography and hydrology evolve following repeated seismic surveys. We quantified four attributes—ground depression, hummock cover, depth to water, and surface water cover—across new seismic lines (cut in 2021), old seismic lines (cut in 1996), and re-disturbance (cut in 1996, re-cut in 2021) LIS lines, as well as adjacent undisturbed peatland, in a boreal fen of northern Alberta. New disturbances were depressed by approximately 10 cm relative to the surrounding peatland and exhibited reduced microtopographic variability. Hummock cover decreased from 21% in the matrix to 6% on new disturbances. Old disturbances showed greater heterogeneity than new disturbances, with hummock cover partially recovering to 14% and surface water increasing from 7% to 27%, reflecting greater spatial heterogeneity in surface conditions. Re-disturbances exhibited microtopographic conditions similar to or more degraded than old disturbances, with hummock cover reduced to 2% and persistently high surface water cover (27%). These patterns suggest that repeated seismic surveys may limit recovery and maintain altered hydrological and microtopographic conditions. Within the context of this case study, even narrow LIS corridors were associated with persistent alterations when re-used, highlighting the importance of considering re-use effects when developing management strategies for peatland ecosystems. RPAS data provide an effective means to quantify these fine-scale changes and inform peatland restoration and seismic line management. Full article

Early diagnosis of cognitive decline is vital for timely treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet standard clinical assessments often miss subtle longitudinal language changes. We propose a hierarchical hybrid intelligence framework integrating long-context language modeling, temporal progression, semantic graph reasoning, psycholinguistic biomarkers, and contrastive progression learning to classify patient states (Normal, MCI, AD) from longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) notes. The model was trained on 4500 patients and 68,000 clinical notes from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) and externally validated on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) clinical notes dataset (5200 patients, 72,000 notes). Inputs combined Biomedical and Clinical Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BioClinicalBERT) embeddings, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) temporal encodings, Graph Sample and Aggregate (GraphSAGE)-based Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concept graphs, and psycholinguistic vectors (lexical diversity, grammatical complexity, discourse coherence). On the MIMIC-III hold-out set, the model achieved 99.999% accuracy, a macro F1-score of 0.999, a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC) of 0.999, and a temporal stability variance of 0.0008. Monte Carlo cross-validation (10,000 folds) yielded $99.997\pm 0.003$% accuracy and $0.999\pm 0.001$ macro F1. Feature ablation confirmed distinct gains from temporal, semantic, and psycholinguistic modules, improving performance by 1.1% over text-only baselines. Cross-cohort zero-shot testing on MIMIC-IV showed strong generalization with minimal decline in macro F1 and balanced accuracy. Explainability analyses, such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) token/concept attribution, attention maps, counterfactual perturbations, and psycholinguistic importance, revealed clinically interpretable markers, such as pronoun overuse, reduced lexical diversity, and syntactic simplification, as predictors of decline. Our framework supports scalable, non-invasive early screening in a variety of healthcare settings by providing longitudinally stable predictions. Full article

Colloidal crystals are periodic arrays of monodisperse particles that exhibit optical stopbands, which can be experimentally observed as a Bragg reflection characterized by a specific Bragg wavelength and width. Precise control of these characteristic parameters is essential for applications in structural color materials, sensors, and tunable photonic crystals. Although the Bragg reflection wavelength can be widely tuned by adjusting the lattice spacing via changes in particle size and concentration, controlling the width over a wide range—such as through expansion—is challenging because it is intrinsically determined by the refractive index contrast between the colloidal particles and their surrounding medium. In this study, the Bragg reflection width of non-close-packed colloidal crystals immobilized in an elastomer film was successfully expanded by adjusting the photoinitiator concentration and ultraviolet light intensity for photopolymerization. Expansion was attributed to the superposition of Bragg reflections at different wavelengths, resulting from spatial variations in the lattice spacings of the non-close-packed colloidal crystals formed during photopolymerization. Owing to the solvent-free and highly flexible nature of the elastomer-immobilized, non-close-packed colloidal crystal film, the Bragg reflection wavelength was readily tuned by mechanical compression while maintaining the expanded Bragg reflection width, thereby advancing the practical applications of structural color materials. Full article

Climate change-induced abiotic stress, particularly heat and drought during olive oil accumulation, significantly threatens the productivity and oil quality of olive trees (Olea europaea L.). This study investigated the efficacy of pre-harvest elicitation using the biostimulants harpin and chitosan (both as commercially available products) under summer conditions in Greece, in commercially productive rainfed groves of cv. ‘Megaritiki’. Multivariate analysis (PCA and factor analysis) revealed that pre-harvest application of these elicitors successfully balanced the trade-off between oil yield and quality. Both harpin and chitosan maintained hydrolytic (free acidity—0.25 and 0.29 g oleic acid 100 g⁻¹, respectively, compared to 0.56 g oleic acid 100 g⁻¹ in the control) and primary oxidative markers (peroxides—4.16 and 4.16 meq O₂ kg⁻¹, respectively, compared to 5.20 meq O₂ kg⁻¹ in the control) at exceptionally low levels compared to untreated trees. The treatments induced a distinctive metabolic shift regarding volatile compounds governed by the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Harpin application was strongly associated with complex floral and fruity volatile compounds (2-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexenal) and a high α-tocopherol concentration (38.58 mg kg⁻¹ compared to 23.12 mg kg⁻¹ in the control), suggesting an enhanced physiological response in favor of oil quality attributes. Conversely, chitosan elevated the oxidative stability of the oil by increasing total phenol concentration (by almost 97% compared to the control) and prioritizing the accumulation of the stable monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid—increased by 12.5% compared to the control) over polyunsaturated ones (linoleic acid), while endowing the oil with desirable “green freshness” aromas (cis-3-hexenal). These results demonstrate that elicitation with harpin and chitosan is a potent tool for sustainably enhancing extra virgin olive oil quality under rainfed conditions in Greece, steering fruit metabolism toward a premium nutraceutical and sensory profile and enhancing the functional properties of the oil (phenol content, antioxidant capacity, monounsaturated fatty acids, α-tocopherol and squalene). Full article

Extreme drought events are increasingly destabilizing European lowland oak forests, yet within-stand variation in drought legacy effects remains poorly characterized. This study integrates UAV-LiDAR canopy structural analysis with a 68-year dendrochronological record (1952–2019) to examine divergent radial growth responses to the 2012 extreme drought in Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) forests of Vojvodina, northern Serbia. LiDAR scanning (Wingtra Gen II, 90 m altitude, spring 2024) enabled objective classification of 180 increment cores from 90 trees across four 5–7 ha experimental plots into two structural zones: a preserved-structure zone (PS; gap fraction ≤ 10%) and a disturbed-structure zone (DS; gap fraction > 10%). Ring width index (RWI) chronologies were developed using the modified negative exponential function and analyzed with linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) incorporating AR(1) temporal autocorrelation. Lloret resilience indices (a reference window of seven years) were computed per individual tree and compared between zones using Mann–Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. The key finding is a statistically significant zone × period interaction in all four plots (p = 0.0009–0.033): DS zone trees exhibited a marked post-drought RWI increase (mean +0.22–0.36 units; t-test p < 0.0001 in all plots), while PS zone trees showed no significant post-drought change (p = 0.147–0.258). Pooled Lloret analysis revealed significantly higher recovery (Rt: DS median = 1.693 vs. PS = 1.237; U = 1633, p < 0.0001, r = 0.532) and resilience (Rs: DS = 1.232 vs. PS = 0.932; U = 1574, p < 0.0001, r = 0.482), while resistance (Rc) did not differ between zones (p = 0.569), indicating that DS zone trees were equally susceptible to the drought but recovered far more strongly. The equivalence of Rc between zones critically implies that divergent post-drought trajectories cannot be attributed to differential drought tolerance but instead reflect a structural mechanism operating exclusively in the post-drought period. These results are consistent with a competition release mechanism: drought-induced canopy gap formation in DS zones reduced inter-tree competition for surviving trees, enabling accelerated radial growth recovery. Full article

Folic acid, an essential vitamin for human health, plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and functional stability, and its absorption is frequently impaired in Crohn’s disease, where it is closely associated with clinical complications and nutritional management. Nevertheless, the quantitative relationship between the complex multiscale architecture of intestinal villi, their morphological dynamics, and the efficiency of folic acid absorption remains insufficiently understood, primarily because existing studies rely on oversimplified representations of villous geometry and neglect the internal vascular structure, thereby limiting their ability to capture the coupled transport processes within individual villi. While existing studies have considered the influence of villous morphology on intestinal absorption, they generally rely on oversimplified representations and do not account for the internal structural organization of villi. This study aims to elucidate the quantitative relationship between villous multiscale architecture and folic acid absorption efficiency under pathological conditions of Crohn’s disease. Herein, a two-dimensional multiphysics numerical model is developed that integrates the external environment of intestinal villi with their internal microstructure, simulating folic acid transport via diffusion and Michaelis–Menten kinetics, coupled with convection–diffusion in the microvascular network under Stokes flow conditions. We find a reduction in villus height to 400 μm or local blood flow velocity to 0.01 mm/s leads to a marked decrease in folic acid absorption capacity, by approximately 57% and 50%, respectively. These changes are primarily attributed to inflammation-induced villus atrophy, which reduces the effective absorptive surface area. Furthermore, reduced blood flow velocity lowers the Peclet number, facilitating the accumulation of folic acid within the villi, which in turn further reduces the efficiency of folic acid absorption. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of how diseases affect the absorptive function of intestinal villi and provides a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanisms of the gut. Full article

We analyze the evolution of atmospheric and surface physical properties over the region of the Earth observed by the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites during the period 2005–2024. Long-term changes are detected in the observed radiances, with a decrease in the solar domain (−1.3%) and an increase in the thermal infrared domain (+0.4%), consistent with trends reported by independent broadband radiometers such as CERES. The outgoing solar radiance (OSR) exhibits a marked decline, which we associate with a reduction in low-level cloud cover within the nominal Meteosat field of view (MFoV) centered at 0° longitude. Changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration also contribute to the observed radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Instrument calibration stability and inter-satellite homogenization across the MSG series are explicitly addressed, enabling the detection of robust interdecadal signals. By subdividing the MFoV into 60 regional sectors, we characterize spatial variations in cloud amount at low and high atmospheric levels and relate these changes to regional TOA radiative imbalances and concurrent variations in Atlantic sea surface temperature (SSTs). The spectral information provided by SEVIRI allows a more detailed attribution of radiative changes than broadband observations alone from other instruments. In particular, radiances measured in the atmospheric split-window region near 11 µm are shown to be sensitive to variations in low-tropospheric humidity, which exhibits a widespread decadal-scale increase. The results indicate a close coupling between cloud-cover changes, radiative fluxes, and SST evolution on the recent interdecadal time scale. The observed decrease in low-level total cloud cover is independently in line with ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data. These findings highlight the value of long, stable geostationary observations for investigating atmosphere–ocean interactions and their role in regional climate variability. Full article

Under continuous erosion of dynamic water pressure generated by vehicle–water–pavement coupling interaction, asphalt mixture will gradually deteriorate and severe moisture damage finally emerges. The fine aggregate mixture (FAM) component is notably eroded and stripped, while the aggregate component even cracks sometimes. Sufficient attention has not been paid to these critical phenomena. This study employed the 3D laser scanning technique to detect changes in surface roughness of the asphalt mixture before and after it was eroded by dynamic water pressure. The degree of erosion of the asphalt mixture, FAM component, and aggregate component were thereby evaluated. The influences of experimental parameters such as water temperature and pore water pressure magnitude, as well as variable parameters including lithology and asphalt type, were also taken into account. By integrating the detection of physical and mechanical properties evolution of aggregates, the mechanism of moisture damage was comprehensively illustrated from the perspectives of both components of FAM and aggregate. The findings revealed that the 3D laser scanning technique could clearly detect and quantitatively assess the morphological changes on the asphalt mixture surface after been eroded in dynamic water pressure. Both types of asphalt mixtures exhibited varying degrees of erosion and wear, and obvious increases in surface unevenness were observed in each case. Variations in either temperature or pore water pressure magnitude showed limited influence on moisture damage in basalt-based asphalt mixture. In contrast, moisture damage sustained by limestone-based asphalt mixture was notably sensitive to temperature changes but remained largely insensitive to fluctuations in pore water pressure magnitude. The increase in surface roughness of asphalt mixture was primarily attributed to the scouring action of dynamic water pressure, which removed the FAM component surrounding coarse aggregate particles. Degradation in coarse aggregate particles would lead to the deterioration of the entire asphalt mixture. The compatibility between the stripping rate of FAM component and the deterioration rate of coarse aggregate governed the macroscopic manifestation of overall moisture damage in the asphalt mixture. Full article

Previous studies on velvet antler processing have mainly evaluated single techniques, and systematic comparisons of processing combinations are limited. This study investigated the effects of different processing combinations on the nutritional composition and physicochemical properties of velvet antler from red deer and sika deer. A 2 × 2 factorial design was applied: Blood-Retained vs. Blood-Removed and Boiled/Fried (zhuzha; no deep-frying) vs. Vacuum Freeze-Dried. In this study, Boiled/Fried was treated as a single processing method. The four processing combinations were analyzed as independent groups using one-way ANOVA. Additionally, two-way ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the main effects of pretreatment, dehydration method, and their interaction on the measured indices. To account for species background, a three-way ANOVA (species × pretreatment × dehydration) was further conducted for key indices. Moisture, crude protein, ash, and crude fat contents were determined. All composition-related indices were evaluated on both wet-weight and dry-weight bases to distinguish moisture-driven concentration or dilution effects from processing-related retention changes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted for multivariate evaluation. Spearman’s rank correlation was used for association analysis, and Pearson’s correlation with linear regression was applied to quantify linear relationships (reported as r). Freeze-drying significantly reduced moisture content (p < 0.01) and increased crude protein content (p < 0.05). PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated clear compositional separation among the four processing combinations, with moisture and crude protein as the main contributors (cumulative explained variance > 83%). The effects of Blood-Retained and Blood-Removed treatments differed between species. Three-way ANOVA indicated significant species-dependent effects (e.g., species × pretreatment and or species × dehydration interactions), while the pretreatment × dehydration interaction was significant for TAAs. In the Boiled/Fried groups, total amino acid content (TAA) decreased with increasing moisture. In the Freeze-Dried groups, moisture was significantly negatively correlated with TAAs in the Blood-Retained treatment (Pearson r = −0.886, p < 0.05), whereas no significant correlation was observed in the Blood-Removed treatment (r = 0.429, p > 0.05). Wet- versus dry-basis comparisons indicated that some between-treatment differences were attributable to moisture-related concentration or dilution effects, whereas differences persisting on a dry basis more directly reflected processing-related nutrient retention. Processing combinations produced species-dependent effects in velvet antler. The three-way ANOVA supported species-dependent pretreatment effects and confirmed that the influence of blood retention or removal on amino acid outcomes was contingent on the dehydration regime (pretreatment × dehydration for TAAs). From an application standpoint, no single processing route is universally optimal across all quality attributes; freeze-drying provides a robust baseline, whereas the choice of blood retention or removal should be made in a target-oriented manner (e.g., physicochemical stability versus protein and amino acid retention) while accounting for species background and interaction effects. Therefore, these findings provide a scientific basis for improving product quality, processing efficiency, and standardization in China’s velvet antler industry. Full article

Apple firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity (TTA) were modeled when fruit were kept under cold storage and shelf-life conditions. These attributes are key indicators of fruit quality, storability, and organoleptic properties. Apple fruit of the ‘Irene’ cultivar were stored at 1 °C for 7 months, with quality assessed monthly and after 7 days of shelf life. Models based on the Storage Time Equivalent Value (STEV) were applied to predict firmness, SSC, and TTA as functions of time in cold storage and shelf life. Rates of change were higher during shelf life, with acceleration factors of 5.78 for firmness, 6.50 for SSC, and 5.51 for TTA. Model performance was high (R²_CV = 0.977, RMSE_CV = 1.16 N for firmness; R²_CV = 0.862, RMSE_CV = 0.29 °Brix for SSC; R²_CV = 0.978, RMSE_CV = 0.155 g L⁻¹ for TTA). The proposed approach integrates cold storage and shelf life into a single predictive framework. The unified STEV models, incorporating acceleration factors, show potential for forecasting the shelf life of ‘Irene’ apples. Full article

Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive technology for desalination driven by renewable energy and low-grade heat sources. However, specific practical guidelines for intermittent operations, typical of such alternative energy sources, are still limited—particularly with respect to established shutdown measures to mitigate adverse effects on the overall system performance. The present study compares continuous and intermittent air-gap MD desalination at a lab-scale by evaluating performance parameters and scaling development. Apart from a slightly lower distillate productivity and a similar distillate quality under intermittent conditions, no direct difference in MD performance between continuous and intermittent experiments was detected. Nevertheless, online monitoring by image analysis with optical coherence tomography revealed more advanced scaling development during intermittent operation, with larger scaling volumes and cover ratios, particularly after implementing a membrane rinsing and preservation protocol with demineralized water. Membrane autopsies revealed that intermittency led to alterations in the development of the crystal morphology of predominantly CaCO₃ scaling. These changes were attributed to enhanced nucleation and modified growth kinetics triggered by recurring shutdown and start-up phases. Overall, the findings showed that intermittency had an adverse effect in terms of scaling behavior, highlighting the need for operating protocols tailored to each specific MD application. Full article

The damage caused by herbivores is generally measured as the amount of leaf tissue consumed, without accounting for the fate of the leftover tissue. As a result, the plant defense mechanisms that promote resistance to herbivore feeding by photosynthetically acclimating the rest of the plant to the feeding spot leaf area have not been well exploited. Plant-insect interactions are now becoming better defined with the development of visualization methods that permit spatial whole-leaf assessment of photosynthetic efficiency after herbivore attack. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of photosystem II (PSII) function at the whole-leaf level before and after herbivory by the Colorado potato beetles. Twenty minutes after Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) feeding, the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly, suggesting photoinhibition due to reduced efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The decreased quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ_PSII) after feeding, at the neighboring area of the feeding spot and at the rest of the leaf area, was attributed to the reduced efficiency of the open PSII reaction centers (Fv′/Fm′), since there was no change in the fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp). Nevertheless, plant defense elicitation was activated by the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that reduced the singlet oxygen (¹O₂) formation in potato plants in the neighboring area of the feeding spot and at the rest of the leaf area. In addition, the increased production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) triggered by this increase suggests that it acted as a signaling molecule in the biotic stress defense response. Full article

In the current study, the dielectric behavior of ternary mixtures composed of glycerol and water with various salt additives is investigated over a frequency range that extends from 0.5 to 20 GHz and at temperatures between 5 and 55 °C. The investigated mixtures consisted of glycerol and water with glycerol volume ratios of 20%, 40%, and 60%. To explore the salt addition’s effect on the dielectric properties, different moderate ionic strengths of glycerol–water mixtures were prepared with NaCl concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 M for the same glycerol volume ratios. The ion-specific effects on the dielectric properties were investigated for prepared mixtures with a 0.10 M concentration of Na₂SO₃, NaNO₃, and KCl for the 20% glycerol ratio to explore ions with different charge density and hydration tendencies. Using dielectric spectroscopy, the frequency dependence of the real (${\epsilon }^{\prime }$) and imaginary (${\epsilon }^{″}$) dielectric constants was measured, and the associated dielectric parameters were extracted using the Cole–Cole model. This study shows that increasing the salt concentration results in a slight decrease in ${\epsilon }^{\prime }$ while ${\epsilon }^{″}$ increases dramatically, especially at lower frequencies, due to enhanced DC conductivity. An isopermittivity behavior is observed in ${\epsilon }^{\prime }$ as the temperature changes across all mixtures, and it is found to be insensitive to the addition of salt, indicating that it is mainly dictated by the glycerol–water dipolar relaxation network. Among the tested mixtures is the 20% glycerol mixture with 0.10 M KCl, which exhibits the highest ${\epsilon }^{″}$ value in the low-frequency range, attributed to its relatively high DC conductivity. Additionally, the dielectric properties of mixtures with higher glycerol ratios are found to be less sensitive to the addition of salt due to their high viscosity and the higher structured solvent network, which collectively limit ionic mobility and suppress changes in dielectric response. Full article

De Haan and Dahm have recently proposed a “Middle Way” to reconcile the long-standing conflict between Corruptionists and Survivalists in the ancient Thomistic debate over the personhood of the separated soul. While the Middle Way avoids some difficulties with the traditional positions, it relies on the unstable notion of an “incomplete person.” Building on the Middle Way’s insights, this paper proposes a “Mixed View.” Based on “Single-Part-Composition”, “Composition as Non-Identity”, “the Criterion of the Numerical Identity of Substances”, and the three criteria of personhood analyzed by De Haan and Dahm, I argue that the separated soul solely composes a substance that is numerically identical to the pre-mortem substance. This post-mortem substance satisfies the criteria for personhood but no longer under the species of human being, and the soul itself is not a person. The Mixed View preserves personal continuity without attributing personhood (complete or incomplete) to the soul, while also retaining the metaphysical seriousness of death as a substantial change, the abhorrence of death and the necessity of Resurrection. Full article