Existing research indicates that different types of meat have varying effects on health and aging, but the specific causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between different types of meat intake and ag...
The potential relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and candidiasis is of concern due to the respective characteristics of these conditions, yet the exact causal link between the two remains uncertain and requires further investigation. In this...
A plant-based diet (PBD) has been reported to be linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in observational studies, but not in causal association studies. We aimed to examine the hypothesis that high PBD exhibited a causal and inverse association wit...
The existing research on testing Porter’s hypothesis has not considered the selective bias in the sample when establishing a model. However, the selective bias is likely to cause instability of estimation results and reduce the reference value of con...
The causal relationships between spot and futures crude oil prices have attracted the attention of many researchers in the past several decades. Most of the studies, however, do not distinguish among the various oil market situations in analyses of l...
The paper analyzes the relationship between the most popular cryptocurrencies and a range of selected fiat currencies, in order to identify any pattern and/or causality between the series. Cryptocurrencies are a hot topic in Finance due to their stri...
Modeling risk management systems in construction projects is a complex process because of various internal and external factors and their interrelationships. Fuzzy system dynamics (FSD) have been commonly employed to model and analyze construction ri...
The Granger causality test is essential for detecting lead–lag relationships between time series. Traditionally, one uses a linear version of the test, essentially based on a linear time series regression, itself being based on autocorrelations...
Adiponectin (APN) is suggested to be a potential biomarker for predicting diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk, but the association between APN and DR has been inconsistent in observational studies. We used a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evalua...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the causal effects of circulating plasma proteins on ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to explore potential therapeutic targets. Methods: The study used protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) for thou...
Epidemiological studies have reported a comorbid relationship between headache and thyroid traits; however, little is known about the shared genetics and causality that contributes to this association. We investigated the genetic overlap and associat...
Oppositional defiant symptoms are some of the most common developmental symptoms in children and adolescents with and without oppositional defiant disorder. Research has addressed the close association of the parent–child relationship (PCR) wit...
Purpose: As online social platforms have increasingly become a key arena for enterprises to disseminate information, enhancing the heat of enterprise positive topic on such platforms plays a critical role in improving brand value and achieving high-q...
With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, construction technology innovation through high-tech convergence is actively taking place, and the smart construction technology market is growing rapidly. However, as it focuses on the use of indi...
A growing number of studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction serves as a pathological mechanism for periodontitis. Therefore, this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was carried out to explore the causal associations between mitocho...
Background: Patients with angina are often suffering from comorbidities such as varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. However, the impact of angina on the incidence of hepatic failure (HF) remains unclear. Methods: The genetic data were retrieved f...
The relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and water use change is one of the key issues for China’s sustainable development, as rapid urbanization and continuous economic growth are accompanied by a steady water stress. Thus, we applied...
More than eight billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally so far and 44.29% of people are fully vaccinated. Pre-authorization clinical trials were carried out and the safety of vaccines is still continuously monitored through...
Background: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is a type of cholecystitis with high mortality rate while its pathogenesis remains complex. Choline is one of the essential nutrients and is related to several diseases. This study aimed to explore the...
In this paper, we employ reanalysis data to systematically investigate the development of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), thereby distinguishing the SST–wind causal relationship during IOD development. The results indicate that the variations in...
Organizations are transforming their linear models into circular models in order to become more sustainable. Remanufacturing is an essential element of the circular model; thus, there is an urgent need to adopt remanufacturing. It can offer organizat...
Objective: This study explores the potential causal association between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and tumor development using Mendelian randomization (MR) based on drug targets. Methods: Instrumental variables within...
This study explored the potential causal relationship between ibuprofen (IBU) use and the risk of developing osteoarthritis, a prevalent joint disorder characterized by pain and stiffness. We conducted a two-sample MR analysis using four distinct OA...
Gout is a form of prevalent and painful inflammatory arthritis characterized by elevated serum urate (SUA) levels. The gut microbiota (GM) is believed to influence the development of gout and SUA levels. Our study aimed to explore the causal relation...
Previous research has shown an association between body dissatisfaction and attentional biases toward the body, but the nature of this relationship is not clear. It is possible that dissatisfaction causes attentional bias or that dissatisfaction is a...
Disordered eating contributes to weight gain, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the precise mechanisms underlying the development of different eating patterns and connecting them to specific metabolic phenotypes remain unclear. We aimed to iden...
Background/Objectives: Elevated serum uric acid levels are associated with the occurrence, development, and adverse events of coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD risk factors. However, the extent of any pathogenic effect of the serum uric acid on CH...
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function is crucial for understanding the structure and processes of subtropical forest ecosystems. However, the extent to which biodiversity influences subtropical forest biomass remains unclear. T...
Knowledge of causal relationships is fundamental for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of ecological systems. To detect such relationships from multivariate time series, Granger causality, an idea first developed in econometrics, has been formulat...
Objective: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with a variety of gut microbiotas. We aim to analyze the causal relationship between the two at the genetic level. Methods: Mendelian randomization (MR) is a type of instrumental variables (IVs) an...
Both chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and stroke contribute to a high burden of disease in the majority of low- and middle-income countries. Epidemiological studies yield conflicting results on the association between CHB and stroke, and the causal relation...
Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is caused by an imbalance between the catabolic and anabolic processes within intervertebral disc tissue. Several studies have suggested a potential association between cerebrospinal fluid metabolit...
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are as...
Background: Some studies have shown that dietary factors can influence the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). This study aimed to investigate whether dietary factors and habits are associated with intracranial aneurysms using Mendelian rando...
The main goal of scientific research is to explain what causes a phenomenon. However, only well-controlled studies guarantee sufficient internal validity to support causal explanations (i.e., experimental and some quasi-experimental designs). The use...
Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between non-communicable diseases (NCDs), obesity, and health expenditure is crucial for developing effective public health policies, particularly in light of the rising global burden of NCDs and...
While observational studies show an association between 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations and depressive symptoms, intervention studies, which examine the preventive effects of vitamin D supplementation on the development of depression, are lacking. To...
Southeast Asian region is fast growing in terms of economy with rapid population growth, high energy consumption, and pollution. Understanding these linkages are crucial to guidance of appropriate policy. This study aims to examine the causal relatio...
Applying a mixed theoretical approach, this paper addresses the causal relationship between the presence of women on steering committees (SC) and in senior management positions and the firm’s stock return, measured through the price–earni...
The relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency is complex, with evidence mostly from studies affected by confounding and reverse causality. We examined the causality and direction of the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D...
Background/Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the potential causal relationship between uterine fibroids (UF) and breast cancer (BC) using genetic data in East Asian populations. Methods: We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendel...
Based on the theory of planned behavior, this study identifies the causal relationship between attitudinal factors and intention to use transportation mode. A structural equation model was developed based on twelve hypotheses. The main findings and i...
Purpose: To explore relationships with post-event workday loss in U.S. underground coal mines using Grouped Greedy Equivalence Search (GGES), a prior-knowledge-constrained extension of GES. Methods: The analysis utilizes data obtained from the Nation...
Background: As urbanization progresses, the resulting air pollution has become an increasingly severe public health issue, known to exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies suggest that it may also affect blood coagulation m...
Membrane fouling caused by many direct and indirect triggering factors has become an obstacle to the application of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The nonlinear relationship between those factors is subject to complex causality or affiliation, which is...
The controversy over the link between noodle consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) persists. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we aimed to examine the potential causal relationship between noodle consumption and the risk o...
Background/Objectives: Observational studies suggest a link between vascular calcification and dementia or cognitive decline, but the evidence is conflicting, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigate the shared genetic and caus...
The accelerated urbanization process has been considered to be the root cause of increasingly severe energy consumption growth in China. However, energy is still an essential factor for the urbanization process, so arbitrarily mitigating energy use c...
Background/Objectives: Epilepsy and sleep disturbances frequently co-occur, yet the causal nature of this relationship remains uncertain, particularly in relation to epilepsy subtypes and status epilepticus. We investigated potential bidirectional ca...
This research investigates the responsiveness of climate and low-carbon (green) stock returns to oil prices and conventional energy stock returns, focusing on both contemporaneous and causal relationships, during an oil crisis. Two methodologies are...
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