Search Results (217)

Evidence on the environmental and socio-economic harms linked to plastic pollution has prompted major governance responses, including the 2019 Basel Convention amendments on plastic waste and the start of negotiations on a global plastics treaty in 2022. In parallel, many jurisdictions have introduced minimum recycled-content requirements to curb virgin-material demand and strengthen circularity in plastics. Yet trade statistics show that plastic scrap is only a small fraction of cross-border flows of secondary (recyclable) materials. Policy debates are also increasingly focused on non-plastic alternatives for packaging and other uses, but these substitutes can carry substantial upstream and downstream burdens that may match or exceed plastics depending on production pathways and end-of-life management. This article contrasts global trade patterns for secondary plastics, textiles, paper, and ferrous metals, and highlights how governance frameworks have centered disproportionately on plastics. We argue that the momentum from plastic-waste controls and recycled-content mandates should be used to build more systemic policies that also cover other material streams; otherwise, interventions may simply displace impacts to substitute materials and weaken circular-economy objectives. Full article

China’s land border areas have both important ecological barrier functions and tourism development potential. Under the dual requirements of protection and development, it is necessary to scientifically identify the spatial matching status of ecology and tourism in this area. This paper takes the land border provinces of China as the research area to construct an evaluation indicators system for ecological resilience and tourism economy. Empirical methods such as spatial mismatch index were adopted to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and spatial mismatch relationship of the two from 2009 to 2019. This research finds that the spatial overlap of the two in the research area is relatively low. The spatial mismatch between the two has undergone a complete transformation from “leading in ecological resilience” to “leading in tourism economy”. The results show that in the current Chinese land border areas, the development of the tourism economy has outpaced ecological resilience. In the future, relevant policy measures should be formulated based on the effects of different influencing factors to coordinate ecological protection and tourism development in border areas and better serve the strategic needs of China’s ecological advancement and “dual carbon” goals. Full article

Given the focus of this publication, most of the works included are case studies that address different issues related to the development of border areas: energy transition, food sufficiency, tourism development, social capital, the balance between innovation and tradition in primary production systems, digital economy, etc [...] Full article

This work presents the transition of Western Macedonia from a lignite-dominated energy model to a sustainable system based on renewable resources, with particular emphasis on the interlinked roles of policy, regulation, and financing. The analysis is centered on the utilization of biomass and residual waste for district heating applications, highlighting the contribution of the Just Transition Fund and the Greek Green Fund. The study also evaluates the regulatory and institutional frameworks that either support or hinder renewable energy deployment, while embedding the principles of circular economy and cross-border cooperation. The insights derived serve as a reference point for regions undergoing similar post-coal transitions, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable energy integration underpinned by policy alignment and financial cohesion. Full article

Rapid advances in digital technologies are reshaping value creation and the trade landscape of global financial services, yet the channels through which they influence the spatial evolution of financial services global value chains (GVCs) remain insufficiently identified. Using a global panel of 52 countries over 2013–2021, we estimate a dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to identify overall effects and quantify spatial spillovers and temporal dynamics. We then combine Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) with spatial mediation models to examine heterogeneity and underlying mechanisms. Our findings show that digital technology significantly drives the spatial evolution of financial services GVCs. Its influence is dominated by spatial diffusion, exhibiting a dynamic pattern of a strong short-run boost followed by long-run reallocation. This dynamic effect is not homogeneous; rather, it reflects a pronounced dual-driver structure: the momentum is more robust when human capital and R&D output reinforce each other, whereas increases in innovation level alone are unlikely to translate into sustained impetus for spatial restructuring. Crucially, digital technologies reshape GVC geography through three core channels: attenuating distance decay, strengthening spatial proximity, and amplifying spatial heterogeneity. These forces deepen the domestic diffusion of knowledge, capital, and technology and extend their spillovers to neighboring and connected economies. The results provide robust empirical evidence on financial geography in the digital era and have clear implications for policies that facilitate cross-border financial services and strengthen regional coordination in support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 8 (financial inclusion) and SDG 10 (global financial governance). Full article

Energy transition has become a priority in public policy; however, knowledge of its progress in peripheral, border regions of Eastern Poland—particularly in rural and urban—rural communes—remains sketchy. Research gaps concern both the scale and intensity of investments co-financed from European Union (EU) funds, as well as the effect of their locations in relation to the state border and their position in reference to Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) on the level and character of the discussed investment activity. The primary aim of this study was to assess how the location of a border region and its relation to FUAs diversifies the investment activity and level of investment co-financed from EU funds aimed at developing the low-carbon economy in rural and urban–rural communes of the Eastern Macroregion. The analysis was conducted in two complementary dimensions: (i) a comparative nationwide assessment, covering all macroregions of Poland, within the two most recent, completed EU financial frameworks; i.e., the years 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 and (ii) an in-depth analysis of the Eastern Macroregion, with particular attention to rural and urban–rural communes, their affiliation with Functional Urban Areas (FUAs), and the typology defined by the Delimitation of Rural Areas (DRA). The aim of the conducted analyses was to respond to the research hypothesis assuming that “in the Eastern Macroregion the spatial conditions, i.e., the border location and the location in relation to functional urban areas (within an FUA vs. outside an FUA) significantly diversify the investment activity of rural and urban–rural communes aimed at the low-carbon economy co-financed from EU funds”. Empirical studies were conducted based on data from the Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy and Statistics Poland, which were processed applying methods of descriptive statistics and statistical inference and also using correspondence analysis. The analyses confirmed that in Eastern Poland the process of energy transition moved from the pilot phase to the common implementation of low-carbon measures, to a considerable extent thanks to the activity of rural and urban–rural communes. The results indicate that spatial factors, particularly location in relation to Functional Urban Areas and population density, significantly diversify intensity of investments in rural and urban–rural communes in the spatial context, whereas no such relationship was found for the investment level per capita. Full article

Cross-border greenfield investment in the financial services sector is increasingly understood not as isolated flows, but as a complex, dynamic global system. This systemic perspective is essential for understanding its holistic structure and evolution amidst globalisation and digital transformation. This paper utilises financial services greenfield investment projects from 100 major economies from 2003 to 2021 to construct the Global Financial Services Greenfield FDI Network (GFS-GFN). By combining Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models (TERGMs), we systematically investigate its dynamic evolutionary features and endogenous mechanisms. The findings reveal the following: (1) System-wide, the network exhibits persistent expansion, “small-world” properties, and a pronounced “rich club” effect among source countries. (2) Nodally, the structure has evolved from a US-UK “dual-core” to a multipolar configuration, as emerging hubs like China, the UAE, and Singapore rapidly approach the traditional centres. (3) Structurally, the network has fragmented from Euro-American dominance into five major communities, forming a diverse, complementary pattern. Network evolution is primarily driven by endogenous mechanisms. Investment relationships widely exhibit reciprocity, preferential attachment, transitive closure, and marked path dependence. Full article

This study draws on the experience of selected European micro-regions in Germany, Poland, and Romania, representing different stages of a just transition, to identify applicable strategies for the Ukrainian context. The research aims to assess the spatial and economic preconditions for transformation, compare them across regions, and propose adaptation pathways. Methodologically, it combines spatial–economic analysis, comparative assessment, and critical evaluation of EU strategic approaches. The results reveal substantial disparities: European coal regions generally benefit from high population density, diversified economies dominated by the tertiary sector, strong research and education infrastructure, and cross-border advantages. In contrast, Ukrainian micro-regions are marked by demographic decline, low population density, rural settlement patterns, and complex security conditions. Based on these findings, the study recommends a localized transformation model emphasizing targeted investments, the strategic use of cross-border location, and the repurposing of existing specialized logistics and production infrastructure for new economic activities. The proposed approach contributes to the discourse on just transition by aligning regional development strategies with local structural capacities and constraints. The results obtained may be applicable in other European countries. Full article

The supervision of and early warning about cross-border capital flows are crucial for maintaining financial stability. This study develops a sustainable risk warning framework that incorporates the heterogeneous exchange rate expectations of foreign exchange market participants into a comprehensive indicator system. Using the KLR signal analysis method and data for China covering the period from July 2005 to June 2022, the framework is empirically evaluated for its ability to predict short-term capital inflow and outflow risks. The results show that incorporating heterogeneous expectations significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of early warning performance. Regardless of the specific estimation method, the proposed Weighted Heterogeneous Expectation Indicator demonstrates stable and effective predictive capacity across different market environments, underscoring its time-varying adaptability and robustness. Early warning indicators exhibit varying sensitivities, highlighting the importance of a holistic assessment that captures multiple market dimensions. Overall, the proposed sustainable framework strengthens the monitoring of short-term cross-border capital flow risks in China and provides methodological insights for improving risk warning systems in other economies. Full article

With the accelerated development of the global digital economy, data spaces have become a crucial infrastructure for cross-domain data circulation and value creation. However, cross-organizational and cross-regional data sharing still faces several challenges, including insufficient trust, fragmented governance, and inconsistent standards. Against this backdrop, blockchain technology, with its decentralized, traceable, and tamper-resistant characteristics, offers new avenues for building collaborative trust mechanisms within trustworthy data spaces. This paper systematically reviews the current research on trustworthy data spaces, the blockchain, zero-knowledge proofs, and federated learning. It proposes a technology-governance-standardization (TGS) framework for cross-border governance. To verify the framework, we proposed a collaborative trust mechanism combining “on-chain light attest, off-chain deep store, and cross-layer verifiable bridge” (LPHS–XV), which achieves data availability without visibility and compliance auditability. A prototype was then validated in the cross-border medical data space at the Macao-Hengqin Station, providing a scalable experience for global data governance. Full article

Aquatic product value-added trade constitutes a vital component of agricultural food security. Particularly in developing coastal nations, aquatic products serve as the backbone of the agricultural sector. However, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities not only disrupt the global marine aquatic products value chain but also accelerate the degradation of marine ecosystems and the depletion of marine resources, posing severe challenges to sustainable fisheries and environmental governance. In 2022, the World Trade Organization reached a consensus on fisheries subsidy negotiations, while regional agreements such as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) incorporated fisheries into relevant provisions under environmental rules. This indicates that high-standard environmental trade agreements are emerging as crucial tools for cross-border fisheries governance. This study employs open economy theory and a deep text protocol database to conduct an empirical analysis of the impact of high-standard bilateral environmental provisions on the interconnections within the aquatic products value chain. Findings reveal that environmental provisions significantly strengthen these linkages by lowering market access barriers, promoting technology spillovers, and reinforcing horizontal and vertical labor division. Heterogeneity analysis further shows that the extent of these effects varies with trade provisions, political distance, and network position. These insights offer new perspectives for seafood exports and upstream–downstream coordination in aquatic products, providing policy implications for regions seeking to enhance their value chain advantages. Full article

Against the global rollout of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs), carbon tariffs have emerged as a core tool for developed economies to internalize environmental externalities—especially for energy-intensive imports that dominate cross-border carbon flows. However, emission information asymmetry, a critical barrier to implementing cross-border energy and environmental policies, undermines the design of optimal carbon tariffs, as it distorts the link between tariff levels and actual fossil energy-related emissions. This study develops a two-country analytical model to examine how biased assessments of exporters’ carbon intensity influence optimal tariff settings, exporters’ strategic behavior, and aggregate carbon emissions—with a focus on energy-intensive production contexts. The results show that underestimating carbon intensity reduces exporters’ compliance costs, incentivizing emission concealment; this weakens tariffs’ environmental stringency and may raise global emissions. Overestimation, by contrast, inflates exporters’ marginal costs, discouraging green investment and causing emission displacement rather than reduction. The analysis highlights a policy feedback loop wherein misjudged emission information distorts both trade competitiveness and environmental performance. This study concludes that a transparent, accurate, and internationally verifiable carbon accounting system is essential: it not only facilitates the effective implementation of CBAM but also aligns optimal carbon tariffs with CBAM’s dual goals of climate action and trade equity, while supporting global energy transition efforts. Full article

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) constitute the backbone of the EU economy, yet their uneven digital transformation raises challenges for competitiveness and territorial cohesion. This article examines the organizational and spatial aspects of SME digitalization across the European Union using Flash Eurobarometer 486 data and latent class analysis (LCA) combined with Bayesian multilevel multinomial regression. The results reveal four SME digitalization profiles—Digitally Conservative Backbone; Partially Digital and Upgrading; Digitally Advanced and Diversified; and Focused Digital Integrators—reflecting diverse adoption patterns of key technologies such as AI, big data and cloud computing. Digitalization is shaped by organizational factors (firm size, value chain integration, digital barriers) and territorial factors (urbanity, border proximity, national digital infrastructure as measured by the Digital Economy and Society Index, DESI). Contrary to linear modernization assumptions, digital adoption follows geographically embedded trajectories, with sectoral uptake occurring even in low-DESI or non-urban regions. These results challenge core–periphery models and highlight the significance of place-based innovation networks. The study contributes to modernization theory and regional innovation systems by showing that digital inequalities exist not only between countries but also within regions and among adoption profiles, emphasizing the need for nuanced, multi-level digital policy approaches across Europe. Full article

This paper examines the humanitarian, social, and economic disruptions resulting from the 2023–2024 closure of the Lukeville, Arizona, Port of Entry (PoE). Drawing on collaborative ethnographic fieldwork, including semi-structured and informal interviews, observation, and participation in local community events, we examine how a rural, unincorporated community handled a historic border closure. Further, we analyze how the closure impacted migrants, especially asylum seekers, who were excluded from protection due to bureaucratic and discretionary decision-making. The closure not only disrupted asylum access but also humanitarian aid networks, local economies, cross-border families, and Indigenous sovereignty, producing a geography of sanctioned neglect. These findings demonstrate how federal enforcement decisions, often made without considering borderland communities’ realities, frequently lead to their further destabilization while these areas are already navigating structural abandonment. We conclude with recommendations emphasizing harm reduction and preparation practices to mitigate future disruptions. Full article

As ESG sustainability uncertainty intensifies and globalisation deepens, the energy trilemma—security, equity, and sustainability—emerges as the defining calculus of modern energy policy. Therefore, this investigation explores the influence of ESG sustainability uncertainty intensification and globalisation on the energy trilemma, while controlling education, urbanization and economic growth, using data from 2001 to 2022. The energy trilemma offers an all-inclusive gauge for understanding the effect of ESG sustainability uncertainty on energy trilemma. The study employed Lewbel’s Two Stage Least Squares method to examine the connection. The results disclose that ESG sustainability uncertainty is negatively associated with all three trilemma pillars. Globalisation displays a nonlinear influence: its squared terms are negative and statistically significant, implying diminishing marginal benefits at high levels of openness. This paper’s significance lies in evidence that ESG sustainability uncertainty erodes all three pillars of the energy trilemma, while globalization’s benefits taper at high openness—strengthening the mandate for a clean, just, secure, and sustainable transition. Full article