Search Results (633)

Hydrogels have emerged as multifunctional biomaterials in cardiac surgery, offering promising solutions for myocardial regeneration, adhesion prevention, valve engineering, and localized drug and gene delivery. Their high water content, biocompatibility, and mechanical tunability enable close emulation of the cardiac extracellular matrix, supporting cellular viability and integration under dynamic physiological conditions. In myocardial repair, injectable and patch-forming hydrogels have been shown to be effective in reducing infarct size, promoting angiogenesis, and preserving contractile function. Hydrogel coatings and films have been designed as adhesion barriers to minimize pericardial adhesions after cardiotomy and improve reoperative safety. In heart valve and patch engineering, hydrogels contribute to scaffold design by providing bio-instructive, mechanically resilient, and printable matrices that are compatible with 3D fabrication. Furthermore, hydrogels serve as localized delivery platforms for small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, enabling sustained or stimuli-responsive release while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite these advances, challenges such as mechanical durability, immune compatibility, and translational scalability persist. Ongoing innovations in smart polymer chemistry, hybrid composite design, and patient-specific manufacturing are addressing these limitations. This review aims to provide an integrated perspective on the application of hydrogels in cardiac surgery. The relevant literature was identified through a narrative search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. Taken together, hydrogels offer a uniquely versatile and clinically translatable platform for addressing the multifaceted challenges of cardiac surgery. Hydrogels are poised to redefine clinical strategies in cardiac surgery by enabling tailored, bioresponsive, and functionally integrated therapies. Full article

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have demonstrated tremendous potential in biomedical applications, emerging as promising metallic biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, degradability, and favorable mechanical properties. However, their practical implementation faces significant limitations stemming from mechanical performance degradation and premature fracture failure caused by complex physiological interactions, including flow erosion, corrosion fatigue, stress coupling effects, and dynamic wear under bodily conditions. Surface coating technology has been recognized as an effective strategy to prevent direct contact between magnesium substrates and corrosive media. This review systematically examines the fundamental degradation mechanisms of magnesium alloys in both vivo and vitro environments, presents recent advances in surface modification coatings for magnesium alloys, and critically analyses the interaction mechanisms between modified layers and electrolyte solutions. Special emphasis is placed on revealing the formation mechanisms, structural characteristics, and fracture behaviors of conversion coatings. Furthermore, the study discusses the current challenges in biomedical surface modification of magnesium alloys, proposes potential solutions to enhance their clinical applicability, and outlines future research directions to fully exploit the development potential of these advanced biomaterials. Full article

The growing prevalence of bacterial infections and the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have driven the need for innovative antimicrobial coatings for medical implants and biomaterials. However, implant surface properties, such as roughness, chemistry, and reactivity, critically influence biological interactions and must be engineered to ensure biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and sustained antibacterial activity. This review evaluates three principal categories of antimicrobial agents utilized in surface functionalization: metal/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemical compounds. Metal/metaloxide-based coatings, especially those incorporating silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO), offer broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and bacterial membrane disruption, with a reduced risk of resistance development. Antibiotic-based coatings enable localized drug delivery but often face limitations related to burst release, cytotoxicity, and diminishing effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. In contrast, phytochemical-derived coatings—using bioactive plant compounds such as curcumin, eugenol, and quercetin—present a promising, biocompatible, and sustainable alternative. These agents not only exhibit antimicrobial properties but also provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and osteogenic benefits, making them multifunctional tools for implant surface modification. The integration of these antimicrobial strategies aims to reduce bacterial adhesion, inhibit biofilm formation, and enhance tissue regeneration. By leveraging the synergistic effects of metal/metaloxide nanoparticles, antibiotics, and phytochemicals, next-generation implant coatings hold the potential to significantly improve infection control and clinical outcomes in implant-based therapies. Full article

A varied family of polyphenolic chemicals, flavonoids, are becoming more and more important in bone tissue engineering because of their osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Recent developments incorporating flavonoids into different biomaterial platforms to improve bone regeneration are emphasized in this study. Osteocalcin (OCN) expression was 2.1-fold greater in scaffolds loaded with flavonoids—such as those made of polycaprolactone (PCL)—greatly increasing human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) proliferation and mineralization. Comparably, a threefold increase in calcium deposition indicates increased mineralization when hydroxyapatite (HA) was functionalized with flavonoids such as quercetin. These HA scaffolds with flavonoids also showed a 45% decrease in osteoclast activity, therefore promoting balanced bone remodeling. Concurrent with flavonoids like EGCG and quercetin, chitosan-based scaffolds encouraged osteogenic differentiation with increases in osteogenic markers like osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression by up to 82%. These scaffolds also showed 82% bone defect repair after six weeks in vivo, suggesting their promise in rapid bone regeneration. With an increase of up to 32% in the bone volume-to-total volume ratio (BV/TV) and 28% greater bone–implant contact (BIC), flavonoid coatings on titanium implants enhanced osteointegration in implantology. Displaying successful osteogenesis and immunomodulation, the addition of flavonoids into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and injectable hydrogels demonstrated a 72% increase in new bone formation in vivo. Though further research is required to confirm long-term clinical effectiveness, these findings show the great promise of flavonoid-functionalized biomaterials in bone regeneration. Full article

Bone regeneration demands biomaterials capable of supporting tissue integration and mimicking the native piezodynamic properties of bone. In this study, hydroxyapatite–barium titanate (HA-BT) composite coatings with varying BT content (10, 30, and 50 wt%) were developed to enhance the piezoelectric response and corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V implants. The coatings were synthesized via high-energy ball milling and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). XRD analysis with Rietveld refinement confirmed the presence of HA along with secondary phases (TTCP, β-TCP, CaO). Electrochemical tests revealed lower corrosion current densities for the coatings containing ≤30% BT, indicating improved stability in physiological environments. Cytotoxicity assays (MTT) demonstrated biocompatibility across all formulations. Piezoresponse force microscopy (DART-SS-PFM) confirmed enhanced d₃₃-eff values for the 50% BT coating (>15 pm/V); however, biological assays under low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation showed increased osteocalcin expression for ≤30% BT, while 50% BT induced cellular stress. Overall, HA-BT coatings with up to 30% BT exhibited optimal electrochemical stability, favorable piezoelectric performance, and enhanced biological response, underscoring their potential for orthopedic implant applications and regenerative tissue engineering. Full article

The surface electric charge of biomaterials plays a pivotal role in determining their bioactivity and biocompatibility, especially in orthopedic and dental applications. This review analyzes recent progress (2015–2024) in understanding how electric properties, particularly surface charge and zeta potential, modulate cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Negatively charged surfaces (−20 to −30 mV) were consistently associated with enhanced osteoblast activity and calcium mineralization, while positively charged surfaces often induced pro-inflammatory responses. We explore theoretical models of the electric double layer (EDL), methods for quantifying surface charge, and strategies for modifying surface potential to enhance biological outcomes. A comparative analysis of materials—hydroxyapatite coatings, PCL scaffolds, titanium surfaces, and piezoceramics—is provided. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps in mechanistic understanding and emphasize the need for standardized protocols in evaluating the electric properties of biomaterials. Full article

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a crucial life support therapy for patients with severe cardiac and respiratory failure. However, the complications associated with venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO), including thrombus formation, bleeding, and hemolysis, remain significant challenges that impact patient outcomes and healthcare costs. These complications primarily arise from blood–material interactions within the ECMO circuit, necessitating the development of biocompatible materials to optimize hemocompatibility. This review provides an updated overview of the latest advancements in VA-ECMO materials, focusing on cannula, oxygenators, and centrifugal pumps. Various surface modifications, such as heparin coatings, nitric oxide-releasing polymers, phosphorylcholine (PC)-based coatings, and emerging omniphobic surfaces, have been explored to mitigate thrombosis and bleeding risks. Additionally, novel oxygenator membrane technologies, including zwitterionic polymers and endothelial-mimicking coatings, offer promising strategies to enhance biocompatibility and reduce inflammatory responses. In centrifugal pumps, magnetic levitation systems and hybrid polymer-composite impellers have been introduced to minimize shear stress and thrombogenicity. Despite these advancements, no single material has fully addressed all complications, and further research is needed to refine surface engineering strategies. This review highlights the current progress in ECMO biomaterials and discusses future directions in developing more effective and durable solutions to improve patient safety and clinical outcomes. Full article

Due to their excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used as biomaterials. However, when implanted in the body, metallic materials may cause serious complications such as wear and infection, leading to patient discomfort and, in some cases, the need for revision surgery. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is a surface modification technique that offers a promising strategy to overcome these challenges. This study investigated the impact of the microstructure of Ti-25 Ta-xNb alloys (x = 10, 20, and 30 wt%) and the variation in applied voltage during the MAO process on the characteristics of the TiO₂ oxide coatings formed. The alloys were treated by MAO at 200, 250, and 300 V using a bioactive electrolyte containing Ca, P, Mg, and Ag. EDS, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and adhesion tests performed characterization. Results indicated that Nb addition stabilized the β phase and anticipated the potentiostatic regime. Increasing the voltage supplied to the system provides greater energy, prolonging the galvanostatic regime and promoting the formation of larger and more uniform pores. The oxide coating thickness ranged from approximately 3 to 10 μm, with a tendency to decrease at higher voltages. The coatings exhibited low c, with anatase and rutile phases predominating, the applied voltage and Nb concentration influencing their relative proportions. Even in small amounts, all electrolyte elements (P, Mg, and Ag) were successfully incorporated into the coatings under all conditions. Raman and XRD analyses confirmed a decrease in anatase and an increase in rutile phases with increasing voltage and Nb content. Mechanical testing revealed good adhesion of the coatings in all samples, with the best results obtained at 200 V. The findings demonstrate that the developed coatings exhibit promising characteristics for future surface engineering strategies aimed at improving the performance of metallic biomaterials. Full article

Citrus fruits are major economic and nutritional crops that are sometimes subjected to serious attacks by many fungal phytopathogens after harvesting. In this study, we focus on the structures of potential antifungal nanocomposites from artichoke leaf extract (Art), Art-mediated nanosilver (AgNPs), and their nanoconjugates with chitosan nanoparticles (Cht) to eradicate the blue mold fungus (Penicillium italicum) and preserve oranges during storage via nanocomposite-based edible coatings (ECs). The biosynthesis and conjugation of nanomaterials were verified using UV and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) analysis, and DLS assessments. Art could effectually biosynthesize/cap AgNPs with a mean size of 10.35 nm, whereas the average size of Cht was 148.67 nm, and the particles of their nanocomposites had average diameters of 203.22 nm. All nanomaterials/composites exhibited potent antifungal action toward P. italicum isolates; the Cht/Art/AgNP nanocomposite was the most effectual, with an inhibition zone of 31.1 mm and a fungicidal concentration of 17.5 mg/mL, significantly exceeding the activity of other compounds and the fungicide Enilconazole (24.8 mm and 25.0 mg/mL, respectively). The microscopic imaging of P. italicum mycelia treated with Cht/Art/AgNP nanocomposites emphasized their action for the complete destruction of mycelia within 24 h. The orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit coatings, with nanomaterial-based ECs, were highly effectual for preventing blue mold development and preserved fruits for >14 days without any infestation signs; when the control infected fruits were fully covered with blue mold, the infestation remarks covered 12.4%, 5.2%, and 0% of the orange coated with Cht Art/AgNPs and Cht/Art/AgNPs. The constructed Cht/Art/AgNP nanocomposites have potential as effectual biomaterials for protecting citrus fruits from fungal deterioration and preserving their quality. Full article

In this comprehensive study, we delve into the intricate binding properties of tannic acid (TA) and examine their dual role in the realm of biomaterial development. While TA’s properties can enhance the functionality and performance of biomaterials, they also raise concerns regarding potential biases in in vitro biocompatibility assessments. We focus on the relevance and constraints of several widely employed cell viability assays, namely the DNA-based PicoGreen assay, the PrestoBlue assay, and the Live/Dead staining technique utilizing fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI). We investigate how these assays perform when applied to TA-coated scaffolds and cell sheets. Through a detailed presentation of our experimental findings, we juxtapose them through a critical review of the existing literature, allowing us to identify and elucidate the limitations these assays face when assessing TA-based biomaterials. In doing so, we aim not only to enhance the understanding of these potential assay biases but also to provide actionable recommendations for accurately evaluating the biocompatibility of TA-modified substances. This dual approach, combining empirical research with literature analysis, offers vital insights for the research community, ensuring that the assessment of TA-coated biomaterials is scientifically sound and reproducible. Full article

The surface modification of dental implants with nanostructured films enables the development of the next generation of biomaterials that promote osseointegration. In this study, a uniform layer of titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs) was successfully formed on a Ti-6Al-4V dental implant screw through anodic oxidation. TNTs were morphologically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), obtaining dimensions of 64.88 ± 10 nm in diameter and 5.34 ± 5 µm in length. Additionally, a crystal size of 23.45 nm was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The TNT layer on the dental implant screw was evaluated in an in vitro system in direct contact with human osteoblast cells (hFOB) for 24 h and 48 h, finding cell growth near to the screw threads. Further, the biocompatibility of the dental screw coated with TNTs was evaluated using a flow cytometric assay with 7-AAD, demonstrating that cell viability was not affected at 24 h and 48 h. This study opens the perspective of the study of inflammation and osseointegration induced by implants coated with TNTs. Full article

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVTF) nanoparticles coatings with electrically heterogeneous microdomains were engineered to mimic the natural electromechanical microenvironment of bone tissue, offering a novel strategy to enhance osteogenesis. Through a biphasic solvent phase separation method, PVTF nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and spin-coated onto substrates, followed by melt-recrystallization to achieve high β-phase crystallinity. The substrates were then subjected to corona poling, a process involving high-voltage corona discharge to electrically polarize and align the molecular dipoles. Structural and electrical characterization revealed tunable microdomain surface potentials and piezoelectric coefficients, correlating with enhanced hydrophilicity. Notably, microdomain potential—produced by controlled polarization—was shown to directly regulate cellular responses. In vitro studies demonstrated that a corona-poled PVTF NP coating significantly improved bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation. This work establishes a surface electropatterning approach and highlights the critical role of electrical heterogeneity in bone regeneration, offering a novel strategy for bioactive biomaterial design. Full article

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has stimulated the search for alternative antimicrobial agents with greater efficacy, low toxicity, and minimal resistance potential. Natural products, such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly, have shown promise due to their biological properties. The integration of natural products like honey and propolis in biomaterials represents a synergistic approach to combat the growing threat of resistant bacterial infections while improving wound care and soft tissue engineering applications. In the present work, we obtained sodium alginate films based on honey, propolis, royal jelly, and their mixture coated with chitosan for soft tissue regeneration. SEM showed that adding bee products altered surface morphology, affecting roughness, porosity, and microstructure. Spectral analysis confirmed specific chemical bonds, while thermal studies indicated a good stability up to 115 °C. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast strains (Candida albicans), with growth inhibition zone diameters up to 12 mm. In vitro cytotoxicity studies, made on human gingival fibroblasts, suggested good biocompatibility. Antimicrobial assays showed that films containing propolis tincture, alone or as a mixture, were most effective against pathogens. Future research will focus on formulation optimization for biomedical use. Full article

Aim: to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of two alloplastic biomaterials in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Methods: A total of 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups of 10 animals each. An Ø8 mm, critical-size calvarial defect was created, and the following treatments were randomly allocated: sham surgery, deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) + collagen membrane (CM), poly-(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA)-coated pure phase β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), or PLGA-coated 60% hydroxyapatite (HA):40%β-TCP. Animals were allowed to heal for 2 and 6 weeks. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) was used to evaluate mineralized tissue and biomaterial displacement. Histological samples were used to evaluate new bone formation. Results: μCT analysis showed no significant differences among groups for total volume of mineralized tissue or residual biomaterials. DBBM + CM showed significantly increased horizontal biomaterial displacement at 2 weeks but not at 6 weeks. Histological analysis showed that sham surgery had a significantly higher percentage of bone area fraction than the DBBM + CM and PLGA + β-TCP at 2 weeks, but not at 6 weeks. Residual biomaterial area fraction showed no significant differences among experimental groups at any healing time. Conclusions: The alloplastic biomaterials showed suitable construct integrity and retention in the defect. All biomaterials were associated with limited new bone formation comparable to the sham surgery control. Full article

The success of orthopedic implants critically depends on achieving mechanical and biological compatibility with bone tissue. Traditional titanium implants often suffer from high stiffness, which induces stress shielding, a phenomenon that compromises implant integration and accelerates prosthetic loosening. This study introduces an innovative approach to mitigate these limitations by engineering a porous titanium substrate with a controlled microstructure. Utilizing sodium chloride as a spacer holder, an elution and sintering process was applied at 1250 °C under high vacuum conditions to reduce the material’s elastic modulus. By manipulating NaCl volume fractions (20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%), porous titanium samples were created with elastic moduli between 16.37 and 22.56 GPa, closely matching cortical bone properties (4 to 20 GPa). A hydroxyapatite coating applied via plasma thermal spraying further enhanced osseointegration of the material. Comprehensive characterization through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and compression testing validated the material’s structural integrity. In vitro cytotoxicity assessments using osteoblast cells demonstrated exceptional cell viability exceeding 70%, confirming the material’s biocompatibility. These findings represent a significant advancement in biomaterial design, offering a promising strategy for developing next-generation joint prostheses with superior mechanical and biological adaptation to bone tissue. Full article