Search Results (1,313)

Background: In patients with atrial fibrillation receiving long-term anticoagulation therapy with dabigatran etexilate (DABE), moxifloxacin (MFLX) is frequently coadministered to treat concurrent infections; however, the potential drug–drug interaction (DDI) between these agents remains unclear. Herein, we examined the underlying mechanism by which MFLX attenuates DABE pharmacokinetics in rats; subsequently, we elucidated the DDI in humans by establishing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model based on these animal data. Methods: The 3- and 14-day effects of 40 mg/kg MFLX once daily and secondary bile acid (SBA)-containing dietary intervention on the pharmacokinetic profile of DABE and its active form, dabigatran (DAB), were examined in a rat model. Ileum tissues were harvested to measure the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In addition, we examined the effects of secondary bile acids (SBAs) on P-gp expression and quantified P-gp-mediated DABE efflux transport activity in Caco-2 cells. A PBPK model was used to predict the risk of DAB exposure under this DDI scenario and under combined high-risk conditions, including renal impairment and advanced age. Results: Treatment with MFLX for 3 and 14 days inhibited SBA-producing gut microbiota, thereby suppressing the conversion of primary bile acids to SBAs. Concurrently, a marked reduction in intestinal P-gp expression was observed, along with a significant enhancement of the oral bioavailability of DABE. These effects were reversed by SBA-containing diets. In vitro experiments using Caco-2 cells revealed that physiologically relevant concentrations of SBA significantly upregulated P-gp expression and function, whereas MFLX incubation alone showed no direct modulatory effect on these transporters or regulators. PBPK simulation results showed that in vivo exposure of DAB would increase by 41.7%, 104%, 251%, and 115% when coadministered with MFLX alone, with coexisting mild renal impairment, moderate renal impairment, and aging, respectively. Conclusions: MFLX increases DAB exposure by reducing SBA-regulated intestinal P-gp function. PBPK simulations suggest a low risk of DDI from MFLX coadministration alone; however, caution is warranted in patients with aging or renal impairment. Full article

Livestock farming is blamed for its significant carbon footprint (CF), contributing to environmental pollution and climate change. Among other approaches, this has highlighted the need to find alternative feeding systems for cattle production that are potentially able to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this context, the objective of the present study was to compare the CF of producing cattle fed a Conventional diet versus cattle fed a diet that included vegetable by-products (VBP diet) sourced from the local agri-food industry. In this study, twenty-four entire male young bulls were reared in Navarra, Spain. Twelve calves were finished on the VBP diet that also included fodder and grain, and the remaining animals were finished with a local Conventional diet based on concentrate and straw. Results showed a larger CF of meat from animals fed the Conventional diet in comparison with the VBP-fed ones, that is, 117.84 kg versus 42.01 kg of CO₂ equivalent per kilogram of meat, respectively. This research demonstrates that using by-products from the local agri-food industry for feeding cattle has an important beneficial effect on the environment. It is not only a circular economy solution that recovers and recycles by-products instead of treating them as waste, but can also notably reduce the GHG associated with livestock production. This study marks the beginning of ongoing research into the effect of introducing regional vegetable by-products in the diet of livestock and their corresponding impacts on productivity and the environment, particularly in terms of GHG emissions per kilogram of feed consumed. Full article

Persistent racial and ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are incompletely explained by genetic susceptibility, obesity, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors, suggesting that additional biological mechanisms may link environmental exposures to metabolic disease risk. Increasing evidence indicates that the exposome, encompassing environmental exposures across the life course, may influence long-term metabolic health through molecular mechanisms that integrate environmental signals with host biology. This Review synthesizes epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic evidence on the gut microbiota–host epigenetic axis and its potential role in linking environmental exposures to population differences in T2DM susceptibility. Gut microbial dysbiosis alters the production and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan-derived metabolites. These microbial metabolites can modulate host signaling and epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA activity, which may influence the expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. Conversely, host epigenetic programs may influence intestinal barrier integrity and immune responses, thereby potentially affecting the gut microbial ecosystem, highlighting the reciprocal nature of host–microbiota interactions. We further examine how diet, psychosocial stress, environmental pollutants, and socioeconomic conditions may shape the microbiota–epigenetic axis across diverse populations, providing a framework for understanding differences in metabolic susceptibility without attributing disparities to intrinsic biological variation. However, direct human evidence linking the gut microbiota–host epigenetic axis to racial and ethnic disparities in T2DM risk remains limited, and much of the current framework is based on mechanistic studies, animal models, and associative human data rather than direct causal evidence. Further research in diverse human populations is needed to validate these pathways and establish their contribution to T2DM disparities. This framework may inform biomarker discovery, stratification, precision nutrition, and microbiome-targeted interventions and generate hypotheses for equitable prevention and personalized management of T2DM across diverse populations. Full article

Insulin resistance (IR) represents one of the most pressing problems in contemporary public health. Its estimated global prevalence ranges from approximately 15.5% to over 61%, depending on the population studied, the diagnostic criteria applied, and the method used for its assessment. Despite the scale of the problem, IR remains underrecognized and lacks formal definition as a distinct disease entity, even as a growing number of clinicians and researchers worldwide describe it as such. Its asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic course allows it to remain undetected for years, during which it makes a significant contribution to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD), and has been increasingly linked to cellular senescence, certain cancers, neuropsychiatric disorders, and other metabolic conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical implications of insulin resistance, to discuss current challenges in its diagnosis, and to evaluate whether available scientific evidence supports its recognition as a distinct disease entity. This narrative review is based on clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic data retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical and observational studies, clinical guidelines, and expert position statements were analyzed. Animal studies were excluded to maintain a focus on human public health implications. The diagnostic gold standard—the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp—was discussed, along with surrogate methods used in clinical practice (HOMA-IR, OGTT with insulin measurements, the TyG index, and the TG/HDL-C ratio). Factors potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of IR were examined, including hyperinsulinemia (HI), high-carbohydrate diets, inflammation, stress, and sleep disturbances, as well as conditions in which IR occurs physiologically. The findings indicate that current evidence supports the need for a clearer clinical and diagnostic framework for insulin resistance and suggest that its recognition as a distinct disease entity could facilitate earlier diagnosis, improve the standardization of clinical management, and enable earlier metabolic intervention. Given the steadily rising prevalence of metabolic disease, systemic efforts directed at the early identification and treatment of IR may be a key component of strategies aimed at reducing the population-level burden of metabolic disease and its negative consequences. Full article

Background: Accurate assessment of microelement and toxic element content in animal diets is essential for diet formulation, quality control, and exposure assessment; however, predictive additive models may not fully account for variability arising from raw materials and processing factors. Methods: This study evaluated the composition of microelements and toxic elements in the four diets enriched with 4% beetroot cultivars Boldor and Wodan, either without (level 1) or with (level 3) foliar application of the selenium–based plant growth stimulator. Predicted values (calculated using an additive model P = 0.96 × C _{basal diet} + 0.04 × C _{beetroot component}) were compared with experimentally measured concentrations (M). Four dietary variants Boldor 1, Boldor 3, Wodan 1 and Wodan 3 were analyzed. Elemental concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Se, Pb, As, Cd, and Sb were determined using ICP-MS. Results: Substantial discrepancies between predicted (P) and measured (M) values were observed. The largest deviations occurred for Cr, Fe, and Sb. Cr and Sb were generally underestimated by the model, whereas Fe was consistently overestimated. Selenium (Se) showed moderate variability, while Cu, Zn, and Ni exhibited close agreement between predicted and measured values. The largest measured cultivar-related differences were observed for As (2.87-fold), Cd (2.78-fold), Pb (2.47-fold), Cr (2.37-fold), Fe (1.73-fold), Sb (1.57-fold), Cu (1.13-fold), and Zn (1.05-fold), all of which occurred at higher concentrations in Wodan than in Boldor. No statistically significant effect of the selenium–based plant growth stimulator was observed. Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrate that additive models have limited accuracy in predicting trace element composition in complex diets, particularly for elements potentially affected by raw-material variability, sampling heterogeneity, and analytical uncertainty. The contribution of the dietary 4% beetroot component played a key role in shaping element distribution, particularly for elements with high component-to-basal diet ratios. These findings highlight the importance of proper mixing, prevention of segregation in powdered diets, and strict control of raw material quality. Full article

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally optimized protein sources has positioned edible insects as promising platforms for next-generation food and feed systems. Although insect composition varies with diet, the deliberate engineering of their nutritional profiles through controlled dietary and microbiome modulation remains insufficiently characterized. This review proposes an integrative framework in which edible insects are conceptualized as programmable biological systems whose biochemical composition can be tailored through diet–microbiome interactions. Current evidence is critically synthesized to elucidate how dietary inputs, including agro-industrial by-products and algal biomass, reshape gut microbial communities and metabolic pathways in key species such as Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Acheta domesticus. Emphasis is placed on engineering lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition because of their relevance to human nutrition, animal nutrition, and the development of functional food and feed products. By integrating insights from insect physiology, microbiology, and nutritional biochemistry, this work outlines strategies for precision feeding and microbiome-guided interventions aimed at optimizing insect-derived biomass. Key knowledge gaps and technical limitations are also identified, highlighting the need to transition from empirical approaches toward predictive, systems-based nutritional engineering. Collectively, this review highlights the transition from empirical feeding strategies toward predictive, systems-based approaches for designing customized insect biomass within sustainable circular bioeconomy frameworks. Full article

This review examines the environmental transition of contemporary diets, the effects of plant-based diets on human health, and vegetarianism as a phenomenon extending beyond a dietary choice, offering insights into its relationship with quality of life, physiological mechanisms, psychosocial determinants, and structural implications. In the current landscape, growing interest in vegetarianism is driven by three main factors: its contribution to multiple domains of health, its substantial potential to reduce resource use and environmental impacts, and its association with ethical and animal-related considerations. However, further research is needed to consolidate its role as a key component of future development, requiring integrated educational, cultural, technological, and policy approaches that ensure equitable access to plant-based foods, foster critical reflection on animal welfare and moral responsibility, as well as support coordinated transformations of food systems toward healthier and more environmentally sustainable societies. Ultimately, the global implementation of dietary shifts toward plant-based patterns remains anticipated but constrained, as ingrained economic and cultural interests continue to delay this pivotal systemic change. Therefore, until policy authorities enact substantial structural reforms and individuals actively promote this transition within their immediate social environments, the issue is likely to persist as a subject of ongoing debate and resistance against its operationalization. Full article

Gut microbiota research in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is transitioning from holistic community-level associations toward causal validation of individual bacteria and their metabolites. However, existing causal evidence is dispersed across diverse pathways and experimental models, lacking systematic integration and comparative assessment of evidence strength. Building on the concept of grading causal evidence in microbiome studies, we extend this approach into a five-tier progressive validation framework that covers the entire causal chain—from initial association discovery to the identification of specific effector metabolites. Using this framework, we systematically collate the single-bacterium–metabolite–host target axes that have been validated by high-level experimental methods. Focusing on four major pathways—AhR/tryptophan metabolism, bile acid/nuclear receptor signaling, short-chain fatty acid/vitamin/energy metabolism, and cell death-related pathogenic mechanisms—we integrate the molecular mechanisms through which specific bacteria and their causally linked metabolites regulate intestinal barrier integrity, immune responses, and inflammation resolution. We further discuss the modulatory influences of host genetics, diet, and medications on these axes, as well as therapeutic strategies such as live bacterial preparations, engineered probiotics, and postbiotics. Causal studies on individual bacteria and metabolites in IBD have progressed from isolated mechanistic discoveries towards systematic consolidation. It should be acknowledged, however, that most of the high-level evidence summarized in this review derives from animal models and preclinical studies, whereas robust human validation remains limited. In addition, protective mechanisms appear to considerably outnumber pathogenic ones, suggesting a marked imbalance in the current evidence base. To bridge the gap between mechanistic validation and clinical application, future research should focus on validating causal chains from animal models in well-designed human cohorts, exploring pathogenic mechanisms that drive disease onset, and clarifying interactions among different metabolites. By synthesizing available evidence, identifying key research gaps, and acknowledging translational limitations, this review aims to provide a foundational reference for researchers, while recognizing that further translational efforts are needed to move these preclinical findings toward clinical application. Full article

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a commercially pivotal crustacean species in global freshwater aquaculture, while vibriosis caused by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae has become the primary bottleneck restricting its sustainable intensive farming. Vitamin D₃ (VD₃) is a biologically active fat-soluble nutrient involved in mineral metabolism and immune regulation in animals, yet its effects on the physiological responses of M. rosenbergii under a pathogenic bacterial challenge remain largely unelucidated. In this study, six experimental diets were formulated with graded dietary VD₃ concentrations (0.10, 0.18, 0.28, 0.48, 0.68, and 0.88 mg/kg) to feed juvenile M. rosenbergii (initial body weight: 2.06 ± 0.07 g) for 70 d, followed by a 72 h non-O1 Vibrio cholerae challenge test. The results showed that dietary VD₃ supplementation alleviated the non-O1 Vibrio cholerae-induced histopathological damage in the intestine and hepatopancreas of prawns. VD₃ supplementation significantly modulated antioxidant enzyme activities in a tissue-specific manner: SOD activity increased in the intestine, while CAT and GSH-PX activities increased in the hepatopancreas. However, the MDA, T-AOC, and GSH-PX (intestine) or SOD (hepatopancreas) showed no significant responses, indicating that VD₃’s antioxidant effects were selective rather than comprehensive. Meanwhile, an appropriate amount of VD₃ markedly upregulated the mRNA expression of multiple immune-related genes (pattern recognition receptors, antimicrobial peptides and immune effectors) in a tissue-specific pattern. However, some antioxidant indices and immune-related genes showed no significant responses. Furthermore, VD₃ supplementation significantly modulated certain muscle physicochemical parameters of prawns, including altered redness, cooking loss, and textural characteristics. Based on the evaluated physiological indicators, 0.48–0.68 mg/kg VD₃ appeared to produce the most favorable overall response. These findings suggest that dietary VD₃ may modulate the physiological responses associated with host defense during a bacterial challenge in M. rosenbergii, potentially through modulation of antioxidant capacity and immune-related gene expression, while benefiting the flesh quality. VD₃ is thus a potential nutritional approach for improving health status during a bacterial challenge in freshwater crustacean farming. Full article

Protein utilization efficiency is a key determinant of metabolic health, body composition, and muscle function, particularly under high-protein dietary conditions and when using plant-based protein sources with lower digestibility. However, the extent to which enhancing early gastric proteolysis translates into improved whole-body protein utilization remains unclear. The present in vivo study investigated whether supplementation with an actinidin-enriched kiwifruit concentrate (Kwd+^®) modulates protein utilization efficiency and physiological outcomes under normoproteic and hyperproteic dietary conditions using casein or pea protein as dietary sources. Rats were fed normoproteic casein (NP), high-protein casein (CHP), or high-protein pea (PHP) diets with or without Kwd+^® supplementation for 8 weeks. Gastric protein hydrolysis patterns were evaluated by SDS–PAGE, while metabolic outcomes were assessed through body composition, plasma amino acid profiling, skeletal muscle morphology, and contractile function. Kwd+^® supplementation enhanced gastric proteolysis in a protein source-dependent manner. Despite the absence of significant changes in circulating amino acid concentrations after multiple comparison correction, Kwd+^® improved markers of protein utilization efficiency depending on dietary protein source. In animals fed a high-protein pea diet, supplementation significantly reduced fat mass relative to accumulated protein intake, indicating improved nutrient partitioning. In contrast, in animals fed a high-protein casein diet, Kwd+^® increased muscle mass relative to protein intake, suggesting enhanced anabolic efficiency. Under normoproteic conditions, Kwd+^® supplementation was associated with an increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area and improved fatigue resistance without alterations in fiber type composition or contractile protein abundance. These findings demonstrate that modulation of early gastric proteolysis through actinidin produces protein source-dependent effects on protein utilization efficiency, nutrient partitioning, and muscle function. This work highlights a novel nutritional strategy to improve metabolic outcomes and muscle performance, particularly in the context of high-protein and plant-based diets. Full article

Diet represents a key determinant of the body’s acid–base balance because foods are metabolized into non-volatile acids or bases. An increase in dietary acid load can elicit low-grade metabolic acidosis, which has been associated with systemic inflammation and the risk of adverse cardiometabolic conditions, including obesity. Potential renal acid load (PRAL) and Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) represent the major markers of dietary acid load. The aim of this secondary analysis was to compare the acid load of four different diets and investigate its association with Body Mass Index (BMI) in a sample of the general population. In an online survey, the INVITA study, four dietary patterns (meat-eaters, fish-eaters, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and vegans) were compared for their corresponding PRAL and NEAP values, and the associations of both parameters with BMI were evaluated. Multiple linear regression models were progressively adjusted for dietary pattern, energy intake, age, sex, physical activity, smoking status, and education level. The stepwise decrease in animal food consumption across the four dietary patterns was associated with a progressive reduction in dietary acid load, with vegan participants showing the lowest values. While PRAL did not prove consistently associated with BMI in this cohort, NEAP remained significantly associated with BMI even after full adjustment for lifestyle confounders (β = 0.032, p = 0.00013). However, because NEAP includes an anthropometric component based on body surface area, this association should be interpreted cautiously, as it may partly reflect mathematical coupling rather than a purely diet-derived effect. PRAL should be considered the more diet-specific marker, while NEAP represents a composite index combining dietary acid load and anthropometric scaling. Because PRAL and NEAP do not account for protein origin, future studies should assess whether diet-specific reference ranges could improve their comparisons for dietary patterns including mostly or exclusively plant protein. Full article

Background and Purpose: Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake is a risk factor for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism, but its role in this association remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether FGF21 mediates the UPF-MASLD relationship in a population-based cohort and whether berry extract (BE) protects against UPF-related liver injury through FGF21 signaling. Methods: This study included 29,386 participants with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and iron-corrected T1 (cT1) from the UK Biobank. UPF intake was classified according to the NOVA system. Log-binomial and generalized linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of UPF with MASLD, PDFF, and cT1, respectively. In vivo, nine-month-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a baked Western diet (BWD) with bilberry extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 16 weeks. In vitro, the role of FGF21 was examined by knockdown experiments in AML12 hepatocytes. Results: UPF consumption was linearly associated with a higher risk of MASLD, with per 10% increment associated with 9% higher risk of MASLD (RR 1.09 [95% CI 1.07–1.10]), as well as dose-dependent increases in PDFF and cT1. Among the 283 plasma proteins associated with PDFF, FGF21 showed the strongest association with UPF intake and accounted for the largest proportion of mediation in the UPF-PDFF association. A significant interaction between UPF and berry intake was observed in MASLD risk (p for interaction = 0.018). In the animal model, BE supplementation for 16 weeks alleviated BWD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and glucose intolerance, while upregulating hepatic FGF21, FGFR1c, and β-Klotho expression and improving mitochondrial function. FGF21 knockdown abrogated BE’s protective effect against lipid accumulation in vitro. Conclusions: FGF21 emerged as a potential mediator of the association between UPF consumption and liver fat accumulation. Anthocyanin-rich dietary interventions may offer a promising strategy to prevent MASLD progression. Full article

Background/Objectives: Food system assessments in Sub-Saharan Africa have predominantly focused on caloric availability, often overlooking the structural and nutritional quality of the food supply. This study examines what drives and constrains food system transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa under different development pathways, using long-term changes in caloric availability, adjusted protein density, the balance between animal and plant proteins, and the diversification of animal protein sources as the empirical basis for this assessment. Methods: The analysis is based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for the period 1961–2023, covering Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa and Ethiopia. A longitudinal approach was applied where data were available, complemented by a recent comparative analysis (2010–2023). Derived indicators include total protein supply, adjusted protein density, the share of animal and plant proteins and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) to assess the diversification of animal protein sources. Results: Findings show that increases in caloric availability are not consistently associated with improvements in adjusted protein density or nutritional quality. Significant differences are observed across countries in protein supply levels, structural composition, and diversification patterns. Results reveal heterogeneous trajectories of food systems, from diversified to structurally constrained or highly concentrated systems. Conclusions: Beyond caloric availability, the structure and quality of the food supply are essential for assessing food system performance. Quantitative gains alone do not ensure improved nutritional or sustainable outcomes. The study highlights the importance of considering protein supply structure, diversification and nutritional efficiency in the context of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and broader food system transformation. Full article

(1) Background: Sunflower hulls (SFHs) are an abundant agro-industrial by-product that may serve as an alternative fiber source in sheep diets, particularly in arid production systems. This study evaluated the effects of graded levels of dietary SFH during late gestation and lactation on colostrum and milk composition, lamb growth performance, neonatal survival, and serum biochemical parameters in Naemi sheep. (2) Methods: Seventy-two primiparous Naemi ewes (initial body weight = 55.0 ± 3.8 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 12, 20, or 28% SFH (n = 18 ewes per treatment) from late gestation until lamb weaning at 90 days postpartum. Data were analyzed using mixed-model procedures, and treatment effects were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. (3) Results: Dietary SFH supplementation did not affect lamb birth weight or overall survival rate (p > 0.05). However, weaning weight declined from 28.03 kg in the control group to 25.11 kg in the 20% SFH group, showing a significant linear decrease with increasing SFH inclusion (p = 0.044). Likewise, average daily gain decreased linearly by 10.4% (p = 0.044). Colostrum composition was partially affected by dietary treatment, with fat and protein concentrations at 48 h postpartum increasing quadratically by 46.6% and 33.50%, respectively, in ewes fed 20% SFH compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, milk fat and total solids contents decreased quadratically by 30.7% and 13.4%, respectively, in ewes receiving 12% SFH (p = 0.01). Most serum metabolite variables were unaffected by dietary treatment and remained within normal physiological reference ranges. However, overall serum triglyceride concentration decreased linearly with increasing SFH inclusion (p = 0.023). (4) In conclusion, SFH can be incorporated into the diets of Naemi ewes during late gestation and lactation as an alternative fiber source without adversely affecting lamb birth weight, survival, or overall metabolic health. However, increasing dietary SFH inclusion reduced pre-weaning lamb growth despite improvements in selected colostrum quality traits. Based on the productive and physiological responses observed, 12% dietary SFH appears to be the optimal inclusion level, providing the best balance between animal performance and sustainable feed utilization. Full article

Grape pomace represents the main by-product generated during winemaking and is characterised by its richness in polyphenols, dietary fibre, residual sugars, lipids, and triterpenes. These bioactive compounds derived from grapes are known to positively influence oxidative status, metabolic balance, and animal productivity, positioning grape pomace as a promising, environmentally and economically sustainable alternative feed ingredient for conventional feed components. This research evaluated the effects of incorporating different inclusion rates (0, 6, 12, and 18% DM) of ensiled red grape pomace (RGP) into isoenergetic and isoproteic diets on the nutritional and technological characteristics of goat milk. Seventy-two Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were selected and distributed into eight homogeneous groups (n = 9 per group) based on physiological traits. Each diet was randomly assigned to two groups, and the feeding trial extended over eight weeks. After a two-week adaptation to the experimental diets, four biweekly milk samplings were performed to obtain representative bulk tank samples from each treatment group. Milk samples were analysed for gross composition, pH, mineral profile, fatty acid composition, coagulation properties, colourimetric parameters, and antioxidant capacity. The collected data were analysed using a general linear model, considering the effect of the treatment, sampling days, and their interaction (Proc. GLM, SAS v9.4). Dietary RGP inclusion had no significant effect on milk gross composition or on the antioxidant activity of the milk. However, it led to a significant reduction in milk urea content and somatic cell count, alongside improvements in the lipid profile from a human health perspective. The magnitude of the effects observed in the colourimetric parameters (<0.5 units) fell below the threshold of human visual perception and was therefore not considered relevant. RGP-fed milk also showed increased calcium and potassium concentrations, while RGP_12 milk exhibited the highest phosphorus content. In addition, the lowest RGP levels (RGP_6) reduced the rennet coagulation time while increasing milk curd aggregation rate. Despite these targeted effects, the overall milk composition remained stable, which is critical for maintaining its technological functionality. Full article