Inclusion of Milk Thistle Seed and Achyranthes japonica Extract Alone or in Combination in Diet of Weaning Pigs Results in Similar Growth Outcomes
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Diet and Dietary Regimes
2.2. Sampling and Laboratory Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Basal Diet | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phase 1 (Week 0–1) | Phase 2 (Week 2–3) | Phase 3 (Week 4–6) | |
Ingredients (%) | |||
Extruded Corn | 37.62 | 52.03 | 60.85 |
Soybean meal | 18.25 | 16.68 | 19.05 |
Tallow | 2.90 | 2.69 | 2.25 |
Fermented Soybean meal | 5.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 |
DPP | 5.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 |
Limestone | 0.93 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
Salt | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
lactose | 13.46 | 7.78 | 3.18 |
Sugar | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
whey protein | 11.00 | 7.00 | 3.00 |
MDCP | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.35 |
Methionine (99%) | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.09 |
Lysine (78%) | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.57 |
Mineral mix 1 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Vitamin mix 2 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Choline (25%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
ZnO (80%) | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.13 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Calculated value | |||
Crude protein, % | 20.00 | 18.00 | 18.00 |
ME (kcal/kg) | 3450 | 3400 | 3350 |
Ca, % | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
P, % | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
Lys, % | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.40 |
Met, % | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.35 |
FAT, % | 4.56 | 4.79 | 4.66 |
Lactose, % | 20.00 | 12.00 | 5.00 |
Items | CON | AJE | MTS | CMB | SEM 2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight, kg | ||||||
Initial | 6.53 | 6.53 | 6.53 | 6.54 | 0.007 | 1.000 |
Week 1 | 8.53 | 8.55 | 8.59 | 8.59 | 0.02 | 0.999 |
Week 3 | 14.04 | 14.11 | 14.26 | 14.20 | 0.10 | 0.993 |
Week 6 | 25.42 | 25.73 | 26.27 | 26.01 | 0.13 | 0.752 |
Week 1 | ||||||
ADG, g | 286 | 287 | 294 | 292 | 3.10 | 0.264 |
ADFI, g | 337 | 337 | 343 | 342 | 5.54 | 0.625 |
G: F | 0.850 | 0.852 | 0.858 | 0.853 | 0.005 | 0.772 |
Week 3 | ||||||
ADG, g | 394 | 398 | 405 | 401 | 6.91 | 0.693 |
ADFI, g | 540 | 543 | 546 | 543 | 9.91 | 0.981 |
G: F | 0.729 | 0.732 | 0.742 | 0.738 | 0.006 | 0.564 |
Week 6 | ||||||
ADG, g | 542 | 553 | 572 | 563 | 5.86 | 0.093 |
ADFI, g | 864 | 877 | 887 | 886 | 12.87 | 0.671 |
G: F | 0.627 | 0.631 | 0.645 | 0.636 | 0.008 | 0.500 |
Overall | ||||||
ADG, g | 450 b | 457 a,b | 470 a | 464 a | 3.24 | 0.024 |
ADFI, g | 668 | 676 | 683 | 681 | 5.55 | 0.477 |
G: F | 0.673 | 0.676 | 0.688 | 0.681 | 0.006 | 0.417 |
Items, % | CON | AJE | MTS | CMB | SEM 2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 6 | ||||||
Dry matter | 85.01 | 87.86 | 88.93 | 87.66 | 0.83 | 0.421 |
Nitrogen | 78.48 | 79.26 | 82.91 | 81.71 | 0.95 | 0.338 |
Energy | 87.10 | 87.62 | 86.72 | 87.99 | 0.92 | 0.969 |
Items, ppm | CON | AJE | MTS | CMB | SEM 2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 6 | ||||||
NH3 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 2.63 | 2.88 | 0.56 | 0.889 |
H2S | 2.88 | 2.93 | 2.33 | 2.60 | 0.25 | 0.474 |
Methyl mercaptans | 3.75 | 4.25 | 3.38 | 4.13 | 0.75 | 0.794 |
Acetic acid | 8.38 | 7.50 | 7.38 | 9.13 | 1.29 | 0.717 |
CO2 | 10025 | 10175 | 9725 | 9975 | 537.61 | 0.931 |
Items | CON | AJE | MTS | CMB | SEM 2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fecal score 3 | ||||||
Initial | 3.12 | 3.05 | 3.08 | 3.05 | 0.018 | 0.513 |
Week 1 | 3.04 | 3.04 | 3.00 | 3.01 | 0.019 | 0.846 |
Week 3 | 3.07 | 3.06 | 3.08 | 3.01 | 0.019 | 0.641 |
Week 6 | 3.05 | 3.01 | 3.01 | 3.04 | 0.020 | 0.916 |
Items, U/L | CON | AJE | MTS | CMB | SEM 2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 6 | ||||||
AST | 73.33 | 69.83 | 61.67 | 64.17 | 3.24 | 0.601 |
ALT | 78.83 | 74.33 | 67.67 | 69.83 | 1.80 | 0.120 |
TNF-α | 173.19 | 157.10 | 141.06 | 142.53 | 5.72 | 0.158 |
IFN-γ | 4.51 | 3.67 | 2.82 | 3.45 | 0.27 | 0.190 |
IL-1β | 71.68 | 68.90 | 63.49 | 58.86 | 4.13 | 0.725 |
IL-6 | 290.96 | 271.74 | 250.83 | 260.40 | 11.04 | 0.636 |
IL-8 | 64.63 | 59.82 | 51.16 | 55.12 | 3.09 | 0.471 |
IL-10 | 7.20 | 5.82 | 4.36 | 5.97 | 0.46 | 0.193 |
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Kumar, S.S.; Jang, S.Y.; Kim, I.H. Inclusion of Milk Thistle Seed and Achyranthes japonica Extract Alone or in Combination in Diet of Weaning Pigs Results in Similar Growth Outcomes. Life 2025, 15, 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071114
Kumar SS, Jang SY, Kim IH. Inclusion of Milk Thistle Seed and Achyranthes japonica Extract Alone or in Combination in Diet of Weaning Pigs Results in Similar Growth Outcomes. Life. 2025; 15(7):1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071114
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Shanmugam Suresh, Se Yeon Jang, and In Ho Kim. 2025. "Inclusion of Milk Thistle Seed and Achyranthes japonica Extract Alone or in Combination in Diet of Weaning Pigs Results in Similar Growth Outcomes" Life 15, no. 7: 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071114
APA StyleKumar, S. S., Jang, S. Y., & Kim, I. H. (2025). Inclusion of Milk Thistle Seed and Achyranthes japonica Extract Alone or in Combination in Diet of Weaning Pigs Results in Similar Growth Outcomes. Life, 15(7), 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071114