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10 pages, 8292 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Low-Timing Jitter Single-Frequency Pulse Output from a Passively Q-Switched Monolithic Non-Planar Ring Oscillator

by Mingwei Gao, Yibo Ding, Qing Wang, Lei Wang, Yuan Gao and Chunqing Gao

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121120 - 27 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1087

A low-timing jitter passively Q-switched monolithic non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) with diffusion-bonded Cr⁴⁺: YAG in a single-frequency operation was realized. The pulse parameters were controlled by a Cr⁴⁺: YAG saturable absorber, while the single-frequency operation was ensured by the [...] Read more.

A low-timing jitter passively Q-switched monolithic non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) with diffusion-bonded Cr⁴⁺: YAG in a single-frequency operation was realized. The pulse parameters were controlled by a Cr⁴⁺: YAG saturable absorber, while the single-frequency operation was ensured by the unidirectional ring cavity structure. The pulse trigger was actively provided by a gain switcher utilizing a composite pumping scheme. The dependence of the timing jitter between the output pulse and the trigger signal on the parameters of the composite pumping scheme was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Using this approach, we achieved a single-frequency pulsed laser output with a timing jitter of 14.568 ns (RMS) at a repetition rate of 100 Hz corresponding to a pulse width of 5.99 ns. This novel Q-switched monolithic NPRO, which integrates the benefits of both active and passive Q-switching, results in a simple and reliable structure that achieves a low-timing jitter single-frequency pulse output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technology and Applications)

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9 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Few ns Pulse Duration of Gain-Switched Ho:YAG Laser Pumped by an Active Q-Switched Tm:YLF Laser

by Shaul Avichai Golan, Rotem Nahear, Yechiel Bach and Salman Noach

Photonics 2024, 11(6), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060572 - 18 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

This paper describes a gain-switched Ho:YAG laser that emitted at 2089 nm, driven by an actively Q-switched Tm:YLF laser as the pumping source. The laser attained few ns short pulse durations with high energies at controlled repetition rates due to the active Q-switch [...] Read more.

This paper describes a gain-switched Ho:YAG laser that emitted at 2089 nm, driven by an actively Q-switched Tm:YLF laser as the pumping source. The laser attained few ns short pulse durations with high energies at controlled repetition rates due to the active Q-switch pump source. Using the gain-switch method, stable short pulse durations ranging from 3.5 to 7.2 ns, with an energy per pulse of 0.4 to 0.52 mJ, were achieved at repetition rates of up to 2.5 kHz. This design can have significant advantages in various fields, where accuracy in the repetition rate is essential and a passive Q-switch cannot be implemented due to its accuracy limitations, including sensing, LIDAR, medical procedures, and material processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technology and Applications)

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20 pages, 11538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Evaluation of Laser Cleaning Effectiveness in the Context of Contemporary Muralism

by Yezi Zhang, Francesca Zenucchini, Chiara Ricci, Paola Croveri and Dominique Scalarone

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4799; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114799 - 1 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1479

Abstract

Contemporary murals and street art play a critical role in urban culture, serving as platforms for social activism and reflecting the vibrancy of city life. This study within the SuperStaAr project framework examines the challenge of graffiti removal while safeguarding the original synthetic [...] Read more.

Contemporary murals and street art play a critical role in urban culture, serving as platforms for social activism and reflecting the vibrancy of city life. This study within the SuperStaAr project framework examines the challenge of graffiti removal while safeguarding the original synthetic paint layers. Through a detailed investigation using Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers (Nd:YAG), we evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser cleaning techniques on both unaged and artificially aged mural mock-ups. The initial findings highlight the Q-Switch and Long Q-Switch lasers as promising for removing graffiti without compromising the paint integrity. Our assessment criteria—encompassing residue presence, surface roughness, color changes, cleaning effectiveness, and pigment pickup—were validated through empirical evaluation and supported by colorimetric, micro–ATR–FTIR, and Py–GC/MS analyses. Notably, the incorporation of a passive sampling system for Py–GC/MS analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the ablated materials without direct sampling from the artwork. This research contributes a foundational framework for the evaluation of laser cleaning in mural conservation, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies to enhance the sustainability of urban art conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Analytical Methods for Cultural Heritage)

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12 pages, 6008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Fe:ZnSe Laser Exited by Diode Side-Pumped Er:YAG Laser

by Vladimir Kozlovsky, Marat Butaev, Yury Korostelin, Stanislav Leonov, Yan Skasyrsky and Mikhail Frolov

Photonics 2023, 10(8), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080869 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

The performance of a Fe:ZnSe laser was investigated in different schemes of excitation by a pulsed diode side-pumped Er:YAG laser. At the temperature of liquid nitrogen, the Fe:ZnSe laser, pumped by a free running 360-μs Er:YAG laser and demonstrated a pulse energy of [...] Read more.

The performance of a Fe:ZnSe laser was investigated in different schemes of excitation by a pulsed diode side-pumped Er:YAG laser. At the temperature of liquid nitrogen, the Fe:ZnSe laser, pumped by a free running 360-μs Er:YAG laser and demonstrated a pulse energy of 53 mJ with a slope efficiency of 42% relative to absorbed pump energy. When operating at room temperature, two optical schemes were considered. In the first one, the Fe:ZnSe laser crystal was pumped by a Q-switched Er:YAG laser with a passive shutter based on an additional Fe:ZnSe crystalline plate, and the cavities of both lasers were independent. In the second scheme, the cavities of the Fe:ZnSe and Er:YAG lasers were coupled, and the Fe:ZnSe crystal simultaneously served as an active element of the Fe:ZnSe laser and a passive shutter of the Er:YAG laser. Pulses with a duration of less than 200 ns and an energy of ~1 mJ were obtained from the Fe:ZnSe laser with a repetition rate of up to 50 kHz. The experimental waveforms of the laser pulses were approximated by rate equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solid-State and Fiber Mid-IR Lasers: Novel Materils, Components, Systems and Applications)

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13 pages, 5028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computation and Verification of Spatial Rate Equations for an Electro-Optically Q-Switched Laser-Diode Side-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser

by Renpeng Yan, Haobo Xu and Xudong Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5410; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095410 - 26 Apr 2023

Viewed by 3240

Abstract

In a side-pumped laser module, we simulate the pumping power distribution across the cross-section of Nd:YAG rods at varying diameters. The coupled rate equations with the spatial overlap efficiency for a four-level actively Q-switched side-pumped laser are considered complete. After a Q-switched pulse [...] Read more.

In a side-pumped laser module, we simulate the pumping power distribution across the cross-section of Nd:YAG rods at varying diameters. The coupled rate equations with the spatial overlap efficiency for a four-level actively Q-switched side-pumped laser are considered complete. After a Q-switched pulse terminates, the expressions of laser output parameters are derived. We assess the single pulse energy, pulse width, and peak power using the analysis function. The 200 Hz Q-switched side-pumped Nd:YAG laser with a peak power of 103 kW and beam quality factors M² = 1.67 is developed to the validity of theoretical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems)

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10 pages, 2997 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Simultaneous Manipulation of the Temporal and Spatial Behaviors of Nanosecond Laser Based on Hybrid Q-Switching

by Haoxi Yang, Yuanji Li, Wenrong Wang, Jinxia Feng and Kuanshou Zhang

Photonics 2023, 10(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020227 - 20 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2339

Abstract

A hybrid Q-switching method based on a special-shaped saturated absorber was proposed for simultaneous manipulation of the temporal and spatial behaviors of a solid-state pulse laser. The temporal–spatial rate equation model of the laser was given and used to optimize the design parameter [...] Read more.

A hybrid Q-switching method based on a special-shaped saturated absorber was proposed for simultaneous manipulation of the temporal and spatial behaviors of a solid-state pulse laser. The temporal–spatial rate equation model of the laser was given and used to optimize the design parameter of the saturated absorber. Best spatial intensity homogenization performance can be expected using an active-passive hybrid Q-switched laser, comprising a Pockels cell and a cylinder Cr:YAG crystal with one end cut as a spherical concave surface. The optimized laser pulse width could be narrowed to 2.39 ns and the laser radial intensity distribution became quasi-super-Gaussian distribution with a radial intensity distribution ratio of 0.91, while that for the Gaussian beam was 0.84. In principle, the laser coherence can be maintained, and the laser spatial intensity distribution can be kept in a long propagation distance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lasers and Dynamic of Systems)

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10 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Depth-Resolved Elemental Analysis on Moving Electrode Foils with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

by Carl Basler, Moritz Kappeler and Daniel Carl

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031082 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

In this study, a new method for the inline measurement of depth profiles on a continuously moving sample with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented. The ablation profile is generated by ablating the sample with a burst of laser pulses, where the emission spectrum [...] Read more.

In this study, a new method for the inline measurement of depth profiles on a continuously moving sample with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented. The ablation profile is generated by ablating the sample with a burst of laser pulses, where the emission spectrum of each laser-induced plasma is analyzed on a spectrometer. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm with 10 mJ pulse energy, 6 ns pulse duration and 100 Hz repetition rate was used. The focusing lens for the pulsed laser and a deflection mirror are mounted on a moving stage, which is precisely aligned in height and orientation to the movement of a conveyor belt transporting the sample. The stage speed is actively synchronized to the speed of the moving sample by a wheel encoder to assure that all laser pulses hit the same position at the sample. The feasibility for depth-resolved elemental analysis on moving samples is shown for coatings of electrode foils for lithium-ion batteries. The coating homogeneity was measured at a speed up to 17 m/min. For a 100 μm coating, 10 laser pulses were needed to measure a full depth profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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15 pages, 5455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn_1−xMn_xSe and Zn_1−xMg_xSe (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths

by Adam Říha, Helena Jelínková, Maxim E. Doroshenko, Michal Jelínek, Jan Šulc, Michal Němec, David Vyhlídal and Nazar O. Kovalenko

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155277 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Two different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mn

_{x}

Se and Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mg

_{x}

Se with similar amounts of [...] Read more.

Two different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mn

_{x}

Se and Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mg

_{x}

Se with similar amounts of manganese or magnesium ions of x ≈ 0.3 were investigated at cryogenic temperatures for three different excitation wavelengths: Q-switched Er:YLF laser at the wavelength of 1.73

μ

m, Q-switched Er:YAG laser at 2.94

μ

m, and the gain-switched Fe:ZnSe laser operated at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 78 K at ∼4.05

μ

m. The temperature dependence of spectral and laser characteristics was measured. Depending on the excitation wavelength and the selected output coupler, both laser systems were able to generate radiation by Cr

^{2 +}

or by Fe

^{2 +}

ions under direct excitation or indirectly by the Cr

^{2 +}

→ Fe

^{2 +}

energy transfer mechanism. Laser generation of Fe

^{2 +}

ions in Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mn

_{x}

Se and Cr

^{2 +}

, Fe

^{2 +}

:Zn

_{1 - x}

Mg

_{x}

Se (x ≈ 0.3) crystals at the wavelengths of ∼4.4 and ∼4.8

μ

m at a temperature of 78 K was achieved, respectively. The excitation of Fe

^{2 +}

ions in both samples by direct 2.94

μ

m as well as ∼4.05

μ

m radiation or indirectly via the Cr

^{2 +}

→ Fe

^{2 +}

ions’ energy transfer-based mechanism by 1.73

μ

m radiation was demonstrated. Based on the obtained results, the possibility of developing novel coherent laser systems in mid-IR regions (∼2.3–2.5 and ∼4.4–4.9

μ

m) based on A

^{II}

B

^{VI}

matrices was presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Functional Crystal Materials for Lasers and Optoelectronic Devices)

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9 pages, 9362 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

High-Peak-Power Sub-Nanosecond Mode-Locking Pulses Generated by a Dual-Loss-Modulated QML Laser with AOM and SnSe₂

by Zihao Dai, Baohao Xu, Xinyu Hu, Kai Jiang, Jing Wang, Wenjing Tang and Lihua Cao

Photonics 2022, 9(7), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070471 - 6 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1836

Abstract

In order to investigate the pulse modulation potential of SnSe₂ in all-solid-state lasers, an active and passive dual-loss-modulated (APDM) Q-switched and mode-locking (QML) Nd:YVO₄ laser was realized by employing an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a 5.9 nm thick SnSe₂ saturable [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the pulse modulation potential of SnSe₂ in all-solid-state lasers, an active and passive dual-loss-modulated (APDM) Q-switched and mode-locking (QML) Nd:YVO₄ laser was realized by employing an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a 5.9 nm thick SnSe₂ saturable absorber (SA). The significant pulse compression ability of SnSe₂ film was found experimentally, and sub-nanosecond mode-locking pulses with large peak power were obtained. The average output power, pulse energy, and pulse width versus the pump power were measured. With a pump power of 8.5 W, 242 ps mode-locking pulses with a pulse peak power of 231.4 kW were realized successfully. The experimental results also show that the SnSe₂-based APDM QML laser has great potential in generating sub-nanosecond pulses with large peak power and high stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)

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10 pages, 21923 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

High Repetition Rate, TEM₀₀ Mode, Compact Sub-Nanosecond 532 nm Laser

by Dongdong Meng, Tianqi Wang, Mi Zhou, Zhanduo Qiao, Xiaolong Liu and Zhongwei Fan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4428; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094428 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

As a critical transmitter, compact 532 nm lasers operating on high repetition and short pulse widths have been used widely for airborne or space-borne laser active remote sensing. We developed a free space pumped TEM₀₀ mode sub-nanosecond 532 nm laser that occupied [...] Read more.

As a critical transmitter, compact 532 nm lasers operating on high repetition and short pulse widths have been used widely for airborne or space-borne laser active remote sensing. We developed a free space pumped TEM₀₀ mode sub-nanosecond 532 nm laser that occupied a volume of less than 125 mm × 50 mm × 40 mm (0.25 L). The fundamental 1064 nm laser consists of a passively Q-switched composite crystal microchip laser and an off-axis, two-pass power amplifier. The pump sources were two single-emitter semiconductor laser diodes (LD) with 808 nm wavelengths and a maximum continuous wave (CW) power of 10 W each. The average power of the fundamental 1064 nm laser was 1.26 W, with the laser operating at 16 kHz repetition rates and 857 ps pulse widths. Since the beam distortion would be severe in microchip lasers due to the increase in heat load, in order to obtain a high beam quality of 532 nm, the beam distortion in our experiment amplifying the fundamental laser was compensated by adjusting the distribution of the pumping beam. Furthermore, in the critical phase matching (CPM) regime for the second harmonic generation (SHG), a Type I LiB₃O₅ (LBO) crystal obtained 770 ps, a beam quality of M² < 1.2, and a 16 kHz pulse output at 532 nm, which was better than 0.6 W average power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technologies and Nonlinear Optics in Surface Sciences)

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9 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Theoretical Study of an Actively Q-Switched Tm:YLF Laser with an Acousto-Optic Modulator

by Lei Guo, Yaling Yang, Ruihua Wang, Baitao Zhang, Tao Li, Shengzhi Zhao, Jingliang He and Kejian Yang

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7324; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237324 - 2 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

We report the characteristics of a diode-end-pumped, high-repetition-rate, acoustic-optic (AO) Q-switched Tm:YLF laser operating from 5 kHz to 10 kHz. In the continuous-wave (CW) regime, a maximum average output power of 8.5 W was obtained with a slope efficiency of 30.7%. Under the [...] Read more.

We report the characteristics of a diode-end-pumped, high-repetition-rate, acoustic-optic (AO) Q-switched Tm:YLF laser operating from 5 kHz to 10 kHz. In the continuous-wave (CW) regime, a maximum average output power of 8.5 W was obtained with a slope efficiency of 30.7%. Under the AO Q-switching regime, a maximum output power of 7.32 W was obtained at a repetition frequency of 5 kHz with a pulse width of 68 ns and a pulse energy of 1.4 mJ, corresponding to a peak power of 21.5 kW. A time-dependent rate equation model is introduced to theoretically analyze the results obtained in the experiment, in which the cross-relaxation phenomenon, upconversion losses and ground-state depletion are taken into account. Additionally, the evolution processes of population inversion density and intracavity photon number density with time are also presented. The theoretical results well predict the dependence of laser output characteristics of Tm:YLF crystal on the incident pump powers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lasers and Optoelectronics)

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7 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

An Electro-Optic, Actively Q-Switched Tm:YAP/KGW External-Cavity Raman Laser at 2273 nm and 2344 nm

by Rotem Nahear, Neria Suliman, Yechiel Bach and Salman Noach

Photonics 2021, 8(11), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110519 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

This paper presents a KGW Raman laser with an external-cavity configuration in the 2 μm region. The Raman laser is pumped by unique, electro-optic, actively Q-switched Tm:Yap laser, emitting at 1935 nm. The electro-optic modulation is based on a KLTN crystal, enabling the [...] Read more.

This paper presents a KGW Raman laser with an external-cavity configuration in the 2 μm region. The Raman laser is pumped by unique, electro-optic, actively Q-switched Tm:Yap laser, emitting at 1935 nm. The electro-optic modulation is based on a KLTN crystal, enabling the use of a short crystal length, with a relatively low driving voltage. Due to the KGW bi-axial properties, the Raman laser is able to lase separately at two different output wavelengths, 2273 and 2344 nm. The output energies and pulse durations for these two lines are 0.42 mJ/pulse at 18.2 ns, and 0.416 mJ/pulse at 14.7 ns, respectively. This is the first implementation of a KGW crystal pumped by an electro-optic active Q-switched Tm:Yap laser in the SWIR spectral range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Power Lasers and Amplifiers)

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14 pages, 6653 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Yb³⁺:ScBO₃ Laser Crystal Growth, Characterization, and Laser Applications

by Dazhi Lu, Xiaoheng Li, Haohai Yu, Huaijin Zhang and Jiyang Wang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10879; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210879 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Passive Q-switching is an effective approach for generating pulsed lasers, owing to its compact and additional modulation-free design. However, to compare favorably with active Q-switching and multi-stage amplification, the output energy needs to be enhanced for practical applications. Kramers Ytterbium ion (Yb³⁺ [...] Read more.

Passive Q-switching is an effective approach for generating pulsed lasers, owing to its compact and additional modulation-free design. However, to compare favorably with active Q-switching and multi-stage amplification, the output energy needs to be enhanced for practical applications. Kramers Ytterbium ion (Yb³⁺)-doped borate crystals, with their excellent energy storage capacity, have been proven to be high-potential laser gain mediums for achieving pulsed lasers with moderate and high output energy using passive Q-switching technology. In this study, the growth, characterization, and laser generation of one Yb³⁺-doped borate crystal, the Yb³⁺:ScBO₃ crystal, are systematically reviewed. The continuous-wave and passive Q-switching laser characteristics are presented in detail, and the self-pulsations derived from intrinsic ground-state reabsorption are also demonstrated. The specific characteristics and experiments confirm the potential of the Yb³⁺:ScBO₃ crystal for future pulsed laser applications with moderate or even high energy output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optoelectronics for Lasers: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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10 pages, 1475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Nanoparticles under Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Excitation as an Intensity Sensitive Saturable Absorption to Reverse Saturable Absorption Switching Material

by Edappadikkunnummal Shiju, Kaniyarakkal Sharafudeen, T. M. Remya, N. K. Siji Narendran, Palengara Sudheesh and Vijayakumar Sadasivan Nair

Photonics 2021, 8(10), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100413 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2977

Abstract

Optical nonlinearity involved switching draws an important consideration in nonlinear optical studies. Based on that, we explored nonlinear absorption processes in silver nanoparticles synthesized by liquid phase laser ablation technique employing a second harmonic wavelength (532 nm) of Q switched Nd:YAG laser pulses [...] Read more.

Optical nonlinearity involved switching draws an important consideration in nonlinear optical studies. Based on that, we explored nonlinear absorption processes in silver nanoparticles synthesized by liquid phase laser ablation technique employing a second harmonic wavelength (532 nm) of Q switched Nd:YAG laser pulses with 7 ns pulse width and 10 Hz repetition rates. The typical surface plasmon resonance induced absorption (~418 nm) confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. The Z-scan technique was used to study the nonlinear optical processes, employing the same laser system used for ablation. Our study reveals that there is an occurrence of a saturable to reverse saturable absorption switching activity in the Ag nanoparticles, which is strongly on-axis input intensity dependent as well. The closed aperture Z-scan analysis revealed the self-defocusing nature of the sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Ablation: From Fundamental Science to Applications)

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11 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Q Resonant Sb₂S₃-Lithium Niobate Metasurface for Active Nanophotonics

by Qi Meng, Xingqiao Chen, Wei Xu, Zhihong Zhu, Xiaodong Yuan and Jianfa Zhang

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092373 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

Phase change materials (PCMs) are attracting more and more attentions as enabling materials for tunable nanophotonics. They can be processed into functional photonic devices through customized laser writing, providing great flexibility for fabrication and reconfiguration. Lithium Niobate (LN) has excellent nonlinear and electro-optical [...] Read more.

Phase change materials (PCMs) are attracting more and more attentions as enabling materials for tunable nanophotonics. They can be processed into functional photonic devices through customized laser writing, providing great flexibility for fabrication and reconfiguration. Lithium Niobate (LN) has excellent nonlinear and electro-optical properties, but is difficult to process, which limits its application in nanophotonic devices. In this paper, we combine the emerging low-loss phase change material

{Sb}_{2} S_{3}

with LN and propose a new type of high Q resonant metasurface. Simulation results show that the

{Sb}_{2} S_{3}

-LN metasurface has extremely narrow linewidth of 0.096 nm and high quality (Q) factor of 15,964. With LN as the waveguide layer, strong nonlinear properties are observed in the hybrid metasurface, which can be employed for optical switches and isolators. By adding a pair of Au electrodes on both sides of the LN, we can realize dynamic electro-optical control of the resonant metasurface. The ultra-low loss of

{Sb}_{2} S_{3}

, and its combination with LN, makes it possible to realize a new family of high Q resonant metasurfaces for actively tunable nanophotonic devices with widespread applications including optical switching, light modulation, dynamic beam steering, optical phased array and so on. Full article

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