Search Results (97)

This study investigated the possibility of partial replacement of genetically modified soybean meal (SBM) with raw white lupin (WL) seeds in growing pigs’ diets and determined its impact on performance [body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI)], meat quality, and fatty acid profile (FA). A total of 54 male crossbred pigs [(Topigs Large White × Norsvin Landrace) × Duroc], aged 12 weeks, with an initial average BW of 30.30 ± 0.77 kg, were divided into three dietary groups of 18 piglets each. The control group (CON) was fed a standardized SBM-based complete feed. In the experimental groups (WL1 and WL2) the SBM was replaced with increasing levels of WL seeds [WL1-5.0% and WL2-10.0% (grower period, 30–60 kg BW), and WL1-7.0% and WL2-14.0% (finisher period, 61–110 kg BW)]. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous with similar content of total lysine and sulphur amino acids, calcium, and available phosphorus. At the end of 83 days’ fattening trial, the animals were slaughtered. Longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) was sampled for analyses of the physicochemical traits. The results show that increasing the dietary raw WL concentration decreased final BW (p = 0.039), ADG (p < 0.0001), and ADFI (p = 0.004) throughout the experimental period, especially in the second phase of feeding. Dietary treatments did not affect the pigs’ blood biochemical constituents. Concerning LD muscle characteristics, the redness color (a*) and collagen content was higher (p < 0.0001) in the WL1/WL2 vs. CON group. Beneficial decrease in the values of some textural attributes (hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience) of LD in the WL1/WL2 vs. CON group was registered. The use of WL had a significant effect on the content of FAs, especially for eicosapentaenoic (p = 0.014) and n-3 PUFA (p = 0.045), which were higher than those fed the CON diet. In conclusion, WL could be used as a replacement of SBM in growing–finishing pigs’ diets, with significant improvements in the meat fatty acid profile and technological properties. Full article

Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Bupleurum in the Apiaceae family. Also known as red Bupleurum, it is mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China and other regions and is a commonly used medicinal plant. It is difficult for the wild plant resources of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. to meet the market demand. In artificial cultivation, there are problems such as a low yield per plant, low quality, weakened stress resistance and variety degradation. The contents of bioactive components and metabolites in traditional Chinese medicinal materials vary significantly across different growth years. The growth duration directly impacts their quality and clinical efficacy. Therefore, determining the optimal growth period is one of the crucial factors in ensuring the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. In this study, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were comprehensively applied to analyze the metabolically differential substances in different parts of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. By comparing the compositions and content differences of chemical components in different growth years and different parts, the chemical components with significant differences were accurately screened out. In order to further explore the dynamic change characteristics and internal laws of metabolites, a metabolic network was constructed for a visual analysis and, finally, to see the optimal growth years of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. This result showed that with the accumulation of the growth cycle, the height, root width, fresh mass and saikosaponins content of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. increased year by year. Except for sodium and calcium elements in the main shoot, the other elements were significantly reduced. In addition, 59 primary metabolites were identified by GC-MS, with the accumulation of the growth cycle, the contents of organic acids, sugars, alcohols and amino acids gradually decreased, while the contents of alkyl, glycosides and other substances gradually increased. There were 53 positive correlations and 18 negative correlations in the triennial Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. grid, all of which were positively correlated with saikosaponins. Therefore, the triennial Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. was considered to be the suitable growth year. It not only provided a new idea and method for the quality evaluation of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., but also provided a scientific basis for the quality control of Chinese herbs. Full article

A high-throughput sequencing-based grapevine metagenomic survey was conducted across all grape-growing Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Québec) with the objective of better understanding the grapevine virome composition. In total, 310 composite grapevine samples representing nine Vitis vinifera red; five V. vinifera white; seven American–French red; and five white hybrid cultivars were analyzed. dsRNA, enriched using two different methods, was used as the starting material and source of viral nucleic acids in HTS. The virome status on the distribution and incidence in different regions and grapevine cultivars is addressed. Results from this study revealed the presence of 20 viruses and 3 viroids in the samples tested. Twelve viruses, which are in the regulated viruses list under grapevine certification, were identified in this survey. The major viruses detected in this survey and their incidence rates are GRSPaV (26% to 100%), GLRaV-2 (1% to 18%), GLRaV-3 (15% to 63%), GRVFV (0% to 52%), GRGV (0% to 52%), GPGV (3.3% to 77%), GFkV (1.5% to 31.6%), and GRBV (0% to 19.4%). This survey is the first comprehensive virome study using viral dsRNA and a metagenomics approach on grapevine samples from the British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces in Canada. Results from this survey highlight the grapevine virome distribution across four major grapevine-growing regions and their cultivars. The outcome of this survey underlines the need for strengthening current management options to mitigate the impact of virus spread, and the implementation of a domestic grapevine clean plant program to improve the sanitary status of the grapevine ecosystem. Full article

Background: High-dose γ-ray exposure (≥7 Gy) in nuclear emergencies induces life-threatening acute radiation syndrome, characterized by rapid hematopoietic collapse (leukocytes <0.5 × 10⁹/L) and gastrointestinal barrier failure. While clinical biomarkers like leukocyte depletion guide current therapies targeting myelosuppression, the concomitant metabolic disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis—critical determinants of delayed mortality—remain insufficiently profiled across the 28-day injury-recovery continuum. Methods: This study investigates the effects of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation on metabolic characteristics and gut microbiota in Sprague Dawley rats using untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing. Meanwhile, body weight and complete blood counts were measured. Results: Body weight exhibited significant fluctuations, with the most pronounced deviation observed at 14 days. Blood counts revealed a rapid decline in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets post-irradiation, reaching nadirs at 7–14 days, followed by gradual recovery to near-normal levels by 28 days. Untargeted metabolomics identified 32 upregulated and 33 downregulated plasma metabolites at 14 days post-irradiation, while fecal metabolites showed 47 upregulated and 18 downregulated species at 3 days. Key metabolic pathways impacted included Glycerophospholipid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated no significant change in α-diversity but significant β-diversity shifts (p < 0.05), indicating a marked alteration in the compositional structure of the intestinal microbial community following radiation exposure. Principal coordinate analysis confirmed distinct clustering between control and irradiated groups, with increased abundance of Bacteroidota and decreased Firmicutes in irradiated rats. These findings highlight dynamic metabolic and microbial disruptions post-irradiation, with recovery patterns suggesting a 28-day restoration cycle. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis explored associations between the top 20 fecal metabolites and 50 abundant bacterial taxa. Norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Bacteroides showed significant correlations with various radiation-altered metabolites, highlighting metabolite–microbiota relationships post-radiation. Conclusions: This study provides insights into potential biomarkers for radiation-induced physiological damage and underscores the interplay between systemic metabolism and gut microbiota in radiation response. Full article

The paper presents changes in the color and acidity of beech wood with false heartwood in the process of pressure steaming at the temperature interval t = 105 °C and 125 °C during τ = 6 to 24 h. The light white-gray color of sapwood with a yellow tint changes to pale pink and red-brown to brown-red color during the steaming process. The color of beech wood with false heartwood changed to brown-gray color shades during 24 h of steaming with saturated water steam. From the measured data, as well as the visual evaluation of the color of the wood, I can conclude that, in the process of steaming beech wood with false heartwood, we can achieve color unification between false heartwood and sapwood in mode at temperature t = 105 °C for time τ = 18 h and in mode at temperature t = 125 °C for time τ = 12 h. Due to the influence of hemicellulose hydrolysis, the acidity of beech wood changes in the process of steaming. The decrease in acidity of beech wood in the temperature interval t = 105–125 °C and time τ = 6–24 h is in the range of values pH_sapwood = 5.2 to 3.6 and pH_{false heartwood} = 5.0 to 3.9. The relationship between the total color difference ∆E and the acidity change in beech sapwood and false heartwood is expressed by a second-degree polynomial function. The above mathematical relations represent a useful tool for evaluating the achieved color shade before further technological processing. Full article

An HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 32 polyphenolic compounds in berries was established. For method validation, the berry samples were extracted with 80% ethanol, purified on an HLB column, and separated on a C18 column via gradient elution with an acetonitrile–water mobile phase system before mass spectrometry detection with electrospray ionization in negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring. The results revealed that the 32 polyphenolic compounds had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1–500 μg/L, with R² > 0.99, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, and recoveries of 0.2–0.6 μg/kg, 0.3–1.0 μg/kg, and 82.8–104.8%, respectively, and RSDs < 5.8%. The contents of polyphenolic compounds in the berries were determined, with 23 polyphenolic compounds in sea buckthorn, 18 in mulberry, 17 in black wolfberry, and 12 in red wolfberry. Eight polyphenolic compounds were found in all 4 kinds of berries, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, erucic acid, rutin, hypericin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and daffinoside. Additionally, six polyphenolic compounds, catechin, syringic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, cinnamic acid, and isorhamnetin, were detected only in sea buckthorn. Full article

Adequate management of replacement ewe lambs (F0) in dairy sheep farms during postnatal life may modify the germline cells, thus promoting transmission of intergenerational effects to the offspring (F1). To test this hypothesis, 18 newborn male lambs (F1), either born from methionine-supplemented ewe lambs (F0 ewe lambs being fed ad libitum with a milk replacer supplemented with 1 g methionine/kg DM) or not supplemented (F0 ewe lambs being fed ad libitum with the same milk replacer with no methionine added), were included in the present study. All the male F1 lambs were managed exactly in the same way along the whole lifespan in order to bring out the differences caused by methionine supplementation of F0 dams. Our data show that the methionine supplementation of dams (F0) during the suckling period did not promote significant (p > 0.05) changes on feed intake, growth rate, or feed efficiency of F1 male lambs during the fattening period. Moreover, the meat chemical composition (proximal, fatty acid profile, and volatile compounds) was similar for both groups (p > 0.05), but the meat of F1-MET lambs presented higher redness and hardness (p < 0.05) when compared to F1-CTRL lambs. The biochemical profile also highlighted significant (p < 0.05) differences in the serum creatinine and calcium content that may be at least partially related to the meat quality traits observed. Overall, all these results suggest that methionine supplementation of lambs (F0) during early postnatal life causes permanent changes in the offspring. This has positive effects, such as achieving a more attractive color of lamb meat (F1) for consumers, and negative effects, such as reduced meat tenderness. Full article

Background: Sensors for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are now commonly used by people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the response of these devices to potentially interfering nutritional, pharmaceutical, or endogenous substances is barely explored. We previously developed an in vitro test method for continuous and dynamic CGM interference testing and herein explore the sensitivity of the Abbott Libre2 (L2) and Dexcom G6 (G6) sensors to a panel of 68 individual substances. Methods: In each interference experiment, L2 and G6 sensors were exposed in triplicate to substance gradients from zero to supraphysiological concentrations at a stable glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL. YSI Stat 2300 Plus was used as the glucose reference method. Interference was presumed if the CGM sensors showed a mean bias of at least ±10% from baseline with a tested substance at any given substance concentration. Results: Both L2 and G6 sensors showed interference with the following substances: dithiothreitol (maximal bias from baseline: L2/G6: +46%/−18%), galactose (>+100%/+17%), mannose (>+100%/+20%), and N-acetyl-cysteine (+11%/+18%). The following substances were found to interfere with L2 sensors only: ascorbic acid (+48%), ibuprofen (+14%), icodextrin (+10%), methyldopa (+16%), red wine (+12%), and xylose (>+100%). On the other hand, the following substances were found to interfere with G6 sensors only: acetaminophen (>+100%), ethyl alcohol (+12%), gentisic acid (+18%), hydroxyurea (>+100%), l-cysteine (−25%), l-Dopa (+11%), and uric acid (+33%). Additionally, G6 sensors could subsequently not be calibrated for use after exposure to dithiothreitol, gentisic acid, l-cysteine, and mesalazine (sensor fouling). Conclusions: Our standardized dynamic interference testing protocol identified several nutritional, pharmaceutical and endogenous substances that substantially influenced L2 and G6 sensor signals. Clinical trials are now necessary to investigate whether our findings are of relevance during routine care. Full article

Red yeast rice is a nutraceutical fermented product used worldwide for the symptomatic relief of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. However, the fermentation-induced lipid transformation from rice to red yeast rice remains unclear. Herein, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry method was developed for the comprehensive lipid analysis during fermentation. A total of 246 lipids fall in 21 subclasses were annotated in rice and red yeast rice, including 37 lysophospholipids, 14 phospholipids, 29 diglycerides, 114 triglycerides and fatty acid (15 species), ceramide (12 species), hexosylceramide (3 species), sitosterol ester (2 species), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (2 species), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (2 species), monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (8 species), digalactosylmonoacylglycerol (5 species), coenzyme Q (1 species), acyl hexosyl campesterol ester (1 species), and acylcarnitine (1 species). Results showed that lipid profiles changed, and new lipid species emerged. Notably, 18 medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols and triacylglycerols with short-chains were tentatively identified. These triacylglycerols also show the effects of body fat accumulation reduction, and hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities. Furthermore, lipid species that were profoundly changed were quantified, and the dynamic changes were investigated. This study clarified the molecular species and compositional changes in fermented rice from lipid aspect. Full article

Background/Objectives: The ‘Xinli No. 7’ pear is a new pear variety with the advantages of early ripening, high quality, high storage resistance, and a long shelf life. Peel color is an important appearance-related trait and an important indicator of fruit quality and commercial value. Methods: In this study, we investigated the polyphenol compound biosynthesis metabolic pathway in the fruit pericarp of ‘Xinli No. 7’ pear using metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches, and qRT–PCR was used for the relative expression analysis of 21 DEGs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Results: A total of 128 phenolic compounds were identified, along with 1850 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in peels of different colors. Caftaric acid, apigenin, astragalin, phlorizin, prunin, taxifolin, rutin, naringenin, and their derivatives were abundant in the peel of ‘Xinli No. 7’ pear. An integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that one PGT1, one LAR, two ANS, three 4CL, one CHS, one DFR, and one CHI gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited markedly different expression levels in the fruit pericarp of ‘Xinli No. 7’ pear. Metabolic profiling of pear skin led to the identification of polyphenol substances involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic process and revealed 16 flavonoid compounds with high accumulation in pear fruit with red skin (PR). Notably, MYBs (25), bHLHs (18), WRKYs (15), NACs (15), ERFs (15), and MADs (2) may also contribute to the accumulation of flavonoid metabolites and the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in the peel of ‘Xinli No. 7’. Conclusions: Therefore, our results demonstrate the key role of phenolic compounds and candidate transcription factors involved in the peel color formation of ‘Xinli No. 7’ pear fruit. Full article

Background: The long-term follow-up studies investigating the risk of anemia and iron deficiency following bariatric procedures are scarce. This study aimed to determine the influence of body weight reduction and type of bariatric surgery on iron metabolism parameters. Methods: We included 138 consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery (120 underwent sleeve gastrectomy and 18 underwent other types of bariatric surgery) between 2010 and 2016. At baseline and at follow-up (median observation: 10 years), examination weight and height were measured, and blood samples for iron metabolism parameters were taken. Results: Red blood cells (4.75 [4.59–4.96] 10⁶/μL vs. 4.51 [4.25–4.83] 10⁶/μL, p < 0.0001), hemoglobin (14.0 [13.3–14.7] g/dL vs. 13.0 [12.1–14.3] g/dL, p < 0.0001), and folic acid (7.4 [5.9–10.4] ng/ml vs. 6.0 [4.5–9.1] ng/mL, p = 0.01) were significantly lower, while anemia prevalence (6.52% vs. 28.99%, p < 0.0001) was significantly higher at the follow-up examination compared to the baseline values. In contrast, iron concentration (86.5 [68.0–109.0] µg/dL vs. 86.5 [55.0–110.0] µg/dL, p = 0.42) and TIBC values (351 [326–391] µg/dL vs. 345 [5311–387] µg/dL, p = 0.08) did not change significantly. The multivariable regression analyses showed that the only factors independently related to the hemoglobin concentration change were initial hemoglobin concentration, age, and bariatric procedures other than sleeve gastrectomy. Similarly, in the multivariable logistic analysis, the only variables independently related to the risk of anemia were age (adjusted odds ratio 0.93 [95% confidence intervals 0.89–0.97]), initial hemoglobin concentration (0.69 [0.49–0.97]), and procedures other than sleeve gastrectomy bariatric procedures (6.12 [1.86–20.15]). Conclusions: Age, initial hemoglobin concentration, and type of bariatric procedure but not sex, baseline iron serum level, or weight change are related to the risk of anemia in the long-term follow-up following bariatric surgery. Full article

Pollen represents a reward for pollinators and is a key element in plant–insect interactions, especially in apples, which are entomophilous species and require cross-pollination to produce economically valuable yields. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical content of the pollen in 11 apple cultivars (‘Red Aroma’, ‘Discovery’, ‘Summerred’, ‘Rubinstep’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Dolgo’, ‘Professor Sprenger’, ‘Asfari’, ‘Eden’, ‘Fryd’ and ‘Katja’) grown in Norway and try to establish a relationship between them and insect attractiveness. In the applied chemical analysis, 7 sugars and sugar alcohols, 4 organic acids, 65 phenolic compounds, 18 hydroxycinnamic acid amides (phenylamides), a large number of polypeptides with a molecular weight of 300 kDa to <6.5 kDa, lipids, carotenoids, starch, pectin and cellulose were determined. The crab apples ‘Dolgo’ and ‘Professor Sprenger’, which are used as pollenizers in commercial orchards, had the highest level of sucrose, total polyphenol content (prevent oxidative damages in insects), antioxidant capacity, hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives, quercetin and derivatives, dihyrochalcone, epicatechin, putrescine derivates, and proteins with molecular weight 66–95 kDa and >95 kDa, which made them interesting for insect pollenizers. Only the pollen of the crab apples contained quercetin-3-O-(2″-O-malonyl)-hexoside, which can be used as a marker for the apple species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Apple floral pollen is a rich source of bioactive components and can be used to prevent and/or cure diseases or can be included in diets as a “superfood”. Full article

Medicinal plants have been explored worldwide as potential alternatives for the prevention and treatment of different diseases, including viral infections. Baccharis crispa Spreng. (Asteraceae) is a native medicinal species widely used in South America. Given the influence of genetic and environmental factors on secondary metabolites biosynthesis and accumulation, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral activity of four wild populations of B. crispa from Córdoba, Argentina, and assess the variability in their bioactivity and chemical composition. The cytotoxicity of chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts from aerial parts was evaluated by the neutral red uptake method. Antiviral and virucidal activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were assessed via plaque-forming unit (PFU) reduction assay. Phytochemical analyses of the extracts were conducted using HPLC-ESI- MS/MS. The Puesto Pedernera population showed the strongest antiviral activity, with inhibition rates of 82% for CHIKV and 79% against HSV-1, as well as potent virucidal effects, reducing PFU formation by up to 5 logarithms for both viruses. Remarkably, ethanol extract exhibited the least toxicity and strongest inhibitory activity. Villa del Parque population was inactive. We identified 38 secondary metabolites, predominantly phenolic acids (12) and flavonoids (18), in varying proportions. Delphinidin and delphinidin-3-glucoside are described for the first time in the species. Differences in phytochemical profiles were observed among extract types and populations. Key phenolic compounds showed moderate positive correlations with the evaluated bioactivities, emphasizing the complexity of phytochemical properties and interactions. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of B. crispa extracts against viral infections and underscore the importance of considering the geographical source of plant material in bioactivity evaluations. Full article

(1) Background: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of short-chain fatty acids as functional ingredients to improve the immune status and disease resistance of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. (2) Methods: For that purpose, triplicate groups of fish with an initial body weight of 15.2 ± 0.03 g were fed isoproteic (43% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipids) diets supplemented with sodium acetate (SA), sodium propionate (SP), and sodium butyrate (SB) at two inclusion levels: 0.25% and 0.50%. An unsupplemented diet was used as a control. After 56 days of feeding with the experimental diets, fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 100 µL of Vibrio anguillarum (1.2 × 10⁷ Colony Forming Units (CFU)/mL) and mortality was recorded for 3 weeks. At the end of the trial, there were no differences in survival between the treatment groups and the control, but survival was higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with SB 0.50 than SP 0.25 (93.3 vs. 66.7%). Compared to the pre-challenge values, and regardless of diet composition, all hematological parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cells) measured decreased after 4 h of bacterial challenge, except for neutrophils which were increased. Independently of diet composition, lysozyme and nitric oxide decreased at 4 and 24 h post infection. Compared to the control, diets supplemented with SA and SP promoted an up-regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at 4 h after the challenge, while the diets supplemented with SB promoted an up-regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at 24 h after the challenge. (3) Conclusions: Overall, present results suggest that SA and SP provide a fast response to a bacterial challenge in European sea bass juveniles, while SB provides increased survival. Full article

Textile wastewater containing dyes poses significant environmental hazards. Advanced oxidative processes, especially the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, are effective in degrading a wide range of contaminants due to high conversion rates and ease of catalyst recovery. This study evaluates the heterogeneous photodegradation of the azo dyes Acid Red 18 (AR18), Acid Red 66 (AR66), and Orange 2 (OR2) using magnetite as a catalyst. The magnetic catalyst was synthesized via a hydrothermal process at 150 °C. Experiments were conducted at room temperature, investigating the effect of catalyst dosage, pH, and initial concentrations of H₂O₂ and AR18 dye. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed at 25, 40, and 60 °C for the three azo dyes (AR18, AR66, and OR2) and the effect of the dye structures on the degradation efficiency was investigated. At 25 °C for 0.33 mmolL⁻¹ of dye at pH 3.0, using 1.4 gL⁻¹ of the catalyst and 60 mgL⁻¹ of H₂O₂ under UV radiation of 16.7 mWcm⁻², the catalyst showed 62.3% degradation for AR18, 79.6% for AR66, and 83.8% for OR2 in 180 min of reaction. The oxidation of azo dyes under these conditions is spontaneous and endothermic. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constants indicated a strong temperature dependence with an order of reactivity of the type OR2 > AR66 > AR18, which is associated with the molecular size, steric hindrance, aromatic conjugation, electrostatic repulsion, and nature of the acid–base interactions on the catalytic surface. Full article