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Keywords = Zadoff–Chu sequence

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15 pages, 1879 KiB  
Article
Neural-Network-Based Synchronization Acquisition with Hankelization Preprocessing
by Gyung-Eun Kim, Jung-Hwan Kim, Jong-Ho Lee and Woong-Hee Lee
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3479; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073479 - 22 Mar 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Conventional synchronization signal detection methods rely on linear correlation function analysis with fixed thresholds, which are insufficient for handling the nonlinear characteristics of practical wireless communication systems. In such environments, the usage of a long synchronization signal is beneficial for ensuring sufficient correlation [...] Read more.
Conventional synchronization signal detection methods rely on linear correlation function analysis with fixed thresholds, which are insufficient for handling the nonlinear characteristics of practical wireless communication systems. In such environments, the usage of a long synchronization signal is beneficial for ensuring sufficient correlation information and enhancing detection robustness. To address these problems, this paper proposes a novel framework that combines Hankelization-based preprocessing with the operation of a neural network (NN). The proposed method enhances feature extraction through the inverse Fourier transform and Hankel matrix construction, followed by singular value decomposition (SVD) to preserve dominant signal features and suppress noise components. Leveraging the ability of NNs to learn nonlinear patterns, the proposed method eliminates the need for fixed thresholds and achieves robust synchronization signal detection. The simulation results demonstrate superior accuracy in various environments compared to conventional methods, underscoring the potential of Hankelization-based preprocessing in future wireless communication systems. Full article
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15 pages, 7836 KiB  
Article
Design and Performance Verification of A-HFM Signals for Simultaneous Frame Detection, Cell ID Assignment, and Doppler Estimation in AUVs Using Multiple Surface Buoys
by Sae-Yong Park, Tae-Geon Chung and Tae-Ho Im
Electronics 2025, 14(5), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050938 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 657
Abstract
With the advancement of artificial intelligence, the inference capabilities of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have significantly improved, leading to growing interest in AUV applications. To ensure reliable operations, the field of underwater communications demands robust schemes that account for AUV mobility and enable [...] Read more.
With the advancement of artificial intelligence, the inference capabilities of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have significantly improved, leading to growing interest in AUV applications. To ensure reliable operations, the field of underwater communications demands robust schemes that account for AUV mobility and enable the formation of underwater cellular networks. Conventional approaches using Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) and Zadoff–Chu sequence (ZCS) sequences for frame detection and Cell ID (CID) assignment degrade substantially under severe Doppler conditions. In particular, AUVs experience pronounced Doppler shifts due to their mobility in underwater channels. In this study, we propose a methodology in which distinct Superimposed Adjusted-HFM (SA-HFM) signals are assigned to multiple buoys, allowing AUVs to jointly perform frame detection, CID assignment, and Doppler estimation in challenging underwater environments. To validate the proposed scheme, an ocean experiment was conducted in the East Sea of the Republic of Korea. The results demonstrate that the SA-HFM-based signals successfully achieved frame detection, CID assignment, and Doppler estimation at distances ranging from 500 m to approximately 2 km, even when the AUV moved at speeds of 1.02–1.54 m/s. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can offer robust underwater communication and facilitate the deployment of underwater cellular networks for mobile AUV operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Underwater Communication Systems)
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19 pages, 12255 KiB  
Article
Zadoff–Chu Sequence Pilot for Time and Frequency Synchronization in UWA OFDM System
by Seunghwan Seol, Yongcheol Kim, Minho Kim and Jaehak Chung
Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3679; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183679 - 16 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2571
Abstract
In underwater communications for 6G, Doppler effects cause the coherent time to become similar to or shorter than the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol length. Conventional time and frequency synchronization methods require additional training symbols for synchronization, which reduces the traffic data [...] Read more.
In underwater communications for 6G, Doppler effects cause the coherent time to become similar to or shorter than the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol length. Conventional time and frequency synchronization methods require additional training symbols for synchronization, which reduces the traffic data rate. This paper proposes the Zadoff–Chu sequence (ZCS) pilot-based OFDM for time and frequency synchronization. The proposed method transmits ZCS as a pilot for OFDM symbols and simultaneously transmits traffic data to increase the traffic data rate while estimating the CFO at each coherence time. For time–frequency synchronization, the correlation of the ZCS pilot is used to perform coarse and fine time and frequency synchronization in two stages. Since the traffic data cause interference with the correlation of ZCS pilots, we theoretically analyzed the relationship between the amount of traffic data and interference and verified it through computer simulations. The synchronization and BER performance of the proposed ZCS pilot-based OFDM were evaluated by conduction computer simulations and a practical ocean experiment. Compared to the methods of Ren, Yang, and Avrashi, the proposed method demonstrated a 6.3% to 14.3% increase in traffic data rate with similar BER performance and a 2 dB to 3.8 dB SNR gain for a 14.3% to 23.8% decrease in traffic data rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/B5G/6G Wireless Communication and Its Applications)
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19 pages, 809 KiB  
Article
Robust Symbol and Frequency Synchronization Method for Burst OFDM Systems in UAV Communication
by Lintao Li, Yue Han, Zongru Li, Hua Li, Jiayi Lv and Yimin Li
Drones 2024, 8(9), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090425 - 25 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1526
Abstract
This paper introduces a robust synchronization method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems, focusing on minimizing overhead while achieving reliable synchronization. The proposed synchronization scheme enhances both frame efficiency and implementation simplicity. Initially, a high-efficiency frame [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a robust synchronization method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems, focusing on minimizing overhead while achieving reliable synchronization. The proposed synchronization scheme enhances both frame efficiency and implementation simplicity. Initially, a high-efficiency frame structure is designed without a guard time interval, utilizing a preamble sequence to simultaneously achieve both symbol synchronization and automatic gain control (AGC) before demodulation. Subsequently, a novel 2-bit non-uniform quantization method for the Zadoff–Chu sequences is developed, enabling the correlation operations in the traditional symbol synchronization algorithm to be implemented via bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) and addition operations. The complexity of hardware implementation and the energy consumption for symbol synchronization can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, the impact of AGC on frequency synchronization performance is examined, and an improved frequency synchronization method based on AGC gain compensation is proposed. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is rigorously analyzed and compared with that of the traditional method through computer simulations, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Perception, Communications, and Control for Drones)
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21 pages, 7913 KiB  
Article
Timing and Frequency Synchronization Using CAZAC Sequences for OFDM Systems
by Gang Peng, Rui Li, Yushu He and Zhiren Han
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063168 - 16 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4700
Abstract
Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are very susceptible to symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI), accurate STO and CFO estimations are very important. In this study, first, a new [...] Read more.
Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are very susceptible to symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO), which cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI), accurate STO and CFO estimations are very important. In this study, first, a new preamble structure based on the Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequences was designed. On this basis, we proposed a new timing synchronization algorithm, called the continuous correlation peak detection (CCPD) algorithm, and its improved algorithm: the accumulated correlation peak detection (ACPD) algorithm. Next, the correlation peaks that were obtained during the timing synchronization were used for the frequency offset estimation. For this, the quadratic interpolation algorithm was adopted as the frequency offset estimation algorithm, which was better than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The simulation results showed that when the correct timing probability reached 100%, under the parameters of m = 8 and N = 512, the performance of the CCPD algorithm was 4 dB higher than that of Du’s algorithm, and that of the ACPD algorithm was 7 dB. Under the same parameters, the quadratic interpolation algorithm also had a great performance improvement in both small and large frequency offsets, when compared with the FFT algorithm. Full article
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20 pages, 8469 KiB  
Article
Diversion Detection in Small-Diameter HDPE Pipes Using Guided Waves and Deep Learning
by Abdullah Zayat, Mohanad Obeed and Anas Chaaban
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9586; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249586 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5429
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel technique for the inspection of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes using ultrasonic sensors, signal processing, and deep neural networks (DNNs). Specifically, we propose a technique that detects whether there is a diversion on a pipe or not. [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a novel technique for the inspection of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes using ultrasonic sensors, signal processing, and deep neural networks (DNNs). Specifically, we propose a technique that detects whether there is a diversion on a pipe or not. The proposed model transmits ultrasound signals through a pipe using a custom-designed array of piezoelectric transmitters and receivers. We propose to use the Zadoff–Chu sequence to modulate the input signals, then utilize its correlation properties to estimate the pipe channel response. The processed signal is then fed to a DNN that extracts the features and decides whether there is a diversion or not. The proposed technique demonstrates an average classification accuracy of 90.3% (when one sensor is used) and 99.6% (when two sensors are used) on 34 inch pipes. The technique can be readily generalized for pipes of different diameters and materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Using Sensors and Machine Learning)
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17 pages, 585 KiB  
Article
Sequence Design Technique for Accurate Timing and Cell ID Estimation in Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems with a High Doppler
by Yeong Jun Kim, Muhammad Asim, Tae Ho Im and Yong Soo Cho
Electronics 2021, 10(19), 2413; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192413 - 2 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2109
Abstract
In underwater acoustic cellular (UWAC) systems, underwater equipment or sensor nodes (UE/SN) should perform downlink synchronisation and a cell search during the initial access stage using the preambles received from adjacent underwater base stations (UWBSs). The UE/SN needs to estimate accurate timing and [...] Read more.
In underwater acoustic cellular (UWAC) systems, underwater equipment or sensor nodes (UE/SN) should perform downlink synchronisation and a cell search during the initial access stage using the preambles received from adjacent underwater base stations (UWBSs). The UE/SN needs to estimate accurate timing and cell ID (CID) using the received preambles, and synchronise with a serving UWBS, even in high-Doppler environments. In this paper, a sequence design technique for joint estimation of accurate timing and CID in UWAC systems with a high Doppler is proposed to decrease the receiver complexity and processing time. A generalised Zadoff–Chu sequence is proposed for the preamble design. This sequence is decomposed into multiple short sub-sequences to reduce the effect of Doppler shift on the timing and CID estimation. The performance loss caused by the short sequence length is compensated by combining the sub-sequences using the repetition property of the ZC sequence. The properties (autocorrelation and cross-correlation) of the proposed sequence are derived analytically in the presence of Doppler shift and compared with the simulation results. The simulation results reveal that the proposed technique performs better than existing techniques in both additive white Gaussian noise and multipath channels with a high-Doppler. It is concluded that the proposed technique is suitable for accurate timing estimation and CID detection in UWAC systems with a high Doppler. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Underwater Acoustic Communications)
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18 pages, 3836 KiB  
Article
Fast Beam Training Technique for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems with an Intelligent Reflective Surface
by Qasim Sultan, Yeong-Jun Kim, Mohammed-Saquib Khan and Yong-Soo Cho
Sensors 2021, 21(14), 4936; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144936 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3123
Abstract
The concept of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has recently emerged as a promising solution for improving the coverage and energy/spectral efficiency of future wireless communication systems. However, as the number of reflecting elements in an IRS increase, the beam training protocol in [...] Read more.
The concept of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has recently emerged as a promising solution for improving the coverage and energy/spectral efficiency of future wireless communication systems. However, as the number of reflecting elements in an IRS increase, the beam training protocol in IRS-assisted millimeter-wave (mmWave) cellular systems requires a large beam training time because it needs to find the best beam pairs for the link between the base station (BS) and the IRS, as well as the link between the IRS and the mobile station (MS). In this paper, a fast beam training technique for IRS-assisted mmWave cellular systems with a uniform rectangular array is proposed for detecting the best beam pairs of BS-IRS and IRS-MS links simultaneously. Two different types of beam training signals (BTSs) are proposed to distinguish simultaneously transmitted beams from the BSs in multi-cell multi-beam environments: the Zadoff–Chu sequence based BTS (ZC-BTS) and m-sequence based BTS (m-BTS). The correlation properties of ZC-BTSs and m-BTSs are analyzed in multi-cell multi-beam environments. In addition, the effect of symbol time offset on the ZC-BTS and m-BTS is analyzed. Finally, simulation results reveal that the proposed technique can significantly reduce the beam training time for IRS-assisted mmWave cellular systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Communications)
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16 pages, 538 KiB  
Article
Joint Channel Estimation and Synchronization Techniques for Time-Interleaved Block-Windowed Burst OFDM
by João Martins, Filipe Conceição, Marco Gomes, Vitor Silva and Rui Dinis
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4403; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104403 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2592
Abstract
From a conceptual perspective, beyond-5G technologies promise to deliver very low latency, even higher data rates, and ultrareliable connections for future generations of communication systems. Modulation schemes based on orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing (OFDM) can accommodate these requirements for wireless systems. Several hybrid OFDM-based [...] Read more.
From a conceptual perspective, beyond-5G technologies promise to deliver very low latency, even higher data rates, and ultrareliable connections for future generations of communication systems. Modulation schemes based on orthogonal frequency-domain multiplexing (OFDM) can accommodate these requirements for wireless systems. Several hybrid OFDM-based systems, such as the time-interleaved block-windowed burst–OFDM (TIBWB–OFDM), are capable of achieving even better spectral confinement and power efficiency. This paper addresses the implementation of the TIBWB–OFDM system in more realistic and practical wireless link scenarios by addressing the challenges of proper and reliable channel estimation and frame synchronization. We propose to incorporate a preamble formed by optimal correlation training sequences such as the Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequences. The added ZC preamble sequence is used to jointly estimate the frame beginning through signal-correlation strategies and a threshold decision device, and acquire channel-state information (CSI) by employing estimators on the basis of the preamble sequence and transmitted data. The employed receiver estimators show that it is possible to detect the TIBWB–OFDM frame beginning and highlight the robustness of the TIBWB–OFDM technique to imperfect channel estimations by showing that it can provide comparatively close BER performance to the one where the CSI is perfectly known. Full article
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16 pages, 641 KiB  
Article
Reduced Complexity Detection of Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal for NB-IoT Communication Systems
by Young-Hwan You
Symmetry 2020, 12(8), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081342 - 11 Aug 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
Narrowband Internet of Things is one of the most promising technologies to support low cost, massive connection, deep coverage, and low power consumption. In this paper, a computationally efficient narrowband secondary synchronization signal detection method is proposed in the narrowband Internet of Things [...] Read more.
Narrowband Internet of Things is one of the most promising technologies to support low cost, massive connection, deep coverage, and low power consumption. In this paper, a computationally efficient narrowband secondary synchronization signal detection method is proposed in the narrowband Internet of Things system. By decoupling the detection of complementary sequence and Zadoff–Chu sequence that make up the synchronization signal sequence, the search space of narrowband secondary synchronization signal hypotheses is reduced. Such a design strategy along with the use of the symmetric property of synchronization signals allows reduced-complexity synchronization signal detection in the narrowband Internet of Things system. Both theoretical and simulation results are provided to verify the usefulness of the proposed detector. It is shown via simulation results that the complexity of the proposed detection method is significantly reduced while producing some performance degradation, compared to the conventional detection method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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11 pages, 2280 KiB  
Article
Cell ID and Angle of Departure Estimation for Millimeter-wave Cellular Systems in Line-of-Sight Dominant Conditions Using Zadoff-Chu Sequence Based Beam Weight
by Yeong Jun Kim and Yong Soo Cho
Electronics 2020, 9(2), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020335 - 15 Feb 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2662
Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is considered for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems because abundant spectrum is available for mobile broadband communications. In mmWave communication systems, accurate beamforming is important to compensate for high attenuation in the mmWave frequency band and to extend the transmission range. [...] Read more.
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is considered for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems because abundant spectrum is available for mobile broadband communications. In mmWave communication systems, accurate beamforming is important to compensate for high attenuation in the mmWave frequency band and to extend the transmission range. However, with the existing beamformers in mmWave cellular systems, the mobile station (MS) cannot identify the source (base station; BS) of the received beam because there are many neighboring BSs transmitting their training signals, requiring a large overhead. This paper proposes a new beam weight generation method for transmitting (Tx) beamformers at the BS in mmWave cellular systems during a beam training period. Beam weights are generated for Tx beamformers at neighboring BSs, so that a mobile station (MS) can estimate the source (cell ID; CID) and angle of departure (AoD) for each BS in multi-cell environments. A CID and AoD estimation method for mmWave cellular systems in a line-of-sight (LOS) dominant condition is presented using the beam weights generated by Zadoff-Chu sequence. A simulation is conducted in a LOS dominant condition to show that the performances of CID detection and AoD estimation are similar for both the proposed and conventional methods. In the conventional methods, the DFT-based beamforming weight is used for Tx beamformer at the BS and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is used for AoD estimation at the MS. The proposed method significantly reduces the processing time (1.6–6.25%) required for beam training compared to the conventional method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Technology in 5G)
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10 pages, 2535 KiB  
Letter
Frequency Offset Tolerant Synchronization Signal Design in NB-IoT
by Jun Zou and Chen Xu
Sensors 2018, 18(11), 4077; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18114077 - 21 Nov 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4628
Abstract
Timing detection is the first step and very important in wireless communication systems. Timing detection performance is usually affected by the frequency offset. Therefore, it is a challenge to design the synchronization signal in massive narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) scenarios where the [...] Read more.
Timing detection is the first step and very important in wireless communication systems. Timing detection performance is usually affected by the frequency offset. Therefore, it is a challenge to design the synchronization signal in massive narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) scenarios where the frequency offset is usually large due to the low cost requirement. In this paper, we firstly proposed a new general synchronization signal structure with a couple of sequences which are conjugated to remove the potential timing error that arises from large frequency offset. Then, we analyze the suitable sequence for our proposed synchronization signal structure and discuss a Zadoff–Chu (ZC) sequence with root 1 as an example. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that our proposed synchronization signal can work well when the frequency offset is large. It means that our proposed synchronization signal design is very suitable for the massive NB-IoT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
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22 pages, 4712 KiB  
Article
Random Access for Underwater Acoustic Cellular Systems
by Rothna Pec, Mohammed Saquib Khan, Muhammad Asim and Yong Soo Cho
Sensors 2018, 18(2), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020432 - 1 Feb 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6358
Abstract
In this paper, a random access preamble (RAP) design technique for underwater acoustic cellular systems is proposed. After showing that the conventional RAP used in long term evolution (LTE) systems is not appropriate for underwater acoustic cellular systems, two different types of RAPs [...] Read more.
In this paper, a random access preamble (RAP) design technique for underwater acoustic cellular systems is proposed. After showing that the conventional RAP used in long term evolution (LTE) systems is not appropriate for underwater acoustic cellular systems, two different types of RAPs (RAP 1 and RAP 2) are proposed to detect the identity of underwater equipment/nodes (UEs) and estimate the time delay between a UE and an underwater base station (UBS) at the physical layer. RAP 1 is generated using a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence where the identity of the UE is mapped to its root index, whereas RAP 2 is generated using a linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform where the identity of the UE is mapped to its frequency sweeping parameter and frequency shifting parameter. Ambiguity functions (AFs) and cross-ambiguity functions (CAFs) of RAP 1 and RAP 2 are derived to investigate their correlation properties under the effect of time delay and Doppler shift. The performance of RAP detection is investigated by analyzing the detection probabilities and false alarm probabilities of RAP 1 and RAP 2 in a Doppler environment. By evaluating the performances of RAP 1 and RAP 2 in various situations, it is concluded that RAP 2 is more suitable for underwater acoustic cellular systems. The AF and CAF analytically obtained in this paper are shown to be similar to those obtained using experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Underwater Sensor Networks)
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15 pages, 2368 KiB  
Article
Efficient Preamble Design Technique for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems with Beamforming
by Dae Geun Han, Yeong Jun Kim and Yong Soo Cho
Sensors 2016, 16(7), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16071129 - 21 Jul 2016
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6136
Abstract
The processing time for beam training in millimeter-wave (mmWave) cellular systems can be significantly reduced by a code division multiplexing (CDM)-based technique, where multiple beams are transmitted simultaneously with their corresponding Tx beam IDs (BIDs) in the preamble. However, mmWave cellular systems with [...] Read more.
The processing time for beam training in millimeter-wave (mmWave) cellular systems can be significantly reduced by a code division multiplexing (CDM)-based technique, where multiple beams are transmitted simultaneously with their corresponding Tx beam IDs (BIDs) in the preamble. However, mmWave cellular systems with CDM-based preambles require a large number of cell IDs (CIDs) and BIDs, and a high computational complexity for CID and BID (CBID) searches. In this paper, a new preamble design technique that can increase the number of CBIDs significantly is proposed, using a preamble sequence constructed by a combination of two Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences. An efficient technique for the CBID detection is also described for the proposed preamble. It is shown by simulations using a simple model of an mmWave cellular system that the proposed technique can obtain a significant reduction in the complexity of the CBID detection without a noticeable performance degradation, compared to the previous technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications and Networks)
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20 pages, 1718 KiB  
Article
Efficient Implementation of a Symbol Timing Estimator for Broadband PLC
by Francisco Nombela, Enrique García, Raúl Mateos and Álvaro Hernández
Sensors 2015, 15(8), 20825-20844; https://doi.org/10.3390/s150820825 - 21 Aug 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6140
Abstract
Broadband Power Line Communications (PLC) have taken advantage of the research advances in multi-carrier modulations to mitigate frequency selective fading, and their adoption opens up a myriad of applications in the field of sensory and automation systems, multimedia connectivity or smart spaces. Nonetheless, [...] Read more.
Broadband Power Line Communications (PLC) have taken advantage of the research advances in multi-carrier modulations to mitigate frequency selective fading, and their adoption opens up a myriad of applications in the field of sensory and automation systems, multimedia connectivity or smart spaces. Nonetheless, the use of these multi-carrier modulations, such as Wavelet-OFDM, requires a highly accurate symbol timing estimation for reliably recovering of transmitted data. Furthermore, the PLC channel presents some particularities that prevent the direct use of previous synchronization algorithms proposed in wireless communication systems. Therefore more research effort should be involved in the design and implementation of novel and robust synchronization algorithms for PLC, thus enabling real-time synchronization. This paper proposes a symbol timing estimator for broadband PLC based on cross-correlation with multilevel complementary sequences or Zadoff-Chu sequences and its efficient implementation in a FPGA; the obtained results show a 90% of success rate in symbol timing estimation for a certain PLC channel model and a reduced resource consumption for its implementation in a Xilinx Kyntex FPGA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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