Search Results (36)

The charged-lepton pole masses exhibit the well-known Koide relation, in which the square-root geometry reduces the three-mass pattern to a one-angle problem. This paper first gives a self-contained algebraic formulation of that geometry: the Koide condition is equivalent to equality between the democratic and orthogonal components of the charged-lepton root vector, and the resulting spectrum lies on a cone around the democratic direction. The geometric equivalence and the one-angle parameterization are exact. A reconstruction framework is then summarized to motivate a neutral-parent interpretation of the root space. In this framework, premetric equivalence gives equal structural weighting, the Indefinite Reconstruction Stability Principle motivates minimal saturation, and persistent charged readouts are associated with carrier-supported codimension-two holonomy structure. The remaining Koide cone angle is assigned by a phenomenological weak-closure selector constructed from the electron, proton, and neutron masses and the low-energy fine-structure constant. No continuous coefficient is optimized against the muon or tau mass, but the selector was formulated retrospectively rather than selected from a prespecified finite hypothesis class. The retained baseline selector gives a muon mass output of approximately 105.6565 MeV and a tau mass output of approximately 1776.94 MeV, with relative deviations of approximately 0.0017 percent below and 0.00061 percent above the adopted pole-mass values. Accordingly, the numerical agreement is reported descriptively and is not assigned a look-elsewhere-corrected statistical significance. The selector is an ansatz motivated by the reconstruction picture; its full form and coefficients are not yet derived from a complete premetric calculus or matched to a post-readout effective action. Therefore, the result is presented as reproducible pole mass phenomenology and as a concrete target for future formal reconstruction rather than as a derivation of running Standard Model Yukawa couplings. Full article

The Standard Model accurately describes particle phenomena through continuous gauge fields, color, chirality, generations, and Yukawa couplings, but it does not derive these labels from a deeper structural principle. This paper proposes a carrier-resolution interpretation in which particle species are carrier-readable manifestations of a common loop-detectable codimension-two archetype defect. The carrier supplies Lorentzian propagation and globally available $U\left(1\right)$ phase closure, while particle labels arise through holonomy, embedding, closure, and read-out conditions. The first persistent asymmetric resolution contains a lepton-like $Z_2$-Lorentz branch and a hadron-supporting branch with confined $Z_3$ closure. The $Z_2$ branch accounts for spinorial and chiral read-out through twofold holonomy and Lorentz embedding, while the three observed fermion generations are interpreted as the three leading saturated projective embedding layers of the common $Z_2$-Lorentz branch, not as consequences of the $Z_3$ color-like layer. In this framework, $Z_3$ supplies hadronic sectorality, and higher $Z_n$ refinements provide suppressed mass and response corrections rather than additional ordinary generations. The usual $SU{\left(3\right)}_C$ QCD description is retained as the effective after-read-out continuum gauge theory of color dynamics revealed by high-energy probes. The proposal does not replace QCD; instead, it interprets confined $Z_3$ closure as a pre-read-out structural condition whose incomplete sectors are not carrier-readable as isolated hadrons. As a quantitative test, the neutron–proton magnetic-moment ratio is derived from an ideal $Z_3$-complete baseline, a rule-generated closure-interface sequence, and a neutral-parent magnetic completion. The same-branch sequence reaches a sub-ppm residual and then saturates, so the remaining discrepancy is assigned to a neutral magnetic-completion seam rather than to deeper $Z_n$ terms. The resulting prediction is $-0.684979364944$, differing from the CODATA value of $-0.68497935\left(16\right)$ by about $0.022$ ppm, or $0.093$ standard deviations. No coefficient is adjusted to fit the observed value. The result is presented as a sharp no-fit test of carrier-resolution and neutral-parent closure, not as a replacement for QCD or a complete theory of all baryon magnetic moments. Full article

The critical binding of quantum states in Screened Coulomb Potentials such as Yukawa/Debye, Hulthén, and ECSC (Exponential Cosine Screened Coulomb) potentials is of perennial interest and relevance in many fields of science, ranging from nuclear and particle physics; plasma physics, astrophysics, cosmology, and nuclear fusion; physical chemistry, condensed matter, and materials physics; to synthetic nanostructures and nanophotonics. The purpose of this paper is to heuristically explore two related mysteries, one new, the other more than 50 years old. The solutions to these mysteries have implications for a much broader class of potentials, those addressed by Klaus and Simon. In our recent paper we presented numerical calculations using the Phase Method (PM), which is accurate to 60 digits and to screening lengths $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^3$ au and l = 0–20 of the critical binding parameters for these potentials and, for Yukawa and ECSC, l = 0–12 to $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^5$ au, at 30 digits. In doing so, we discovered an anomalous period-40 sawtooth structure in the critical parameters of the ECSC potential that is not observed for the Yukawa potential. In this second paper, we quantitatively explain the origin and periodicity of this newly discovered structure. To do so, we use two complementary approaches: a “neoclassical” (NC) variant of conventional semiclassical phase-space quantization and the PM for very precise fully quantum calculations. The observed period-40 sawtooth structure is quantitatively explained in terms of a novel “tick-tock” mechanism. The periodicity is calculated in terms of the ratio of phase-space integrals for the primary and secondary potential wells. A quartic double-well potential is used as a simple model to further illustrate the tick-tock mechanism. Using the NC method, an approximate expression is derived to predict the locations of tick-tock glitches from higher-order wells; it is confirmed by a PM calculation up to $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^6$ au. The second mystery is a strangely linear dependence of the total number of bound states vs. screening length for both the Yukawa and ECSC potentials. Using the PM, we confirm and extend these empirical relations. We show, using the PM, that an approximate trivariate linear relation between the square root of the critical screening length $\sqrt{D_c}$, state number n, and angular momentum l applies to these potentials. This, plus a geometrical state accumulation argument, solve the second mystery. We show these properties derive from the scaling relation between screening length and coupling constant and, as such, are predicted to be applicable to the whole class of potentials. These results are expected to be of both theoretical interest and experimental relevance when interpreting spectra or calculating thermal properties. The significance of these results, and the applicability of these methods and conclusions to a vast array of related potentials, is briefly discussed. Full article

The possibility of realizing Higgs inflation in a model with a small non-minimal coupling constant, which was demonstrated recently, provides grounds for further development of the model. Incorporating the electroweak SM into the Two-Measure theory (TMT) in a way that fully accounts for the TMT structure leads to a theory we call the Two-Measure Standard Model (TMSM). The TMSM is realized in the context of cosmology as a set of cosmologically modified copies of the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam (GWS) theory, such that each of the copies exists as a local quantum field theory defined on the classical cosmological background at the appropriate stage of its evolution. This basic idea is studied in detail for two stages of the cosmological background evolution: for slow-roll inflation and for the stage of approaching the vacuum. Mainly due to the presence of the ratio of two volume measures in all equations of motion, all TMSM coupling constants turn into a kind of “running” (classical) TMT-effective parameters. During the evolution of the cosmological background, changing these parameters yields new results: (1) the classical “running” TMT-effective Higgs self-coupling parameter increases from $\lambda \sim {10}^{-11}$ (which provides Higgs inflation consistent with the Planck CMB data at $\xi ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}}$) to $\lambda \sim 0.1$ at the stage close to the vacuum; (2) the mass term in the TMT-effective Higgs potential changes sign from positive to negative, which provides SSB in the standard way of GWS theory; (3) the classical “running” parameters of the gauge and Yukawa couplings change by several orders of magnitude; (4) the GWS theory is reproduced when the Yukawa constant in the original action is chosen to be universal for three generations of fermions. We show that, due to these classical-level results, taking into account quantum corrections in the one-loop approximation preserves the slow-roll inflation regime and does not violate the vacuum stability during inflation. Full article

We present a novel experimental approach to detect dark matter by probing Yukawa interactions, commonly referred to as a fifth force, between dark matter and baryonic matter. Our method involves optically levitating nanoparticles within a Bessel–Gaussian beam to detect minute forces exerted by potential dark-matter interaction with test masses. The non-diffracting properties of Bessel–Gaussian beams, combined with feedback cooling techniques, provide exceptional sensitivity to small perturbations in the motion of the nanoparticles. This setup allows for precise control over trapping conditions and enhances the detection sensitivity to forces on the order of ${10}^{-18}$ N. We explore the parameter space of the Yukawa interaction, focusing on the coupling strength ($\alpha$) and interaction range ($\lambda$), and discuss the potential of this experiment to place new constraints on dark-matter couplings, complementing existing direct detection methods. Full article

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulation results for beryllium (Be) at metallic density and temperatures up to 32,000 K. Using the QMD results for the radial distribution function (RDF), velocity autocorrelation function (VACF), mean-squared displacement (MSD), and the diffusion coefficient of ions, we confidently assess the effectiveness of the Yukawa one-component plasma model in describing ion structure and transport properties. Additionally, we analyzed the applicability and accuracy of the Chapman–Enskog method for calculating the diffusion coefficient. We found that Yukawa model-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations accurately capture ion dynamics, as evidenced by the VACF and MSD, when the Yukawa potential parameters are correctly chosen. Through our comparative analysis of the QMD, Yukawa–MD, and Chapman–Enskog methods, we clearly identified the effective coupling parameter values at which the Chapman–Enskog method maintains its accuracy. Importantly, while a model that reproduces the RDF of ions may not guarantee precise transport properties, our findings underscore the necessity of benchmarking plasma models against QMD results from real materials to validate their applicability and efficacy. Full article

The aim of this work is to investigate the connection between thermal gap-coupled equations and the concept of symmetry restoration. For that, we consider the Yukawa model, a standard model for interactions between massless fermions mediated by a real self-interacting scalar field. To explore possible symmetry restoration, we study the thermal gap-coupled equations using the auxiliary field method (Hubbard–Stratonovich), and then we derive the effective action with thermal contributions through the background external fields method. With the thermal contributions for the effective action, we investigate the phase transitions and critical phenomena in an environment featuring mixing angles arising from the quantum description of composite states. Finally, we present the Dolan–Jackiw equations to determine the critical temperatures. Full article

Starting from our current impasse at the LHC, of observing an SM-like Higgs boson but nothing beyond, we focus on the General 2HDM (G2HDM), which possesses extra sets of Yukawa couplings as a likely Next New Physics. After expounding its merits, we explore our “Decadal Mission of the New Higgs/Flavor era”, reporting on an Academic Summit Project (ASP) in Taiwan that conducts a four-pronged pursuit of G2HDM: CMS and Belle II searches, a lattice study of first-order electroweak phase transition, and phenomenology. The ASP Midterm report is based on ATLAS and CMS searches for $cg\to tH/tA\to tt\overline{c}$, where H and A are exotic neutral scalar bosons, and now progressing onto a post-Midterm $cg\to b{H}^{+}\to bt\overline{b}$ search, where $H^{+}$ is the exotic charged Higgs boson, plus a few other searches at the LHC, all with discovery potential. We then discuss a plethora of flavor observables that can be explored by CMS and Belle II, as well as other dedicated experiments. Finally, we elucidate why G2HDM, providing myriad new dynamics, can remain well hidden so far. This brief report summarizes the progress of the ASP of the NSTC of Taiwan. Full article

Motivated by the revitalized interest in the digital simulation of medium- and high-energy physics phenomena, we investigate the dynamics following a Yukawa interaction quench on IBM Q. Adopting the zero-dimensional version of the scalar Yukawa coupling model as our point of departure, we design low-depth quantum circuits, emulating its dynamics with up to three bosons. In the one-boson case, we demonstrate circuit compression, i.e., a constant-depth circuit containing only two controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. In the more complex three-boson case, we design a circuit in which one Trotter step entails eight CNOTs. Using an analogy with the traveling salesman problem, we also provide a CNOT cost estimate for higher boson number truncations. Based on these circuits, we quantify the system dynamics by evaluating the expected boson number at an arbitrary time after the quench and the survival probability of the initial vacuum state (the Loschmidt echo). We also utilize these circuits to drive adiabatic transitions and compute the energies of the ground- and first-excited states of the considered model. Finally, through error mitigation, i.e., zero-noise extrapolation, we demonstrate the good agreement of our results with a numerically exact classical benchmark. Full article

The description of the electron–electron interactions in two-dimensional materials has a dimensional mismatch, where electrons live in (2 + 1)D while photons propagate in (3 + 1)D. In order to define an action in (2 + 1)D, one may perform a dimensional reduction of quantum electrodynamics in (3 + 1)D (QED4) into pseudo-quantum electrodynamics (PQED). The main difference between this model and QED4 is the presence of a pseudo-differential operator in the Maxwell term. However, besides the Coulomb repulsion, electrons in a material are subjected to several microscopic interactions, which are inherent in a many-body system. These are expected to reduce the range of the Coulomb potential, leading to a short-range interaction. Here, we consider the coupling to a scalar field in PQED for explaining such a mechanism, which resembles the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in Abelian gauge theories. In order to do so, we consider two cases: (i) by coupling the quantum electrodynamics to a Higgs field in (3 + 1)D and, thereafter, performing the dimensional reduction; and (ii) by coupling a Higgs field to the gauge field in PQED and, subsequently, calculating its effective potential. In case (i), we obtain a model describing electrons interacting through the Yukawa potential and, in case (ii), we show that SSB does not occur at one-loop approximation. The relevance of the model for describing electronic interactions in two-dimensional materials is also addressed. Full article

We give a bilocal field theory description of a composite scalar with an extended binding potential that reduces to the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model in the pointlike limit. This provides a description of the internal dynamics of the bound state and features a static internal wave function, $\varphi \left(\overrightarrow{r}\right)$, in the center-of-mass frame that satisfies a Schrödinger–Klein–Gordon equation with eigenvalues $m^2$. We analyze the “coloron” model (single perturbative massive gluon exchange) which yields a UV completion of the NJL model. This has a BCS-like enhancement of its interaction, $\propto N_c$ the number of colors, and is classically critical with $g_{critical}$ remarkably close to the NJL quantum critical coupling. Negative eigenvalues for $m^2$ lead to spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the Yukawa coupling of the bound state to constituent fermions is emergent. Full article

The relation between de Broglie’s double-solution approach to quantum dynamics and the hydrodynamic pilot-wave system has motivated a number of recent revisitations and extensions of de Broglie’s theory. Building upon these recent developments, we here introduce a rich family of pilot-wave systems, with a view to reformulating and studying de Broglie’s double-solution program in the modern language of classical field theory. Notably, the entire family is local and Lorentz-invariant, follows from a variational principle, and exhibits time-invariant, two-way coupling between particle and pilot-wave field. We first introduce a variational framework for generic pilot-wave systems, including a derivation of particle-wave exchange of Noether currents. We then focus on a particular limit of our system, in which the particle is propelled by the local gradient of its pilot wave. In this case, we see that the Compton-scale oscillations proposed by de Broglie emerge naturally in the form of particle vibrations, and that the vibration modes dynamically adjust to match the Compton frequency in the rest frame of the particle. The underlying field dynamically changes its radiation patterns in order to satisfy the de Broglie relation $p=\hslash k$ at the particle’s position, even as the particle momentum p changes. The wave form and frequency thus evolve so as to conform to de Broglie’s harmony of phases, even for unsteady particle motion. We show that the particle is always dressed with a Compton-scale Yukawa wavepacket, independent of its trajectory, and that the associated energy imparts a constant increase to the particle’s inertial mass. Finally, we see that the particle’s wave-induced Compton-scale oscillation gives rise to a classical version of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Full article

A new approach to the Dirac equation and the associated hadronic symmetries is proposed. In this approach, we linearize the second Casimir operator of the Lorentz Group, which is defined by the energy–momentum four-vector and the fermion spin, thereby using the spinor-helicity representation instead of the three-vector representation of the particle momentum and spin vector. We then expand the so-obtained standard Dirac equation by employing an inner abstract “hadronic” isospin, initially describing a $SU\left(2\right)$ fermion doublet. Application of the spin-helicity representation of that isospin leads to the occurrence of a quadruplet of inner states, revealing the $SU\left(4\right)$ symmetry via the isospin helicity operator. This further leads to two independent fermion state spaces, specifically, singlet and triplet states, which we interpret as $U\left(1\right)$ symmetry of the leptons and $SU\left(3\right)$ symmetry of the three quarks, respectively. These results indicate the genuinely very different physical nature of the strong $SU\left(4\right)$ symmetry in comparison to the chiral $SU\left(2\right)$ symmetry. While our approach does not require the a priori concept of grand unification, such a notion arises naturally from the formulation with the isospin helicity. We then apply the powerful procedures developed for the electroweak interactions in the SM, in order to break the $SU\left(4\right)$ symmetry by means of the Higgs mechanism involving a scalar Higgs field as an $SU\left(4\right)$ quadruplet. Its finite vacuum creates the masses of the three vector bosons involved, which can change the three quarks into a lepton and vice versa. Finally, we consider a toy model for calculation of the strong coupling constant of a Yukawa potential. Full article

At the LHC, the process of a Higgs boson decaying into bottom or charm quarks produced in association with a pair of top quarks, $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{H}$, allows for an empirical exploration of the heavy-flavor quark Yukawa couplings to the Higgs boson. Accordingly, the cross-sections for the $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ + heavy-flavor production without the appearance of the Higgs boson have been measured at the LHC in various phase spaces using data samples collected in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7, 8 and 13 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Flavor ratios of cross-sections of $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ + heavy-flavors to $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ + additional jets processes are also measured. In this paper, the measured cross-sections and ratios are reviewed and the prospects with more data are presented. Full article

The violation of charge-parity symmetry and the baryon asymmetry of the universe are two of the most significant unresolved problems in physics. This article presents further research on the CP violation problem in the Standard Model with 32 candidate sets of the 10 “natural” parameters that exhibit the same Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa performance. These parameters are considered “natural” because they consist solely of the Yukawa couplings and the vacuum expectation value of the unique Higgs doublet in the Standard Model. Then, the problems of CP violation and the baryon asymmetry of the universe are investigated by using the Jarlskog measure of CP violation, ${\Delta }_{CP}=J(m_t^2-m_c^2)(m_t^2-m_u^2)(m_c^2-m_u^2)(m_b^2-m_s^2)(m_b^2-m_d^2)(m_s^2-m_d^2)/T^{12}$, given that CP symmetry is violated following the breakdown of $S_N$ symmetries. Subsequently, numerical tests are performed in a simplified scenario where eight of the ten parameters are assumed to be fixed by two assumptions, and the remaining two parameters are allowed to vary from the $S_2$-symmetric point $(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})=(-1,1)$ to their current values in all 32 parameter sets. To estimate the enhancement of CP violation in such processes, a ratio $R_{\Delta }\equiv {\Delta }_{CP}/{\Delta }_{CP}^{\left(0\right)}$ is proposed between the running ${\Delta }_{CP}$ and its current value, denoted by ${\Delta }_{CP}^{\left(0\right)}$, which is approximately ${10}^{-20}$. In all 32 cases, the three-dimensional plots of $R_{\Delta }$ exhibit many regions that stick out of the $R_{\Delta }={10}^{10}$ plane, especially in regions very close to $(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})=(-1,1)$. These results demonstrate that the $S_N$-breaking Standard Model is already sufficient to violate CP symmetry explicitly and generate a significant amount of baryon asymmetry of the universe. Furthermore, it solves existing problems without creating new ones, at least in the scenario presented in this article. Full article