Search Results (63)

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess NB CE-Chirps for diagnosing Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome (SSCDS) with cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs and oVEMPs), and to compare them with Tone Bursts (TBs). Methods: Nine subjects diagnosed with SSCDS were included (four men/five women, median = 61 years, range = 31–79 years). Intensity thresholds at 500 Hz were investigated with both stimuli. A response was also sought when NB CE-Chirps and TBs were delivered at 4000 Hz for c and oVEMPs. Results: Both 500 Hz TBs and 500 Hz NB CE-Chirps significantly differentiated affected ears from healthy ears for cVEMPs (p < 10⁻³ in both cases) and oVEMPs (p < 10⁻³ in both cases). Furthermore, we observed significantly lower intensity thresholds in SSCDS ears with 500 Hz NB CE-Chirps than with 500 Hz TBs for both cVEMPs (p < 10⁻³) and oVEMPs (p = 0.036). Regarding the response rate at 4000 Hz, only TBs consistently showed a response in 100% of cases for the affected ears, with no response in healthy ears for both cVEMPs and oVEMPs. However, there was no significant difference between the response rates obtained at 4000 Hz using TBs and NB CE-Chirps in affected ears (p = 1.000 for cVEMPs and p = 1.000 for oVEMPs). Conclusions: Searching for intensity thresholds with NB CE-Chirps 500 Hz in cVEMPs and oVEMPs is an effective method for diagnosing SSCDS, likely with better frequency specificity than with 500 Hz TBs. Stimulation at 4000 Hz with both TBs and NB CE-Chirps appears to be a promising test for easily screening this syndrome, reducing both sound exposure and the duration of the examination. The possibility to reduce rise time in 4000 Hz TBs may favor this stimulus over NB CE-Chirps at this frequency for this disease. These results should be confirmed in larger cohorts including patients with more severe forms. Full article

Background/Objectives: Vestibular migraine (VM) is one of the most prevalent causes of episodic vertigo, yet it remains underdiagnosed due to overlapping features with other vestibular disorders and the absence of definitive diagnostic tests. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) assess otolith and vestibular nerve function and may help identify pathophysiological mechanisms in VM. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the usefulness of VEMP in understanding VM, synthesize existing findings, and explore its clinical implications. Method: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE up to 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they assessed cVEMP and/or oVEMP in patients diagnosed with VM using established clinical criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by three reviewers using Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute tools. A total of 2578 titles and abstracts were screened, and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Across 28 studies, 23 reported VEMP abnormalities in VM. The most frequent findings were reduced amplitudes and increased asymmetry ratios compared to healthy controls, indicating potential otolithic dysfunction. Latency prolongations were less consistently reported. Differences between cVEMP and oVEMP findings in individuals with VM suggested variable involvement of saccular and utricular pathways, with oVEMP abnormalities appearing more prominent. Conclusions: VEMP testing reveals subtle vestibular dysfunction in VM, primarily reflected in reduced amplitude and altered asymmetry ratios. However, the association between VEMP abnormality and VM is inconclusive, specifically due to heterogeneity among the included studies. Although findings support its potential as a diagnostic adjunct, methodological variability (including variability in patient recruitment) underscores the need for standardized VEMP protocols to enhance diagnostic accuracy and comparability across studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study compared vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) and video head impulse test (vHIT) findings between long-term hearing aid users and non-users with moderately severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) to investigate whether prolonged use of high-power hearing aids has any effect on the functioning of peripheral vestibular organs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the audiology clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Using convenience sampling, 67 adults aged 20–64 years who visited for hearing evaluation or hearing aid services were recruited and allocated into hearing aid user and non-user groups. VEMP latency and amplitude and vHIT vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain values were compared between groups. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine the association between the duration of hearing aid use and vestibular function. Results: No significant group differences were observed for any VEMP or vHIT parameter, except for the latency of P1 of the cVEMP in the left ear. Regression analyses indicated that the duration of hearing aid use was not significantly associated with any vestibular test measure. Conclusions: Long-term use of high-power hearing aids does not appear to be associated with measurable alterations in vestibular function. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies with improved control of confounding variables are recommended to validate these preliminary findings. Full article

Background/Objectives: The vestibular labyrinth is classically viewed as a sensor of low-frequency head motion—linear acceleration for the otoliths and angular velocity/acceleration for the semicircular canals. However, there is now substantial evidence that air-conducted sound (ACS) can also activate vestibular receptors and afferents in mammals and other vertebrates. This sound sensitivity underlies sound-evoked vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), sound-induced eye movements, and several clinical phenomena in third-window pathologies. The cellular and biophysical mechanisms by which a pressure wave in the cochlear fluids is transformed into a vestibular neural signal remain incompletely integrated into a single framework. This study aimed to provide a narrative synthesis of how ACS activates the vestibular labyrinth, with emphasis on (1) the anatomical and biophysical specializations of the maculae and cristae, (2) the dual-channel organization of vestibular hair cells and afferents, and (3) the encoding of fast, jerk-rich acoustic transients by irregular, striolar/central afferents. Methods: We integrate experimental evidence from single-unit recordings in animals, in vitro hair cell and calyx physiology, anatomical studies of macular structure, and human clinical data on sound-evoked VEMPs and sound-induced eye movements. Key concepts from vestibular cellular neurophysiology and from the physics of sinusoidal motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration, jerk) are combined into a unified interpretative scheme. Results: ACS transmitted through the middle ear generates pressure waves in the perilymph and endolymph not only in the cochlea but also in vestibular compartments. These waves produce local fluid particle motions and pressure gradients that can deflect hair bundles in selected regions of the otolith maculae and canal cristae. Irregular afferents innervating type I hair cells in the striola (maculae) and central zones (cristae) exhibit phase locking to ACS up to at least 1–2 kHz, with much lower thresholds than regular afferents. Cellular and synaptic specializations—transducer adaptation, low-voltage-activated K⁺ conductances (K_LV), fast quantal and non-quantal transmission, and afferent spike-generator properties—implement effective high-pass filtering and phase lead, making these pathways particularly sensitive to rapid changes in acceleration, i.e., mechanical jerk, rather than to slowly varying displacement or acceleration. Clinically, short-rise-time ACS stimuli (clicks and brief tone bursts) elicit robust cervical and ocular VEMPs with clear thresholds and input–output relationships, reflecting the recruitment of these jerk-sensitive utricular and saccular pathways. Sound-induced eye movements and nystagmus in third-window syndromes similarly reflect abnormally enhanced access of ACS-generated pressure waves to canal and otolith receptors. Conclusions: The vestibular labyrinth does not merely “tolerate” air-conducted sound as a spill-over from cochlear mechanics; it contains a dedicated high-frequency, transient-sensitive channel—dominated by type I hair cells and irregular afferents—that is well suited to encoding jerk-rich acoustic events. We propose that ACS-evoked vestibular responses, including VEMPs, are best interpreted within a dual-channel framework in which (1) regular, extrastriolar/peripheral pathways encode sustained head motion and low-frequency acceleration, while (2) irregular, striolar/central pathways encode fast, sound-driven transients distinguished by high jerk, steep onset, and precise spike timing. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Vestibular disorders include a wide range of conditions with overlapping symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo and imbalance, often offering diagnostic challenges when distinguishing between peripheral and central etiology. Accurate differentiation is essential for establishing effective treatment plans. In rare or atypical cases with subtle findings, comprehensive diagnostic tools—such as extended vestibular tests and structured questionnaires like the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI)—are critical for diagnosis and monitoring patient recovery. Case Presentation: A 35-year-old female presented with chronic imbalance and motion-induced dizziness persisting for four years. The patient had a surgical history of right-sided functional neck dissection for a parotid tumor. A comprehensive audiovestibular evaluation was performed, including pure tone audiometry (PTA), tympanometry, videonystagmography (VNG), cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP), ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMP), video head impulse testing (vHIT), computerized dynamic posturography (CDP), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Dizziness Handicap Index (DHI) was administered at baseline and post-treatment to monitor subjective symptom changes. Objective testing revealed marked right–left amplitude asymmetry on cVEMP, which were recorded from the trapezius muscle due to prior neck dissection surgery, indicating isolated right-sided saccular hypofunction. Following targeted vestibular rehabilitation and pharmacologic treatment, the 3-month reassessment demonstrated resolution of symptoms and a reduction in DHI scores from 24 to 6. Conclusions: Comprehensive vestibular testing, performed in a single diagnostic session, enabled the accurate identification of isolated right-sided saccular hypofunction in this complex post-surgical case. Combining cVEMP, CDP, and DHI assessment provided a complete functional profile, guided targeted rehabilitation, and allowed objective monitoring of recovery. Full article

Background: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is characterized by a bony defect of the superior semicircular canal (SSC), leading to vestibular and auditory symptoms. A process of spontaneous “auto-plugging,” in which the overlying dura mater progressively occludes the SSC, may replicate the effects of surgical canal plugging but remains under-recognized. The present study reports diverse clinical, instrumental, and 3d High Resolution MRI findings in patients with SSCD and subsequently confirmed to present with spontaneous complete or partial auto-plugging. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 11 patients with SSCD diagnosed on high-resolution CT and suspected auto-plugging based on clinical atypia and large dehiscence (>4 mm). Patients underwent comprehensive neurotological assessment, including pure-tone audiometry, vestibular testing, and HR MRI with 3D labyrinthine reconstructions to identify partial or complete auto-plugging. Auto-plugging was classified as partial (Canalis semicircularis superior depressus) or complete (absence of endolymph fluid signal; Canalis semicircularis superior obturatus). Results: Among 13 ears with auto-plugging, 6 were partial and 7 complete. The mean SSCD size in auto-plugged ears was 5.5 mm. Most ears had normal or near-normal vestibular function on VHIT, with minimal air-bone gaps and preserved VEMP responses. Imaging demonstrated varying degrees of dural contact with the SSC, confirming partial or complete canal occlusion. Conclusions: Spontaneous auto-plugging of the SSC is a plausible, under-recognized phenomenon that may reproduce functional effects of surgical plugging. Dedicated 3D labyrinthine MRI enhances detection and characterization. Prospective multimodal studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiology, progression, and clinical implications, optimizing patient selection for surgical versus conservative management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Skull vibration-induced nystagmus (SVIN) is a rapid bedside test that reveals vestibular asymmetry. Its clinical utility in Ménière’s disease (MD) remains controversial, particularly regarding its association with radiological endolymphatic hydrops (EH). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SVIN, audiovestibular parameters, and EH severity in patients with unilateral definite MD. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary academic referral center and included patients with unilateral MD who underwent SVIN testing (SVT), audiovestibular evaluation (PTA, cVEMP, oVEMP, vHIT, and caloric testing), and 3T MRI with gadolinium-enhanced 3D-FLAIR sequences to quantify EH. Results: In total, 84 patients were included in the study. SVIN was present in 57.14% of patients (n = 48), with ipsilesional nystagmus being the most frequent subtype (64.58%). Patients with SVIN had significantly higher vestibular EH (p = 0.017) and vestibular endolymphatic ratio (REL) in the affected ear (p = 0.019). Disease duration (p = 0.026) and shorter time since last vertigo spell (p = 0.018) were also associated with SVIN presence. REL correlated moderately with disease duration (r = 0.390, p < 0.001), PTA (r = 0.576, p < 0.001), and number of vertigo spells (r = 0.236, p = 0.031), but not with time since last crisis (r = −0.127, p = 0.252). ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.735 for REL in predicting SVIN. Conclusions: SVIN correlates with the severity of vestibular EH. This finding indicates a stimulus-locked response of a vestibular asymmetry rather than a purely structural alteration. Full article

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of vestibular screening in infants and investigate age-related changes in the characteristics of air-conducted sound cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (ACS-cVEMP) and bone-conducted vibration cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (BCV-cVEMP) in infants and children with normal hearing, aiming to provide new insights into the developmental trajectory of vestibular function during early childhood. Methods: A total of 159 subjects aged 3 months to 17 years old were divided into seven age groups. Additionally, 20 adults aged 18–30 years were included as controls to explore developmental changes in the sacculocollic reflex pathway. Results: The response rates of BCV-cVEMP in 3-month-olds were significantly higher than that of ACS-cVEMP (p = 0.048), while no significant difference was observed in other age groups (p > 0.05). Age-related changes were found in both latencies and amplitudes of ACS-cVEMP and BCV-cVEMP. ACS-cVEMP latencies reached adult levels at 13–17 years, while BCV-cVEMP latencies normalized by 7–12 years. ACS-cVEMP amplitudes increased with age, stabilizing at 4 years, whereas BCV-cVEMP amplitudes peaked at 4–6 years before gradually decreasing. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that cVEMP is not only a viable tool for vestibular screening in infants but also reveals crucial age-related developmental changes in the vestibular system. These findings contribute new insights into the maturation of the vestibular reflex pathways and provide normative data that can be used to guide early vestibular screening practices. Full article

Introduction: Masseter vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (M-VEMPs) are a recent tool for assessing a vestibulo-trigeminal pathway departing from the saccule, similarly to cervical VEMPs (C-VEMPs), that evaluate saccular function via the sternocleidomastoid muscle. M-VEMPs may offer a complementary diagnostic value in vestibular neuritis (VN). Methods: This retrospective study analysed M-VEMPs and C-VEMPs in 28 monolateral patients and 1 bilateral (30 ears) diagnosed with VN between 2023 and 2024. Diagnostic evaluation included video head impulse tests (VHIT), caloric tests, ocular VEMPs, and, in a few cases, electromyography (EMG) of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. M-VEMPs were elicited using 500 Hz tone bursts at 97 dB nHL. Results were compared based on the topography of vestibular involvement and muscle response concordance. Results: M-VEMPs were always present in patients with superior VN and intact saccular function, showing consistent results with normal C-VEMPs. In some cases, with saccular dysfunction, M-VEMPs were preserved despite the absence of C-VEMPs, suggesting greater robustness. One patient with herpes zoster (HZ) involving both the VIII and trigeminal nerves showed absent M-VEMPs, indicating trigeminal pathway involvement. Edentulous patients showed reduced or absent M-VEMPs due to compromised masseter muscle electromyography activity. Conclusions: M-VEMPs are reliable and often concordant with C-VEMPs in VN but may reveal additional diagnostic information in discordant or complex cases. They are particularly useful in identifying trigeminal involvement but are limited in patients with poor masseter muscle function. Further studies are needed to clarify their full diagnostic potential. Full article

Vestibular atelectasis (VA) is a rare clinical entity characterized by a collapse of the endolymphatic space resulting in vestibular loss with the possible onset of positional and/or sound/pressure-induced vertigo. It could be idiopathic or secondary to other inner-ear diseases including Meniere’s disease (MD). A collapse of the membranous labyrinth involving the semicircular canals (SCs) and the utricle represents its distinctive histopathological feature. While specific radiological patterns consistent with VA have been described on contrast-enhanced MRI with delayed acquisitions, an impairment of the blood–labyrinthine barrier (BLB) could be detected in several disorders leading to vestibular loss. We conducted a narrative review of the literature on VA focusing on the putative pathomechanisms accounting for positional and sound/pressure-induced nystagmus despite unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) in this condition, providing two novel cases of VA. Both patients presented with a clinical picture consistent with unilateral MD that rapidly turned into progressive UVL and positional and/or sound/pressure-induced vertigo. In both cases, the posterior SC was initially impaired at the video-head impulse test (vHIT) and both cervical and ocular VEMPs were initially reduced. Progressively, they developed unsteadiness with paretic spontaneous nystagmus, an impairment also for the lateral and anterior SCs, caloric hypo/areflexia and VEMPs areflexia. They both exhibited ipsilesional nystagmus to sound/pressure stimuli and in one case a persistent geotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus consistent with a “light cupula” mechanism involving the lateral SC of the affected side. A collapse of the membranous labyrinthine walls resulting in contact between the vestibular sensors and the stapes footplate could explain the onset of nystagmus to loud sounds and/or pressure changes despite no responses to high- and low-frequency inputs as detected by caloric irrigations, vHIT and VEMPs. On the other hand, the onset of positional nystagmus despite UVL could be explained with the theory of the “floating labyrinth”. Both patients received contrast-enhanced brain MRI with delayed acquisition exhibiting increased contrast uptake in the pars superior of the labyrinth, suggesting an impairment of the BLB likely resulting in secondary VA. A small intralabyrinthine schwannoma was detected in one case. VA should always be considered in case of positional and/or sound/pressure-induced vertigo despite UVL. Full article

Background/Objectives: Idiopathic immune-mediated uveitis (IIMU) is an intraocular inflammatory condition affecting the uveal tract and adjacent ocular structures, potentially leading to systemic involvement. Audiovestibular symptoms, such as sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and balance disturbances, are often underdiagnosed in these patients. The potential correlation between IIMU and audiovestibular dysfunction remains insufficiently studied. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and describe the clinical characteristics of audiovestibular manifestations in patients with IIMU. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 34 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IIMU at a tertiary academic center. All participants underwent a standardized neurootological assessment, including pure-tone audiometry, video head impulse testing (vHIT), and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP). Demographic and clinical data were also collected. Results: Audiovestibular dysfunction was identified in 41.18% of patients, with bilateral SNHL (B-SNHL) being the most common finding. Patients with B-SNHL had a significantly later age of uveitis onset (52.3 ± 14.4 vs. 35.9 ± 13.9 years, p = 0.003) and a higher incidence of ocular complications (83.3% vs. 59.1%, p = 0.252). Furthermore, worsening ophthalmologic activity was observed in 25% of patients with B-SNHL, compared to 0% in those without B-SNHL (p = 0.037). Vestibular dysfunction was also associated with delayed onset of uveitis (51.0 ± 17.4 vs. 36.0 ± 12.2 years, p = 0.006) and a non-significantly higher complication rate (76.9% vs. 61.9%, p = 0.465). Conclusions: Audiovestibular dysfunction is a frequent finding in patients with IIMU and is associated with delayed uveitis onset and greater ocular morbidity. These results support the inclusion of systematic audiovestibular screening in clinical evaluations of IIMU patients and suggest that earlier detection may inform prognosis and guide multidisciplinary management strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine whether the strong acoustic stimuli used in vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing contribute to distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) level reduction due to noise-induced hearing loss. Methods: The DPOAE levels were measured routinely to evaluate vestibular balance disorders with sensorineural hearing loss and to monitor changes in cochlear function before and after VEMP. The changes in DPOAE levels after VEMP testing in 174 patients (80 males and 94 females; median age, 53 years [interquartile range, 39–67 years; range, 15–85 years]) who were examined in the vertigo outpatient clinic between June 2021 and December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The DPOAE levels decreased significantly after VEMP testing at 1.4 kHz, 2 kHz, 2.8 kHz, sum all 1/2 octave, and average 1/2 octave (1–6 kHz). The decrease in DPOAE levels at 6 kHz exhibited a significant negative linear correlation with age (the coefficient of determination: 0.0189, p = 0.01), but not sex or side. Conclusions: The strong sound stimulation used in VEMP testing can decrease DPOAE levels. The frequencies at which DPOAE levels decreased significantly were overtones of the stimulus frequency, suggesting a possible effect of acoustic stimulation. VEMP testing can be an invasive test method and should be performed with detailed consideration of the risks and benefits. The age factor can influence the decrease in DPOAE levels in VEMP testing. Full article

Background/Objectives: Children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) can develop, or have concurrent vestibular hypofunction (VH). Assessing the vestibular function is challenging in the pediatric population. The objective of the current study was to identify the most effective test battery for objectively diagnosing and screening VH in children with SNHL. Methods: A two-center retrospective chart review included 71 children aged six months to 18 years old with unilateral or bilateral SNHL. Testing consisted of the video head impulse test (VHIT), the caloric test and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). Pairwise agreement between tests was calculated by the proportion of overall agreement and unweighted Cohen’s kappa. Results: Vestibular hypofunction was diagnosed less often by cVEMP compared to VHIT or the caloric test. The overall disagreement observed between VHIT and cVEMP and the caloric test and cVEMP was explained by a higher proportion of ears diagnosed with VH by VHIT (18 versus four) or the caloric test (14 versus 0). Several cases with normal cVEMP responses had abnormal test results for VHIT (18 of 71 ears) or the caloric test (14 of 32 ears). VHIT and the caloric test showed a moderate inter-test agreement (Kappa 0.591; p = 0.018). Conclusions: VHIT and the caloric test had a higher likelihood of diagnosing VH, as opposed to cVEMP. It would therefore be advised to use VHIT or the caloric test as the first-line vestibular test for children with SNHL to screen for VH. The clinical value of cVEMP seems low in children with SNHL. Full article

Background: Vestibular function implements head position regulation and body spatial navigation. It matures during childhood and adolescence and integrates with the completion of an individual’s motor development. Nevertheless, vestibular impairment is associated with profound paediatric hearing loss and has a negative impact on the child’s motor proficiency. Cochlear implantation (CI) is the treatment of choice for severe hearing loss, where conservative treatment plans are not appropriate or fail. The Teenager and Young Adults Cochlear Implant (TAYACI) study investigates the long-term outcomes of early implantation with respect to the hearing, speech, psychological, and balance development among CI users. Methods: This study focuses on the vestibular function and the appropriate methods for vestibular assessment. The results of two established vestibular test methods are explored: the video head impulse test (vHIT) and cervical/ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP, oVEMP) with air and bone conduction vibration stimulation. The results of vHIT, cVEMP, and oVEMP, per implanted ear and the relation to the aetiology of hearing loss are reported. An additional dynamic visual acuity (DVA) test was included to assess clinical oscillopsia. Results: Overall abnormal lateral canal testing was detected in 35/76 (46.1%) of the implanted ears. Bone-conducted cVEMP (BC cVEMP) was pathological in 33/76 (43.3%) and BC oVEMP in 42/76 (55.3%). Lateral canal impairment was associated with the background diagnosis of the hearing loss. Oscillopsia was related to bilateral canal impairment (sensitivity 73% specificity 100%). Conclusions: Lateral canal testing together with BC VEMPs were the most reproducible modules for vestibular testing The above tests were related to each other and complemented the overall vestibular assessment. DVA is a helpful tool to screen dynamic oscillopsia in patients with bilateral vestibular impairment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dizziness and vertigo are common symptoms. Vertigo, caused by vestibular deficit, is usually diagnosed with videonystagmography (VNG) and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). Normative values of these examinations have been established for adults; however, the impact of age is still uncertain. This study aimed to compare the results of VNG and cVEMP between adults and children. Methods: We analyzed and compared the results of VNG and cVEMP in 119 patients (35 adults and 84 children.) Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between adults and children in the amplitude of the cVEMP examination. In the subgroup analysis by age, we also noticed differences in VNG examination in nystagmus induced by rotation in patients with peripheral vertigo and in IFO (index fixation test) and VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex) in patients with non-peripheral vertigo. Conclusions: This study confirms that there are differences in vestibular examination results between children and adults. However, the exact impact of age on each part of the vestibular examination requires further investigation. Full article