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21 pages, 5697 KiB  
Article
Subtidal Biodiversity of the Punta de Coles Marine Reserve, Moquegua, Peru
by Sheda Méndez-Ancca, Renzo Pepe-Victoriano, Yesica Alvarez Meza, Hebert Hernán Soto Gonzales, Juan Luis Ccamapaza Aguilar, Alex Tejada Cáceres, Danny Efraín Baldarrago Centeno, Abel Walter Zambrano-Cabanillas and Jorge González Aguilera
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081400 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
Marine reserves are key instruments for the conservation of biodiversity; however, benthic biodiversity studies often lack comprehensive data on species distribution and richness. The Punta Coles Natural Reserve (PCNR), located on the southern coast of Peru within the Humboldt Current System, represents a [...] Read more.
Marine reserves are key instruments for the conservation of biodiversity; however, benthic biodiversity studies often lack comprehensive data on species distribution and richness. The Punta Coles Natural Reserve (PCNR), located on the southern coast of Peru within the Humboldt Current System, represents a highly productive marine ecosystem, but information on its biodiversity is limited. The present study examines the benthic community of the hard substrate in the area of the PCNR via censuses by semiautonomous diving “Hookah” at depths between 1 and 15 m to provide baseline information to support its ecosystem management. Using NMDS and PERMANOVAs, we confirmed significant differences in species composition among depth strata, underscoring the role of depth as a key factor driving variability and species distribution in shallow zones. The community structure varies both spatially within the reserve and as a function of depth and is determined by the presence and distribution of key habitat-structuring organisms, as well as the configuration of the seabed. Our study highlights the ecological value of the PCNR, improves regional scientific knowledge, provides a useful baseline against which future anthropogenic pressures can be evaluated, and proposes the integration of subtidal kelp forests (Lessonia trabeculata), mussel beds (Aulacomya atra) and sea squirt (Pyura chilensis) network aggregations into conservation strategies to contribute to best management practices for PCNR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biota Distribution and Biodiversity)
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16 pages, 2141 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Sustainable Methods for the Propagation and Cultivation of Chondracanthus chamissoi “Yuyo” in La Libertad, Peru: A Transition from the Laboratory to the Sea
by Nancy Soto-Deza, Luis Cabanillas-Chirinos and Nicole Terrones-Rodríguez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061164 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 450
Abstract
The alga Chondracanthus chamissoi, commonly known as “yuyo” or “mococho” is found along the coasts of Peru and Chile. Due to its multiple applications in industrial, health, pharmaceutical, and productive sectors, its demand has increased, leading to the uncontrolled exploitation of natural banks [...] Read more.
The alga Chondracanthus chamissoi, commonly known as “yuyo” or “mococho” is found along the coasts of Peru and Chile. Due to its multiple applications in industrial, health, pharmaceutical, and productive sectors, its demand has increased, leading to the uncontrolled exploitation of natural banks and negatively impacting marine ecosystems. This experimental study evaluated the viability of propagating C. chamissoi propagules using the foliar fertilizer Bayfolan® from Bayer, as well as its continuous, non-seasonal cultivation in La Ramada. This initiative aims to establish a productive area in La Libertad to meet the needs of national and international markets, reducing the indiscriminate exploitation of seaweed in natural banks. The results indicated that continuous cultivation is feasible, with growth rates of 0.0369 and 0.0388 g.day−1 (0% Bayfolan) and 0.0397 and 0.0399 g.day−1 (1% Bayfolan) during propagule propagation. Slight statistically significant differences were observed in final biomass between 0% and 1% Bayfolan treatments, and Bayfolan use reduced healing time by seven days. Nutritional and microbiological assays confirmed that fresh “yuyo” is suitable for human consumption; hence, La Ramada provides suitable physical–chemical and microbiological conditions for extracting and cultivating hydrobiological species, offering a viable alternative to the seasonal overexploitation of the algae and potential economic benefits for coastal families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)
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11 pages, 2917 KiB  
Article
New Insights About the Drivers of Change in the Coastal Wetlands of Peru: Results of a Rapid Field Survey
by Héctor Aponte, Maria-Paula Coello-Sarmiento and David Montes-Iturrizaga
Water 2025, 17(10), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101473 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
Wetlands are essential ecosystems that provide numerous services that are critical for human survival on a global scale. In Peru, these vital areas are situated along the coastal desert, one of the most densely populated regions in the country. This study employed a [...] Read more.
Wetlands are essential ecosystems that provide numerous services that are critical for human survival on a global scale. In Peru, these vital areas are situated along the coastal desert, one of the most densely populated regions in the country. This study employed a rapid field survey methodology to investigate the drivers of change (DOC) in 11 poorly studied wetlands along the Peruvian coast. Field visits occurred from August 2023 to August 2024, during which the DOC identified were documented. We performed similarity analyses of the data to identify (a) locations requiring similar management approaches and (b) co-occurring DOC. Our research identified 16 DOC; the presence of debris and waste, as well as roads or pathways that provide vehicular access, were the most frequent, followed by livestock and fisheries. The similarity analysis highlighted the crucial role of accessibility to these wetlands, as this increases the risk of adverse effects, whether from waste dumping or livestock. The findings suggest that several river mouths exhibit similar drivers, underscoring the need for coordinated management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change & Human Activities on Wetland Ecosystems)
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10 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Occurrence of Endoparasites in Creole Goats Under an Extensive Production System on the Southern Coast of Peru
by Emmanuel Sessarego, Jhony Soca-Jorge, Jose Teran, María Dávalos-Almeyda, Justo Valdivia-Zevallos, Jose Ruiz, Juancarlos Cruz and Danny Julio Cruz
Pathogens 2025, 14(5), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050437 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Endoparasitosis is a critical health challenge in the management of Creole goats under extensive production systems due to its negative impact on animal health and productivity. This study determined the occurrence of endoparasites and identified associated risk factors in Creole goats from the [...] Read more.
Endoparasitosis is a critical health challenge in the management of Creole goats under extensive production systems due to its negative impact on animal health and productivity. This study determined the occurrence of endoparasites and identified associated risk factors in Creole goats from the southern coast of Peru. Fecal samples were collected from 129 goats in two localities of the Pisco province to detect the presence of oocysts from Eimeria spp. and eggs from trichostrongyles, Skrjabinema spp., Trichuris spp., and Fasciola hepatica. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models and adjusted through bootstrapping and stepwise selection methods, with locality, feeding type, age, and body condition as predictive variables. The results revealed a high occurrence of Eimeria spp. (86.0%) and trichostrongyles (65.1%), while Fasciola hepatica (14.0%) and Skrjabinema spp. (7.0%) were exclusively identified in Independencia and San Clemente, respectively. Mixed infestations were predominant (65.9%), occurring more frequently in Independencia (75.9%) than in San Clemente (57.7%) (OR: 2.26, p < 0.05). The likelihood of infestation was significantly higher in Independencia for Eimeria spp. (OR: 5.72, p < 0.01) and Fasciola hepatica (OR: 61.4, p < 0.01). Moreover, goats fed exclusively on alfalfa were more likely to be infested with Fasciola hepatica compared to those fed a mixed diet of alfalfa and crop residues (OR: 0.06, p < 0.05). These findings underscore the necessity of implementing comprehensive health programs tailored to local management and feeding conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)
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16 pages, 13489 KiB  
Technical Note
Climatic Vulnerability of El Mirador de Lambayeque Archaeological Complex (8th–11th Century AD): Morphometric Analyses of Digital Surface Models
by Luigi Magnini, Pierdomenico Del Gaudio, Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa, Robert F. Gutierrez Cachay, Carlos E. Wester La Torre and Guido Ventura
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(9), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091544 - 26 Apr 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Archaeological sites may be damaged by natural phenomena related to climatic phenomena, such as wind, rain, and solar radiation. These phenomena are particularly intense in tropical areas subjected to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In these areas, the evaluation of the climatic vulnerability of [...] Read more.
Archaeological sites may be damaged by natural phenomena related to climatic phenomena, such as wind, rain, and solar radiation. These phenomena are particularly intense in tropical areas subjected to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In these areas, the evaluation of the climatic vulnerability of archaeological sites represents a priority. El Mirador de Lambayeque Archaeological Complex (8th to 11th century CE) is located on the northern coast of Peru, an area exposed to intense rain and wind due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and solar radiation. A 16 cm resolution digital surface model (DSM) of the site was obtained from photogrammetric data. Selected morphometric parameters were extracted from this DSM with the aim of identifying the areas exposed to water flow or stagnation during rain, wind, and solar radiation. These parameters were elaborated with object-based image analyses and fuzzy logic methods to determine the climatic vulnerability of the archaeological site to these different phenomena. An estimate of the total vulnerability is also presented, along with an evaluation of the areas exposed to erosion and deposition due to long-term diffusive processes. The analytical approach applied to El Mirador de Lambayeque Archaeological Complex may be extended to other archaeological sites. Full article
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36 pages, 9270 KiB  
Review
Marine Renewable Energy Resources in Peru: A Sustainable Blue Energy for Explore and Develop
by Carlos Cacciuttolo, Giovene Perez and Mivael Falcón
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(3), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030501 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 2280
Abstract
The Peruvian coast covers more than 3000 km along the Pacific Ocean, being one of the richest seas in terms of biodiversity, productivity, fishing, and renewable energy potential. Marine renewable energy (MRE) in both offshore and coastal environments of Peru is, currently, a [...] Read more.
The Peruvian coast covers more than 3000 km along the Pacific Ocean, being one of the richest seas in terms of biodiversity, productivity, fishing, and renewable energy potential. Marine renewable energy (MRE) in both offshore and coastal environments of Peru is, currently, a huge reserve of practically unused renewable energy, with inexhaustible potential. In this context, renewable energies from hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar sources have been applied in the country, but geothermal, waves, tidal currents, and tidal range sources are currently underdeveloped. This article presents the enormous source of sustainable blue energy for generating electrical energy that exists in Peru from waves and tidal resource potential. In addition, this article presents the main opportunities, gaps, and key issues for the implementation of marine renewable energy (MRE), with emphasis on: (i) showing the available potential in the northern, central, and southern Pacific Ocean territories of Peru, (ii) characterizing the marine energy best available technologies to implement, (iii) the environmental and socio-economic impacts of marine renewable energy, and (iv) discussion of challenges, opportunities, and future directions for developments in the marine energy sector. Finally, the article concludes that the greatest possibilities for exploiting the abundant marine renewable energy (MRE) resource in Peru are large spaces in both offshore and coastal environments on the Pacific Ocean that can be considered for harvesting energy. These issues will depend strongly on the implementation of regulations and policies for the strategic use for planning of marine resources, encouraging research and development (R&D) for creating sustainable innovations, incentives for project finance mechanisms, and developing specialized local human capital, considering the sustainability of livelihoods of coastal communities and ecosystems. Full article
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18 pages, 3501 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Ekman Pumping and Transport on Dosidicus gigas (Jumbo Flying Squid) Fishing Ground by Chinese Jiggers off the Coast of Peru
by Xingnan Fang, Xin Zhang, Xinjun Chen and Wei Yu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020280 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 988
Abstract
Upwelling is often associated with high productivity, biodiversity, and fishery resource abundance. This study employed a generalized additive model (GAM) to analyze the effects of Ekman pumping and transport on the abundance and distribution of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) using [...] Read more.
Upwelling is often associated with high productivity, biodiversity, and fishery resource abundance. This study employed a generalized additive model (GAM) to analyze the effects of Ekman pumping and transport on the abundance and distribution of jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) using wind field data and Chinese commercial fishing catch data off Peru from 2012 to 2020. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of Ekman pumping and transport exhibited significant monthly variation and exerted a considerable impact on the abundance and distribution of D. gigas. Ekman pumping fluctuated between 4.98 × 10−9 to 6.84 × 10−7 m/s, with the strongest upwelling effects observed from February to March and October to December. Ekman transport varied from 0.89 to 2.56 m3/s and peaked in August. The GAM results indicate that the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of D. gigas was significantly affected by Ekman pumping, while the latitudinal gravity centers (LATG) of D. gigas were significantly influenced by Ekman transport and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a). Both hydrodynamic processes had a significant influence on Chl-a. Ekman pumping contributed greatly to upwelling formation, significantly increasing Chl-a concentration in the northern region, while strong Ekman transport pushed high-Chl-a coastal waters offshore in the central and southern regions when Ekman pumping was weaker, resulting in increasing offshore Chl-a concentrations. Furthermore, Chl-a concentration was significantly positively correlated with Ekman pumping after a two-month lag. An El Niño weakened the intensity of Ekman pumping, leading to notable declines in Chl-a concentration and D. gigas CPUE. These findings demonstrate that Ekman pumping and transport significantly influence the distribution of Chl-a, to which D. gigas is sensitive, influencing the abundance and distribution of this species off the coast of Peru. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)
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24 pages, 8897 KiB  
Article
Future Climate Projections for Tacna, Peru: Assessing Changes in Temperature and Precipitation
by Gustavo De la Cruz, Adrian Huerta, Pablo Franco-León, Edwin Pino-Vargas, Lía Ramos-Fernández and Waldo Lavado-Casimiro
Atmosphere 2025, 16(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020144 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 3237
Abstract
The Tacna region, situated in southwestern Peru, is distinguished by its desert and Andean zones, resulting in significant climatic variability. However, changes in future precipitation and temperature patterns could significantly impact sectors such as agriculture, energy, and water resources. In this context, this [...] Read more.
The Tacna region, situated in southwestern Peru, is distinguished by its desert and Andean zones, resulting in significant climatic variability. However, changes in future precipitation and temperature patterns could significantly impact sectors such as agriculture, energy, and water resources. In this context, this research analyzes climate scenarios of precipitation, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) in Tacna. For this purpose, Tacna was divided into four homogeneous regions (Coast, Low Highlands, High Andes, and Andean Plateau) to assess future changes using CMIP6 climate models for the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. A bias correction of these models was applied using the Quantile Delta Mapping method to improve accuracy. The validation results showed better performance for minimum temperature compared to maximum temperature and precipitation. Regarding the scenario results, by the end of the century, under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, Tmax could increase by up to +7 °C while Tmin could rise by up to +5 °C, particularly in the Andean Plateau. Precipitation is projected to decrease by up to 20% annually in higher elevations, albeit with considerable uncertainty; however, no significant changes are expected in seasonal patterns. This study underscores the importance of robust climate projections in formulating adaptation strategies for water resource management and infrastructure planning. The findings provide essential insights for decision-makers to address the challenges posed by climate change in vulnerable regions of southern Peru. Full article
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28 pages, 16944 KiB  
Review
Technological Evolution of Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in Peru: History, Challenges, and Opportunities
by Carlos Cacciuttolo, Esteban Muñoz and Andrés Sotil
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020831 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
Peru is one of the most diverse countries from a geographical and climatic point of view, where there are three large ecosystem regions called coast, Sierra, and jungle. These characteristics result in the country having many hydrographic basins, with rivers of significant dimensions [...] Read more.
Peru is one of the most diverse countries from a geographical and climatic point of view, where there are three large ecosystem regions called coast, Sierra, and jungle. These characteristics result in the country having many hydrographic basins, with rivers of significant dimensions in terms of the width and length of the channel. In this sense, there is a permanent need to provide connectivity and promote trade between communities through road bridge infrastructure. Thus, Peru historically developed a road network and bridges during the Inca Empire in the Tawantinsuyu region, building a cobblestone road network and suspension bridges with rope cables made of plant fibers from vegetation called Coya-Ichu. This is how bridges in Peru have evolved to meet contemporary vehicular demands and provide structural stability and functionality throughout their useful life. This article presents the following sections: (a) an introduction to the evolution of bridges, (b) the current typology and inventory of bridges, (c) the characterization of the largest bridges, (d) a discussion on the architecture, engineering, construction, and structural health monitoring (AECSHM) of bridges in the face of climate change, earthquakes, and material degradation, and (e) conclusions. Finally, this article presents opportunities and challenges in terms of Peru’s architecture, engineering, construction, and structural health monitoring of road bridges. Special emphasis is given to the use of technologies from the era of Industry 4.0 to promote the digital construction and structural health monitoring of these infrastructures. Finally, it is concluded that the integration of technologies of sensors, the IoT (Internet of Things), AI (artificial intelligence), UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), remote sensing, BIM (Building Information Modeling), and DfMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly), among others, will allow for more safe, reliable, durable, productive, cost-effective, sustainable, and resilient bridge infrastructures in Peru in the face of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Civil Infrastructures Engineering)
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13 pages, 4162 KiB  
Article
Discovering the Bathylithology and Bioengineering Organisms of the Punta Coles Marine Natural Reserve, Moquegua, Peru
by Sheda Méndez-Ancca, Renzo Pepe-Victoriano, Hebert Hernán Soto Gonzales, Juan Luis Ccamapaza Aguilar, Yesica Alvarez Meza, Marco Antonio Quispe Pacho, Alex Tejada Cáceres, Danny Efraín Baldarrago Centeno and Jorge González Aguilera
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122265 - 10 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1496
Abstract
The Punta Coles Natural Reserve (PCNR), located on the southern coast of the province of Ilo, Moquegua Region, Peru, houses an area rich in marine biodiversity which is composed of natural banks of benthic invertebrates, which constitute the potential and dynamic fishery of [...] Read more.
The Punta Coles Natural Reserve (PCNR), located on the southern coast of the province of Ilo, Moquegua Region, Peru, houses an area rich in marine biodiversity which is composed of natural banks of benthic invertebrates, which constitute the potential and dynamic fishery of commercial interest for artisanal fishermen that impact the area. To mitigate this impact, all stakeholders need to know, understand, value, and balance the dependence of benthic biodiversity with the ecosystem for its preservation and the promotion of sustainable fishing. Along these lines, the components studied are bathymetry, lithology, and the tapestry of bioengineers that make up the reserve’s seabed. Mapping of the complexity of the benthic habitat of the seabed was developed on the basis of an integrated analysis of multibeam bathymetric data, geoscientific information associated with the antecedents of benthic biodiversity of the PCNR, sediment maps of the seabed, subtidal sedimentological texture, and photographic records. The characterization and granulometry of the sediments that make up the PCNR were determined according to the Udden–Wentworth classification criterion (Φ). The utility of the GPSMAP 178C multibeam echosounder for the interpretation of seabed sediments stands out. The kriging interpolation method was used to extrapolate the characteristics of the benthic habitat, which is suitable for large areas of the sea. As a result, three habitats were derived and mapped, and three structures (bioengineers), namely, “subtidal kelps” (Lessonia trabeculata), “mussels” (Aulacomya atra), and “red sea squirt” (Pyura chilensis), were associated mainly with sedimentary rock habitats and mixed substrates. In the sand substrate, these algae were found to a lesser extent. The results show that this study is a conceptual model that summarizes the understanding of ecology and prospects for the sustainability of profitable, ecoefficient fishing activities in the Moquegua Region, Peru. Full article
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22 pages, 3861 KiB  
Article
Aesthetics of Afro-Andean Smoking Culture: Early Modern Peruvian Tobacco Pipes at the Edge of the Atlantic World
by Brendan J. M. Weaver, Jerry Smith Solano Calderon and Miguel Ángel Fhon Bazán
Arts 2024, 13(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13050143 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2664
Abstract
Although situated at the geographic margin of the early modern Atlantic World, the Pacific coast of Peru was an important region in the development of African diasporic material culture. Adopting an interdisciplinary material historical approach, we present the first systematic discussion of the [...] Read more.
Although situated at the geographic margin of the early modern Atlantic World, the Pacific coast of Peru was an important region in the development of African diasporic material culture. Adopting an interdisciplinary material historical approach, we present the first systematic discussion of the known Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes to be archaeologically recovered in Peru. Eighteen Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes or pipe sherds dating to Peru’s Spanish colonial period have been identified across sites in the coastal cities of Lima and Trujillo and from a vineyard hacienda in rural Nasca. Tobacco pipes are among the most recognized and debated forms of early modern Atlantic African and diasporic expressions of material culture, as such, they present a powerful entry point to understanding the aesthetic consequences of colonial projects and diverse articulations across the Atlantic World. The material history of Afro-Atlantic smoking culture exemplifies how aesthetics moved between localities and developed diasporic entanglements. In addition to the formal analysis and visual description of the pipes, we examine historical documentation and the work of nineteenth-century Afro-Peruvian watercolorist Francisco (Pancho) Fierro to better understand the aesthetics of Afro-Andean smoking culture in Spanish colonial and early Republican Peru. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Black Artists in the Atlantic World)
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22 pages, 2329 KiB  
Review
Updated Review of Longshore Sediment Transport: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Comparisons Using a Satellite Image Methodology
by César M. Alpaca-Chacón, Bismarck Jigena-Antelo, César A. Quispe-Gonzales, Douglas D. Sarango-Julca, Antonio Contreras-de-Villar and Juan J. Muñoz-Perez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(9), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091660 - 16 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
This review updates the different categories and formulations of the calculation of longshore sediment transport (LST) and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. Most of these methodologies require calibration for areas different from those studied by their authors. Thus, a method of validation and [...] Read more.
This review updates the different categories and formulations of the calculation of longshore sediment transport (LST) and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. Most of these methodologies require calibration for areas different from those studied by their authors. Thus, a method of validation and calibration is presented here by processing satellite images with CoastSat software (release v 2.7) to determine accretion and erosion volumes. This low-cost methodology was applied to Salaverry Beach (Peru) to compare the results of the different formulations. A range of variation between −96% and +68% was observed concerning the error, with van Rijn’s formula being the most accurate for this particular case. Full article
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19 pages, 3499 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Modeling of Rural Agricultural Land Use Change and Area Forecasts in Historical Time Series after COVID-19 Pandemic, Using Google Earth Engine in Peru
by Segundo G. Chavez, Jaris Veneros, Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño, Manuel Oliva-Cruz, Grobert A. Guadalupe and Ligia García
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7755; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177755 - 6 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2035
Abstract
Despite the importance of using digital technologies for resource management, Peru does not record current and estimated processed data on rural agriculture, hindering an effective management process combined with policy. This research analyzes the connotation of spatiotemporal level trends of eight different land [...] Read more.
Despite the importance of using digital technologies for resource management, Peru does not record current and estimated processed data on rural agriculture, hindering an effective management process combined with policy. This research analyzes the connotation of spatiotemporal level trends of eight different land cover types in nine rural districts representative of the three natural regions (coast, highlands, and jungle) of Peru. The effect of change over time of the COVID-19 pandemic was emphasized. Then, forecast trends of agricultural areas were estimated, approximating possible future trends in a post-COVID-19 scenario. Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2 images (2017–2022) processed in the Google Earth Engine platform (GEE) and adjusted by random forest, Kappa index, and Global Accuracy. To model the forecasts for 2027, the best-fit formula was chosen according to the criteria of the lowest precision value of the mean absolute percentage error, the mean absolute deviation, and the mean squared deviation. In the three natural regions, but not in all districts, all cover types suggested in the satellite images were classified. We found advantageous situations of agricultural area dynamics (2017–2022) for the coast of up to 80.92 km2 (Guadalupe, 2022), disadvantageous situations for the Sierra, and indistinct situations for the Selva: between −91.52 km2 (Villa Rica, 2022) and 22.76 km2 (Santa Rosa, 2022). The trend analysis allows us to confirm the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the extension dedicated to agriculture. The area dedicated to agriculture in the Peruvian coast experienced a decrease; in the highlands, it increased, and in the jungle, the changes were different for the districts studied. It is expected that these results will allow progress in the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda in its goals 1, 2, and 17. Full article
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11 pages, 2805 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Two Ecosystem Services Provided by a Pistia stratiotes Population on the Pacific Coast of South America
by Adela Zamora-Aranda and Héctor Aponte
Biology 2024, 13(8), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080573 - 29 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2175
Abstract
One of the most fascinating wetlands on Peru’s central coast is the Santa Rosa wetland (Chancay, Lima), an ecosystem threatened by anthropogenic activities. Some of these impacts have led to the uncontrolled growth of Pistia stratiotes, an invasive aquatic plant. This study [...] Read more.
One of the most fascinating wetlands on Peru’s central coast is the Santa Rosa wetland (Chancay, Lima), an ecosystem threatened by anthropogenic activities. Some of these impacts have led to the uncontrolled growth of Pistia stratiotes, an invasive aquatic plant. This study sought to quantify the regulation and provisioning of ecosystem services provided by P. stratiotes using carbon storage and the provision of biomass as indicators. To this end, the biomasses of 50 plots measuring 0.0625 m2 were weighed and georeferenced and the percentages of dry biomass (%DB) and total organic carbon in the biomass (%C) were quantified. The biomass and its coordinates were entered into ArcGIS and a Kriging interpolation technique was applied to determine the total amount of biomass (B). It was found that P. stratiotes stored 3942.57 tCO2 and that 2132.41 tons of biomass could be obtained for fodder. The total carbon stored by this aquatic plant represented 28.46% of the total carbon sequestered in the wetland ecosystem by vascular plants, suggesting that its contribution to the carbon cycle is significant. This is the first study to estimate the biomass of a floating aquatic plant population in a coastal Peruvian wetland and is a pioneering study addressing the in situ carbon estimation of Peruvian floating aquatic plants. The results and methods proposed in this research will serve in the evaluation of the potential of ecosystem services among similar populations of floating aquatic species. In addition, the data presented can be used to establish plans for the management and use of this biomass in the production of soil fertilizers and cattle forage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae)
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9 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Yield and Agronomic Performance of Sweet Corn in Response to Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. under Arid Land Conditions
by Sergio Contreras-Liza, Cristofer Yasiel Villadeza, Pedro M. Rodriguez-Grados, Edison Goethe Palomares and Carlos I. Arbizu
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 683-691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030050 - 19 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2023
Abstract
Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on [...] Read more.
Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on the coast of Peru. We performed an agronomic experiment in a crop field with arid soil under drip irrigation in Huacho (Peru) using a commercial variety of sweet corn. The treatments were two levels of nitrogen (90 and 180 kg N ha−1), one or two applications of a native strain of Azospirillum sp. (1 × 108 CFU/mL) and a control treatment with only nitrogen fertilizer. Eleven agronomic variables related to productive aspects were evaluated by performing statistical analyses and the comparison of treatment means. Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the total weight of ears, the number of ears per plant and the number of male flowers, but it significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the grain yield per hectare, the survival of plants, grain weight per plant, and the diameter and length of the cob. In some productive characteristics of sweet corn cv “Pardo”, a significant effect was found following inoculation with Azospirillum sp., which outperformed the control with only nitrogen fertilization in grain yield, suggesting that it is possible to complement the application of nitrogen to soil with the inoculation of this strain, replacing up to 50% of the levels of fertilizer application, since the benefit/cost ratio increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)
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