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Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme...
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Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 8154

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sridhara Nayak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research and Development Center, Japan Meteorological Corporation, Osaka 5300011, Japan
Interests: climate modeling; extreme events; dynamical downscaling; land use and land cover change; numerical weather prediction; statistical method applications; remote sensing applications and GIS
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Netrananda Sahu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
Interests: Indo-Pacific variability; climate variability and societal impacts; climate change and river hydrology; agriculture; hydroclimate; disaster risk reduction; trend analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the second volume in a series of publications dedicated to “Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere/special_issues/climate_change_and_variability). Our goal is to collectively advance the understanding of climate-related challenges and foster informed decision making for a sustainable future.

In the present climate scenario, the consequences of climate change and climate variability are of great concern around the world, particularly their impact on extreme weather and mesoscale events, which consequently affect all sectors including habitats, the economy, health, water, and agriculture. Thus, understanding the pattern of climate change and climate variability has been the focus of many researchers, and many efforts are underway to better frame the consequences of their future impacts. To further our understanding of climate patterns and variations at global or regional scales, this Special Issue of Atmosphere seeks contributions on observational and numerical modelling studies to enhance the understanding of the global or regional climate patterns and variations over time in some measures of climate. This issue also encourages articles that discuss a regional or global analysis of extreme weather and mesoscale events and their response to the ongoing trends in climate change and climate variability. Contributions with model simulations and evaluations for a deeper understanding of the physics and dynamics associated with climate-change-related weather hazards will also be considered. Submissions in, but not limited to, the following research areas are invited:

  • Climate change;
  • Climate variability;
  • Extreme events;
  • Climate modelling;
  • Hydroclimate;
  • Hydrometeorology.

Dr. Sridhara Nayak
Dr. Netrananda Sahu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate change
  • climate variability
  • extreme events
  • climate modeling
  • hydroclimate
  • hydrometeorology

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 8897 KiB  
Article
Future Climate Projections for Tacna, Peru: Assessing Changes in Temperature and Precipitation
by Gustavo De la Cruz, Adrian Huerta, Pablo Franco-León, Edwin Pino-Vargas, Lía Ramos-Fernández and Waldo Lavado-Casimiro
Atmosphere 2025, 16(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020144 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1904
Abstract
The Tacna region, situated in southwestern Peru, is distinguished by its desert and Andean zones, resulting in significant climatic variability. However, changes in future precipitation and temperature patterns could significantly impact sectors such as agriculture, energy, and water resources. In this context, this [...] Read more.
The Tacna region, situated in southwestern Peru, is distinguished by its desert and Andean zones, resulting in significant climatic variability. However, changes in future precipitation and temperature patterns could significantly impact sectors such as agriculture, energy, and water resources. In this context, this research analyzes climate scenarios of precipitation, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) in Tacna. For this purpose, Tacna was divided into four homogeneous regions (Coast, Low Highlands, High Andes, and Andean Plateau) to assess future changes using CMIP6 climate models for the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. A bias correction of these models was applied using the Quantile Delta Mapping method to improve accuracy. The validation results showed better performance for minimum temperature compared to maximum temperature and precipitation. Regarding the scenario results, by the end of the century, under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, Tmax could increase by up to +7 °C while Tmin could rise by up to +5 °C, particularly in the Andean Plateau. Precipitation is projected to decrease by up to 20% annually in higher elevations, albeit with considerable uncertainty; however, no significant changes are expected in seasonal patterns. This study underscores the importance of robust climate projections in formulating adaptation strategies for water resource management and infrastructure planning. The findings provide essential insights for decision-makers to address the challenges posed by climate change in vulnerable regions of southern Peru. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events (2nd Edition))
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20 pages, 5002 KiB  
Article
Impact of Changes in Rainfall and Temperature on Production of Darjeeling Tea in India
by Netrananda Sahu, Rajiv Nayan, Arpita Panda, Ayush Varun, Ravi Kesharwani, Pritiranjan Das, Anil Kumar, Suraj Kumar Mallick, Martand Mani Mishra, Atul Saini, Sumat Prakash Aggarwal and Sridhara Nayak
Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1875
Abstract
Globally, there has been a lot of focus on climate variability, especially variability in annual precipitation and temperatures. Depending on the area, different climate variables have different degrees of variation. Therefore, analyzing the temporal and spatial changes or dynamics of meteorological or climatic [...] Read more.
Globally, there has been a lot of focus on climate variability, especially variability in annual precipitation and temperatures. Depending on the area, different climate variables have different degrees of variation. Therefore, analyzing the temporal and spatial changes or dynamics of meteorological or climatic variables in light of climate change is crucial to identifying the changes induced by climate and providing workable adaptation solutions. This study examined how climate variability affects tea production in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. It also looked at trends in temperature and rainfall between 1991 and 2023. In order to identify significant trends in these climatic factors and their relationship to tea productivity, the study used a variety of statistical tests, including the Sen’s Slope Estimator test, the Mann–Kendall’s test, and regression tests. The study revealed a positive growth trend in rainfall (Sen’s slope = 0.25, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.032), maximum temperature (Sen’s slope = 1.02, p = 0.026, R2 = 0.095), and minimum temperature (Sen’s slope = 4.38, p = 0.006, R2 = 0.556). Even with the rise in rainfall, there has been a decline in tea productivity, as seen by the sharp decline in both the tea cultivated area and the production of tea. The results obtained from the regression analysis showed an inverse relationship between temperature anomalies and tea yield (R = −0.45, p = 0.02, R2 = 0.49), indicating that the growing temperatures were not favorable for the production of tea. Rainfall anomalies, on the other hand, positively correlated with tea yield (R = 0.56, p = 0.01, R2 = 0.68), demonstrating that fluctuations in rainfall have the potential to affect production but not enough to offset the detrimental effects of rising temperatures. These results underline how susceptible the tea sector in Darjeeling is to climate change adversities and the necessity of adopting adaptive methods to lessen these negative consequences. The results carry significance not only for regional stakeholders but also for the global tea industry, which encounters comparable obstacles in other areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events (2nd Edition))
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27 pages, 7003 KiB  
Article
Resonant Forcing by Solar Declination of Rossby Waves at the Tropopause and Implications in Extreme Precipitation Events and Heat Waves—Part 2: Case Studies, Projections in the Context of Climate Change
by Jean-Louis Pinault
Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101226 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 931
Abstract
Based on the properties of Rossby waves at the tropopause resonantly forced by solar declination in harmonic modes, which was the subject of a first article, case studies of heatwaves and extreme precipitation events are presented. They clearly demonstrate that extreme events only [...] Read more.
Based on the properties of Rossby waves at the tropopause resonantly forced by solar declination in harmonic modes, which was the subject of a first article, case studies of heatwaves and extreme precipitation events are presented. They clearly demonstrate that extreme events only form under specific patterns of the amplitude of the speed of modulated airflows of Rossby waves at the tropopause, in particular period ranges. This remains true even if extreme events appear as compound events where chaos and timing are crucial. Extreme events are favored when modulated cold and warm airflows result in a dual cyclone-anticyclone system, i.e., the association of two joint vortices of opposite signs. They reverse over a period of the dominant harmonic mode in spatial and temporal coherence with the modulated airflow speed pattern. This key role could result from a transfer of humid/dry air between the two vortices during the inversion of the dual system. Finally, focusing on the two period ranges 17.1–34.2 and 8.56–17.1 days corresponding to 1/16- and 1/32-year period harmonic modes, projections of the amplitude of wind speed at 250 mb, geopotential height at 500 mb, ground air temperature, and precipitation rate are performed by extrapolating their amplitude observed from January 1979 to March 2024. Projected amplitudes are regionalized on a global scale for warmest and coldest half-years, referring to extratropical latitudes. Causal relationships are established between the projected amplitudes of modulated airflow speed and those of ground air temperature and precipitation rate, whether they increase or decrease. The increase in the amplitude of modulated airflow speed of polar vortices induces their latitudinal extension. This produces a tightening of Rossby waves embedded in the polar and subtropical jet streams. In the context of climate change, this has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the resonant forcing of Rossby waves from the solar declination, the optimum of which is located at mid-latitudes. Hence the increased or decreased vulnerability to heatwaves or extreme precipitation events of some regions. Europe and western Asia are particularly affected, which is due to increased activity of the Arctic polar vortex between longitudes 20° W and 40° E. This is likely a consequence of melting ice and changing albedo, which appears to amplify the amplitude of variation in the period range 17.1–34.2 days of poleward circulation at the tropopause of the Arctic polar cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events (2nd Edition))
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21 pages, 11272 KiB  
Article
Decadal Changes in the Antarctic Sea Ice Response to the Changing ENSO in the Last Four Decades
by Young-Kwon Lim, Dong L. Wu, Kyu-Myong Kim and Jae N. Lee
Atmosphere 2023, 14(11), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111659 - 6 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
Sea ice fraction (SIF) over the Ross/Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea (RAB) are investigated using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 (MERRA-2), focusing on the differences in time-lagged response to ENSO between the late 20th (1980–2000, L20) and the early 21st century [...] Read more.
Sea ice fraction (SIF) over the Ross/Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea (RAB) are investigated using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 (MERRA-2), focusing on the differences in time-lagged response to ENSO between the late 20th (1980–2000, L20) and the early 21st century (2001–2021, E21). The findings suggest that the typical Antarctic response to ENSO is influenced by changes in ENSO type/intensity, highlighting the need for caution when investigating the Antarctic teleconnection. Time-lagged regressions onto the mature phase of El Niño reveal that the SIF decrease and SST increase over the RAB is relatively weaker in E21 and most pronounced at 0–4 months lag. Conversely, the SIF in L20 continues to decline and reaches its peak at two-season lag (5–7 months). Tropospheric wind, pressure, and wave activity in response to El Niño in L20 show a zonally oriented high/low-pressure areas with two-season lag, enhancing the poleward flow that plays a key role in sea ice melt in the RAB, while this pattern in E21 is insignificant at the same lag. This study suggests that stronger (weaker) and more eastern (central) Pacific ENSOs on average in L20 (E21) are associated with this decadal change in the SIF response to ENSO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Climate Variability, and Their Impact on Extreme Events (2nd Edition))
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