Search Results (566)

Production system may affect meat quality and muscle metabolic characteristics in Tibetan sheep. In this study, the biceps femoris muscles of twelve 3-year-old Tibetan sheep with similar body weights were used as experimental materials during a 6-month experimental period. The housed group (n = 6) was defined as the control group (C group), whereas the grazing group (n = 6) was defined as the L group. Meat quality measurement, nutritional composition analysis, untargeted lipidomics, and amino acid metabolomics (AAM) were integrated to investigate the effects of contrasting grazing and house-feeding production systems on meat quality and metabolic characteristics in Tibetan sheep. The results showed that cooking loss and drip loss were significantly decreased, whereas water-holding capacity (WHC) was significantly increased in the L group. However, shear force was also increased, indicating that grazing and house-feeding systems were associated with differences in muscle WHC and shear force. The L group exhibited significant alterations in lipid composition and increased concentrations of several n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), suggesting that grazing and house-feeding systems were associated with differences in the lipid nutritional profile of muscle. Lipidomic analysis showed that the differential lipids were mainly enriched in triacylglycerols (TGs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and several PUFA-containing TGs and membrane lipid molecules were closely associated with meat quality traits. AAM analysis showed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including L-leucine and L-valine, as well as N,N-dimethylglycine, were upregulated in the L group, whereas kynurenine and 1-methyl-L-histidine were downregulated. These findings suggest that BCAA metabolism and tryptophan–kynurenine metabolism were associated with metabolic differences observed between production systems in muscle metabolic adaptation. However, amino acid metabolomics analysis revealed that no amino acid metabolites remained significant after FDR correction, and thus the observed pathway-level changes (e.g., BCAA metabolism and tryptophan–kynurenine pathway) should be interpreted as nominal and exploratory findings. Overall, the results indicate that feeding systems were associated with alterations in the lipid and amino acid metabolic profiles of the biceps femoris muscle in Tibetan sheep, which were further associated with differences in muscle WHC, shear force, lipid nutritional composition, and the profile of flavor precursors. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing plateau meat sheep production systems and developing high-quality Tibetan sheep meat products. Full article

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as flame-retardant additives in plastics, electronics, and building materials. However, growing evidence suggests these compounds may pose significant neurotoxic risks. This study evaluated phenotypic alterations, such as cell viability, reactive oxygen species generation, and acetylcholinesterase activity, induced by seven widely detected OPFRs in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Aromatic OPFRs such as triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPhP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) exhibited the strongest effects, including decreased cell viability, increased oxidative stress and AChE inhibition. Therefore, 3D brain organoid models were used to further explore the potential lipidomic alterations induced by aromatic OPFRs. Lipidomic analysis of brain organoids exposed to aromatic OPFRs (TPhP, EHDPhP and TCP) showed significant alterations across major lipid classes, especially glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids. The depletion of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) species suggests perturbations in endolysosomal lipid homeostasis and membrane trafficking pathways. Increased levels of ether-linked lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-O) species, together with altered phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) species, indicate extensive membrane lipid remodeling and changes in cellular signaling. Furthermore, the accumulation of diacylglycerol (DG) and triacylglycerol (TG) species points to disturbances in lipid storage and metabolism. Overall, these findings indicate that aromatic OPFRs induce cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and alteration of cholinergic function, and are associated with lipid dysregulation linked to neurotoxicity in brain organoids. Future research should explore chronic low-dose exposure and long-term neurological effects. Full article

To elucidate the pollution status and spatial distribution patterns of microplastics in representative deep-sea regions of China, the Qiongdongnan sea area has emerged as a key focus area for microplastic research. A comprehensive assessment of microplastic contamination across the water column (0–1500 m) was conducted using CTD-integrated water sampling coupled with 0.2 μm membrane filtration. Results revealed that polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyamide (PA) were the dominant polymer types. Granular microplastics constituted the overwhelming majority (95.3%) of identified particles, while size analysis showed that those in the 20–50 μm range accounted for the largest fraction (80.5%). The average microplastic abundance across all sampled depths was 3.47 particles/L. Comparative analysis with other prominent marine environments globally and domestically indicates minimal vertical differences in the characteristics of microplastics. Comparative analysis with other prominent marine environments globally and domestically indicates that microplastic pollution in the South China Sea is relatively moderate. This study delivers foundational empirical data critical for environmental risk assessment and source apportionment of microplastics in the South China Sea. This study provides key basic data for assessing the environmental risk of microplastics in the South China Sea and tracing their sources. Full article

The increasing discharge of cobalt-containing effluents from metallurgical, electroplating, and battery-related industries necessitates the development of efficient and stable separation technologies. In this study, a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-assisted micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was systematically evaluated for the removal of Co²⁺ from aqueous solutions using a flat-sheet polyethersulfone (PES) membrane operated under crossflow conditions. The effects of surfactant concentration, initial solution pH, cobalt concentration, background electrolyte, and extended filtration time were examined to assess process performance and operational stability. Direct ultrafiltration of 50 mg L⁻¹ Co²⁺ without surfactant resulted in limited rejection (~18%). The introduction of SDS markedly improved removal efficiency, achieving >99% rejection at and above 1 critical micelle concentration (CMC). An SDS dosage of 1 CMC provided an optimal balance between permeate flux (~155 L m⁻² h⁻¹) and cobalt removal (>99%). The system maintained high rejection efficiency across a pH range of 3–9, demonstrating robust cobalt–micelle interactions. Increasing the initial cobalt concentration from 10 to 50 mg L⁻¹ caused a moderate decline in flux but did not significantly affect rejection efficiency. In contrast, elevated ionic strength due to NaNO₃ addition reduced both flux and cobalt removal, highlighting the influence of competing ions on micelle-mediated separation. Long-term continuous operation for 40 h showed stable permeate flux and sustained cobalt rejection above 99%, indicating minimal fouling. FTIR and SEM–EDS analyses confirmed membrane chemical stability and negligible cobalt deposition. These findings demonstrate that SDS-based MEUF is an effective and operationally stable approach for cobalt removal from contaminated water systems. Full article

Current knowledge on the toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) on human health relies on the extrapolation of data collected from in vivo studies. These studies, however, present limitations, as the particles used often differ from their environmental counterparts. Nevertheless, they provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying MPs’ toxicity. In this study, we targeted the mitochondria to investigate the effects of two types of polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs, 27–32 µm), fluorescent and non-fluorescent, on kidneys from FVB/n mice. Animals were exposed for 28 days to two environmentally relevant concentrations of PE MPs (0.002% (w/w) and 0.006% (w/w)). Results reveal that both MPs induce mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by oxygen flux depletion in different coupling-controlled states. Complex II dysfunction, particularly at the highest concentration of fluorescent particles, and alterations in other components of the electron transport chain were identified as one of the causes of mitochondrial dysfunction. MPs’ exposure also induced subtle remodelling of the mitochondrial membrane lipid profile, marked by shifts in specific saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting an adaptive response to preserve membrane integrity. These alterations were accompanied by oxidative stress, evidenced by decreased SOD and CAT activities, particularly under high concentrations of fluorescent PE MPs. Overall, fluorescent MPs triggered stronger mitochondrial and metabolic disruptions in the kidney. All together, these findings reinforce mitochondria as pivotal targets of MPs’ toxicity and highlight the need for improved experimental models that better reflect environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Full article

Fouling limits the performance and lifetime of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. We investigated the effect of blending polyaniline (PAni·DBSA) into PES on membrane morphology, wettability, permeability and antifouling behavior, and we evaluated a simple electrochemical cleaning protocol for fouled membranes. A series of PES/PAni·DBSA membranes with different PAni loadings were characterized by SEM, BET, AFM, contact angle, TGA and porosity analysis. Initial water flux (J), bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection (RR) and flux recovery ratio (FRR) were measured in a dead-end filtration cell. Electrochemical cleaning was applied to selected fouled membranes, and post-cleaning flux and rejection were measured. PAni·DBSA incorporation produced a hierarchical pore structure and altered near-surface texture. Contact angle decreased from 76° to 54°, and swelling increased for intermediate PAni loadings. Initial pure-water fluxes ranged from 5.9 to 39.3 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹. When expressed as absolute percentages, the best performing membrane in terms of reversible fouling recovered 8.12 times of its initial flux. Multivariate analysis indicates that surface hydration and height distribution explain more variance in FRR than Rq alone, consistent with a synergistic role of texture and wettability. Electrochemical treatment substantially increased both flux and rejection for tested membranes, indicating effective foulant mobilization. Full article

Background: Low-dose aspirin (LDA) reduces preeclampsia (PE) risk by up to 40%, yet its molecular effects on chorion trophoblast cells (CTCs), a fetal membrane lineage at the feto-maternal interface, remain obscure. CTCs form a structural and immunoregulatory barrier whose dysfunction drives inflammation-associated membrane pathology in PE. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by CTCs may encode cellular stress and adaptation states, offering a molecular window into aspirin’s timing-dependent effects on PE risk modification. Methods: Human CTCs were challenged with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to model oxidative stress-driven PE pathology. Two paradigms were tested: (1) prophylactic aspirin (4 and 40 µg/mL) before and/or flanking the CSE, and (2) therapeutic aspirin after the CSE challenge. The EVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography, characterized by nanoparticle tracking and immunoblotting, and profiled by quantitative mass spectrometry. A network pathway analysis and machine learning biomarker selection defined the EV-encoded molecular states. Results: The CTC-derived EVs from the CSE-exposed cells carried a PE-like proteomic signature marked by suppressed VEGF/ECM remodeling, activated TNF-p53 apoptotic signaling, and heightened inflammation. Prophylactic low-dose aspirin shifted the EV cargo toward an EV-encoded signature consistent with preserved angiogenic potential (enrichment of VEGFA, COL1A1, and MMP14) and predicted attenuation of apoptotic and NF-κB pathway activity by an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. High-dose aspirin produced broad transcriptional suppression without an accompanying pro-angiogenic EV signature. Therapeutic (post-injury) aspirin partially attenuated the injury-associated EV cargo but did not restore the angiogenic EV signature. An exploratory machine learning analysis of EV proteomes identified a candidate prophylactic biomarker panel anchored by HSPA8, SERPINF2, COL4A1, and PLOD1, mapped to the predicted angiogenic recovery and redox-balance pathways. These EV cargo readouts represent the predicted molecular states and require functional validation before clinical interpretation. Conclusions: The CTC-derived EV proteomic signatures capture the dose- and timing-dependent aspirin effects in this in vitro CTC model, positioning the chorion as a candidate pharmacological “secondary responder” favoring cellular resilience over classical anti-inflammatory suppression. As an exploratory hypothesis-generating study, EV-based molecular profiling could provide a foundation for future investigations aimed at stratifying aspirin responders from non-responders, although clinical validation in maternal plasma cohorts will be required before any translational application. Full article

Forward osmosis (FO) membranes have garnered widespread research interest in water treatment, yet their permeability–selectivity trade-off, internal concentration polarization, and membrane fouling remain critical challenges. Herein, a chitooligosaccharide/polydopamine (COS/PDA) co-deposition strategy was proposed to modify polyethersulfone (PES) substrates for constructing high-performance thin-film composite (TFC) FO membranes. COS suppressed excessive PDA aggregation, reduced substrate roughness, and improved substrate hydrophilicity. This substrate modification regulated interfacial polymerization by increasing the adsorption capacity for m-phenylenediamine (MPD) while slowing its diffusion rate, thereby forming thinner, smoother, and more densely crosslinked polyamide (PA) layers. The optimized C₄P₁-TFC membrane delivered water fluxes of 42.2 and 23.5 L m⁻² h⁻¹ in pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and FO modes, respectively, representing 43.1% and 40.2% improvements over the pristine membrane. Its specific salt flux decreased to 0.07 and 0.15 g L⁻¹ in the two modes, respectively, suggesting enhanced selectivity. Meanwhile, the C₄P₁-TFC membrane showed antibacterial rates of 85.7% against Escherichia coli and 86.9% against Staphylococcus aureus, together with improved antifouling performance against bovine serum albumin and lysozyme. This work presents a simple and effective co-deposition approach for simultaneously improving the separation, antibacterial, and antifouling performance of TFC FO membranes, showing promising potential for practical applications. Full article

High-performance polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes integrating antibacterial activity and antifouling performance were fabricated via the in situ construction of bimetallic polyphenol networks (BMPNs) throughout the membrane architecture. Tannic acid (TA) functioned as a multifunctional molecular bridge, functionalizing silver metal–organic frameworks (Ag-MOFs) to yield hydrophilic T-Ag-MOFs and chelating Fe³⁺ ions from the coagulation bath to form a polyphenol network during phase inversion. T-Ag-MOF incorporation generated asymmetric morphologies featuring highly porous surfaces and sponge-like cross-sections, improving pure water permeability, mechanical integrity, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection. TA-mediated functionalization increased hydrophilicity, imparted a negative surface charge, suppressed nonspecific protein adhesion, and enhanced flux recovery with low irreversible fouling. At an optimal loading of 0.4 wt%, the resultant T-Ag-MOF/Fe³⁺/PES composite membrane achieved a pure water permeability of 593.4 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹—1.77-fold higher than that of the pristine PES control—while sustaining a BSA rejection of 96.5%. Notably, interfacial compatibility between the T-Ag-MOFs and PES matrix was enhanced, facilitating strong, covalent-like filler–matrix adhesion. Moreover, the composite membrane delivered synergistic multifunctionality, including exceptional long-term aqueous stability, precisely tuned Ag⁺ release kinetics, and potent antibacterial activity, as evidenced by negligible uncontrolled ion leaching and a lack of structural degradation under prolonged hydration. Full article

Chronic wound management remains a significant clinical challenge, requiring adaptive therapeutic approaches to achieve wound closure that nonetheless frequently prove fruitless. Balancing the initial pro-inflammatory response with debris removal and tissue rebuilding remains elusive in most cases, leading to pain, drastic quality-of-life deterioration, and, eventually, amputation. Meanwhile, patient adherence is an overarching theme. Furthermore, non-surgical alternatives that effectively promote tissue rebuilding are essential for patients seeking to avoid further invasive procedures. We report a patient with a recalcitrant ulcer managed using human amniotic membrane dressing (hAM-pe) and a bovine collagen matrix (BCM) in spatially distinct areas as an intra-patient control. Methodology included clinical monitoring and ad hoc molecular and histological analyses to assess inflammatory markers and tissue architecture. Following 59 days of observation, the superior evolution of the hAM-pe-treated zone led to the clinical decision to extend hAM-pe treatment over the adjacent BCM area, resulting in total wound closure. The hAM-pe-treated site demonstrated accelerated closure and clinical resolution of inflammation without the presence of a granulomatous response. Molecular analysis revealed downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-10) and upregulated markers associated with angiogenesis (VEGF, CD34) and tissue repair (Arginase-1). In this case, the non-surgical hAM-pe treatment was associated with a favorable healing trajectory, characterized by superior inflammation resolution and enhanced tissue organization (collagen type I/III maturation). While these descriptive findings suggest the potential advantages of amniotic membrane dressings in promoting advanced tissue repair, they remain limited to this individual observation. Further research in larger cohorts is required to validate these mechanisms. Full article

A multilayer gradient composite membrane was fabricated on a PES ultrafiltration substrate through layer-by-layer assembly of chitosan (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT), followed by Ca²⁺ crosslinking. The designed architecture forms a multi-layer gradient composite membrane through successive self-assembly, aiming to balance adsorption, interfacial transport and structural stability. SEM observations showed a clear stratified configuration with relatively uniform thickness distribution, including a relatively dense MMT-rich surface layer and a porous PES support that preserved mass-transfer channels. FTIR confirmed the introduction of hydroxyl/amino-containing CS and aluminosilicate-related MMT species onto the membrane surface, indicating successful incorporation of both organic and inorganic components. TG–DTG results further suggested enhanced thermal stability arising from the cooperative effect of the inorganic lamellae and the polymer framework. In dynamic tests, the membrane displayed concentration-responsive adsorption behavior toward gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, and different pollutants reached equilibrium or quasi-steady states at different rates. Comparative kinetic results at the same initial concentration showed that diclofenac, gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin approached stable plateaus much faster, whereas ofloxacin increased slowly and did not reach an obvious plateau within the tested period. These results indicate that pollutant removal was jointly governed by interfacial interactions, gradient-layer diffusion resistance and overall transport behavior rather than by concentration alone. Overall, the layer-by-layer strategy provided a controllable route for constructing gradient functional layers on PES membranes, demonstrating potential for advanced treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater and related pharmaceutical effluents. Full article

Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are a key component in many applications, but their low dimensional stability and mechanical strength can result in unsatisfactory device performance and a short life span. To effectively and economically mitigate these limitations with the lowest possible sacrifice of desirable properties, we report herein a PFSA membrane reinforced with a low-cost and easily available polyethylene (PE) mesh fabricated using a simple solution casting method. The high-strength and non-swellable mesh embedded in the PFSA matrix restricts its free swelling. As a result, the reinforced membrane shows a remarkably enhanced dimensional stability, lowering the areal swelling ratio to ~8% in water at 100 °C, in contrast to the ~58% of the unreinforced solution-cast membrane and ~44% of the melt-extruded commercial N117 membrane. Although the non-conductive PE mesh poses certain hindrances to proton transport, the reinforced membranes maintain ~94% of the proton conductivity of the pure PFSA membrane. Moreover, the mechanical strength of the reinforced membrane is enhanced to nearly three times that of the unreinforced one, reaching ~44 MPa. The incorporation of the PE mesh also leads to an enhanced resistance to oxidative corrosion and H₂ gas crossover of the membrane. This research demonstrates a promising technological pathway for developing high-performance and cost-competitive PFSA membranes. Full article

Antimicrobial resistance genes threaten the effective treatment of infectious diseases, underscoring the importance of their control in line with the EU One Health policy. Wastewater treatment plants are recognized hotspots for antimicrobial resistance. We assessed whether multi-channel mixed-matrix membranes (MCMMMs)—polyethersulfone (PES)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ultrafiltration membranes with embedded activated carbon—can concurrently reduce microorganisms and extracellular DNA in wastewater effluent, building on prior reports of micropollutant removal. We evaluated the performance of MCMMMs in removing Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organisms, as well as colony-forming units (CFUs) from wastewater effluent at a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar with a filtration area of 66 cm² over 1 h. DNA was extracted from wastewater effluent following filtration and analyzed to assess changes in microbial community composition. MCMMMs achieved log₁₀ reductions of 5.47 ± 0.42 (Escherichia coli), 5.99 ± 0.46 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and 2.79 ± 0.31 (wastewater CFU); reductions by pure PES/PVP membranes were comparable: higher for Escherichia coli and wastewater CFUs, lower for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amplicon sequencing showed altered relative abundances in wastewater effluent. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potential of MCMMMs to simultaneously remove microorganisms, extracellular DNA, and micropollutants, highlighting their suitability for water treatment applications within the One Health framework. Full article

Phospholipid fatty acid incorporation and remodeling are central processes through which immune cells adapt their membranes during activation. Macrophages are known to integrate oxidized fatty acids into phospholipids, yet the principles governing this distribution remain incompletely defined. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are abundant products generated during inflammation, and their integration into membrane phospholipids may influence signaling, trafficking, and membrane organization. Although individual HETE isomers differ in biosynthesis and function, it is not known whether macrophages handle them differently. Here, we address how 5-, 12-, and 15-HETE are incorporated into murine peritoneal macrophage phospholipids during inflammatory stimulation. We show that each isomer exhibits a distinctive phospholipid-class distribution, with 12-HETE preferentially entering choline phospholipids (PC), 15-HETE enriching phosphatidylinositol (PI), and 5-HETE distributing more broadly across PC, PI and ethanolamine phospholipids (PE). All three isomers are incorporated predominantly at the sn-2 position and showed similar molecular species distribution within each class, with diacyl PC, PE plasmalogens, and PI(18:0/HETE) serving as dominant acceptors. RAW264.7 cells reproduce these patterns. In ether phospholipid-deficient RAW.108 cells, incorporation into ether species is lost but compensated by increased routing into diacyl PC and PE, while PI incorporation remains unchanged. Collectively, these findings reveal that phospholipid class, not simple availability, determines where HETEs are incorporated. This distribution is preserved across macrophage cell types and remains intact even when ether phospholipids are absent, indicating that class specific pathways, rather than lipid subclass composition, primarily determine HETE incorporation. Full article

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), a widely used cool-season turfgrass, is highly susceptible to heat stress, which severely impairs its growth and physiological functions. In this study, two cultivars with contrasting heat tolerance, the heat-tolerant 13M and the heat-sensitive Seaside II (SII), were pretreated with diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) or distilled water and then exposed to either normal temperature or heat-stress conditions. Physiological traits and lipidomics were analyzed to investigate the regulatory role of DA-6 in lipid remodeling under high-temperature stress. Results showed that exogenous DA-6 application significantly mitigated physiological damage in both genotypes under heat stress. Under heat stress, compared with their corresponding untreated plants, DA-6 pretreatment increased the Fv/Fm by 15% in 13M and by 33% in SII; for the PI_ABS, DA-6 pretreatment increased it by 32% in 13M and by 55% in SII; for electrolyte leakage, DA-6 pretreatment reduced it by 24% in 13M and by 11% in SII. The analysis of lipidomics found that heat stress significantly reduced the accumulation of total lipids, phospholipids (PLs), glycolipids (GLs), and sphingolipids (SLs) in two genotypes, but under heat stress, 13M maintained significantly higher content of these lipids than SII. Exogenous DA-6 application significantly alleviated the heat-induced decline in photosynthesis-related glycolipids in SII. Specifically, MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG increased by 186%, 85%, and 32% in heat-stressed SII + DA-6, respectively, relative to heat-stressed SII without DA-6 pretreatment. In addition, DA-6 treatment also alleviated the heat-induced reduction in chloroplast- and mitochondria-associated lipids, including PG, LPG, and CL, in both genotypes. For heat-stressed 13M + DA-6, these lipids increased by 20%, 114%, and 22%, respectively, compared with heat-stressed 13M without DA-6 pretreatment; for heat-stressed SII + DA-6, they increased by 141%, 76%, and 184%, respectively, compared with heat-stressed SII without DA-6 pretreatment. These changes may contribute to improved stability of chloroplasts and mitochondria under heat stress. Furthermore, DA-6 application significantly promoted the accumulation of PC, PE, LPC, LPE, Cer, CerP, and Hex3Cer in both genotypes under heat stress. For 13M, the increases ranged from 18% to 120%; for SII, from 44% to 254%. In heat-stressed SII + DA-6 only, DA-6 also increased PA, PS, MLCL, DLCL, Hex1Cer, and Hex2Cer by 82%, 45%, 84%, 59%, 53%, and 41%, respectively, relative to heat-stressed SII without DA-6 pretreatment. These PLs and SLs are essential for maintaining plasma membrane integrity and mediating stress signal transduction. In addition, the application of DA-6 significantly reduced the heat-induced increase in unsaturation levels of total lipids in both genotypes, indicating that the DA-6 improved lipid saturation levels to better adapt to heat stress. Current findings demonstrated that the DA-6 application improved heat tolerance of creeping bentgrass associated with its regulation of lipid remodeling. Future investigations incorporating multi-omics approaches could comprehensively dissect the DA-6-induced signaling pathways and regulatory networks underlying heat-stress response in cool-season grass species. Full article