Search Results (886)

Maximum aerobic capacity (MAC) helps in physical work capacity evaluation. In practice, the construction jobs are designed using the standard treadmill or ergometer MAC value, which is inappropriate and leads to injuries. According to NIOSH, the average oxygen consumption during an 8 h day is recommended to be no more than 33% of the exercise-specific MAC. Therefore, there is a necessity for construction activity-specific MAC exercise protocols and estimation models. The aim of the study is to develop MAC estimation models for common construction activities such as walking, carrying, lifting, and combined (carrying, dragging, hammering, lifting, and wrenching) using the submaximal exercise test mode. Ten male participants performed all four activities at three different intensities for five minutes each. The oxygen uptake and heart rate were recorded for each trial. This study shows that the average MAC value for walking, carrying, lifting, and combined activities is 0.779 gpm (2.95 L/m), 0.674 gpm (2.55 L/m), 0.745 gpm (2.82 L/m), and 0.608 gpm (2.30 L/m), respectively. The MAC value of combined construction activities is significantly lower than walking (28%), carrying (11%), and lifting (22%). The study recommends using a construction activity-specific exercise protocol for evaluating jobs or workers to prevent a mismatch between job demands and worker capabilities. Full article

Rotavirus (RV) is the primary cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children, yet the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulatory landscape governing the host response remains largely unmapped. To address this gap, the present study performed an integrated transcriptomic analysis of mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles in RV-infected MA104 cells at 24 h post-infection. Deep sequencing identified 11,919 high-confidence lncRNAs, revealing a massive transcriptional shift: 3651 mRNAs and 4655 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, with both populations predominantly upregulated. Functional enrichment analysis confirmed the strong activation of key innate immunity pathways, including the RIG-I-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, and TNF signaling pathways. Conversely, fundamental metabolic pathways were found to be suppressed. Crucially, the analysis of lncRNA targets highlighted their involvement in coordinating the host antiviral defense, particularly through transregulation. Experimental validation confirmed the significant upregulation of key immune-related mRNAs (OASL and C3) as well as two novel lncRNAs (lncRNA-6479 and lncRNA-4290) by qRT-PCR. The significant upregulation of OASL and C3 was validated at the protein level, confirming the biological relevance of the transcriptomic data. This study provides a foundational, genome-wide resource, identifying novel lncRNA targets for future mechanistic investigation into host–RV interactions. Full article

We present an adaptive governance engine for blockchain-enabled Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) that regulates the latency–energy–coherence trade-off under rapid topology changes. The core contribution is an Ideal Information Cycle (an operational abstraction of information injection/validation) and a modular VANET Engine implemented as a real-time control loop in NS-3.35. At runtime, the Engine monitors normalized Shannon entropies—informational entropy S over active transactions and spatial entropy $H_{\mathrm{spatial}}$ over occupancy bins (both on $[0,1]$)—and adapts the consensus mode (latency-feasible PoW versus signature/quorum-based modes such as PoS/FBA) together with rigor parameters via calibrated policy maps. Governance is formulated as a constrained operational objective that trades per-block resource expenditure (radio + cryptography) against a Quality-of-Information (QoI) proxy derived from delay/error tiers, while maintaining timeliness and ledger-coherence pressure. Cryptographic cost is traced through counted operations, $E_{\mathrm{crypto}}=e_h{n}_{\mathrm{hash}}+e_{\mathrm{sig}}{n}_{\mathrm{sig}}$, and coherence is tracked using the LCP-normalized definition $D_{\mathrm{ledger}}\left(t\right)$ computed from the longest common prefix (LCP) length across nodes. We evaluate the framework under urban/highway mobility, scheduled partitions, and bounded adversarial stressors (Sybil identities and Byzantine proposers), using 600 s runs with 30 matched random seeds per configuration and 95% bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap confidence intervals. In high-disorder regimes ($S\gtrsim 0.8$), the Engine reduces total per-block energy (radio + cryptography) by more than 90% relative to a fixed-parameter PoW baseline tuned to the same agreement latency target. A consensus-first triggering policy further lowers agreement latency and improves throughput compared with broadcast-first baselines. In the emphasized urban setting under high mobility ($v=30$ m/s), the Engine keeps agreement/commit latency in the sub-100 ms range while maintaining finality typically within sub-150 ms ranges, bounds orphaning (≤10%), and reduces average ledger divergence below $0.07$ at high spatial disorder. The main evaluation is limited to $N\le 100$ vehicles under full PHY/MAC fidelity. PoW targets are intentionally latency-feasible and are not intended to provide cryptocurrency-grade majority-hash security; operational security assumptions and mode transition safeguards are discussed in the manuscript. Full article

Background/Objectives: To analyze the parent-perceived quality of life (QoL) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to study the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical factors and this perception, under the perspective of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 95 participants (ages 5–19 years) with CP. Participants’ parents were asked about sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and compiled Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life (CP-QoL) and Pediatric Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT). Participants were assessed and classified into the following functional domains: gross motor function (GMFM-88, GMFCS), manual ability (MACS), eating and drinking abilities (EDACS), and communication function (CFCS). Correlations between CP-QoL domains and variables were investigated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multivariate predictive models were used to investigate the variables predicting CP-QoL scores for each domain. Results: A total of 95 children with a mean age of 12.4 ± 3.5 years (range 5–19 years) were included. Participants demonstrated moderate-high GMFM-88 level (228.8 ± 44.7) and high functional performance across PEDI-CAT domains: Activity (57.2 ± 5.1), Mobility (63.1 ± 5.6), and Social/Cognitive (70.2 ± 4.3). Parent-perceived QoL was significantly higher when children did not require AFOs, botulinum toxin, or recent hospitalizations, and lower among children who attended physical therapy >2 h/week. Moderate correlations were consistently found between the ‘Feelings about Functioning’ domain and functional variables, being positive for GMFM-88 and all PEDI-CAT domains, and negative for GMFCS, MACS, EDACS and CFCS. That domain of CP-QoL was best explained by the regression model (R² = 0.619, p < 0.001), with the combination of three variables: GMFM-88, PEDI-CAT Activity and PEDI-CAT Social/Cognitive. Among them, PEDI-CAT Activity was the strongest predictor (β = 0.1436). Conclusions: In children with CP, to enhance family well-being, interventions should prioritize social participation and carefully balance the intensity and frequency of therapy against family burden and daily life demands, as QoL is primarily driven by manual ability and functional performance. Full article

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major economic crop highly susceptible to Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of anthracnose leaf blight, which causes substantial annual yield losses. This fungal pathogen employs numerous effectors to manipulate plant immunity, yet the functions of many secreted proteins during biphasic infection remain poorly characterized. In this study, we identified CgMas2, a candidate secreted protein in C. graminicola and a homolog of Magnaporthe oryzae MoMas2. Deletion of CgMAS2 in the wild-type strain CgM2 did not affect fungal vegetative growth or conidial morphology but significantly impaired virulence on maize leaves. Leaf sheath infection assays revealed that CgMas2 is required for biotrophic invasive hyphal growth, as the mutant showed defective spreading of invasive hyphae to adjacent cells. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CgMas2 localizes to the cytoplasm of conidia and to the primary infection hyphae. Furthermore, DAB staining demonstrated that disrupt of CgMAS2 leads to host reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Comparative transcriptome analysis of maize infected with ΔCgmas2 versus CgM2 revealed enrichment of GO terms related to peroxisome and defense response, along with up-regulation of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes (benzoxazinone biosynthesis 3, 4 and 5) at 60 h post-inoculation (hpi). Conversely, six ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF2, ERF3, ERF56, ERF112, ERF115 and ERF118) involved in ethylene signaling pathways were down-regulated at 96 hpi. These expression patterns were validated by RT-qPCR. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CgMas2 not only promotes invasive hyphal growth during the biotrophic stage but may also modulate phytohormone signaling and defense compound biosynthesis during the necrotrophic phase of infection. Full article

Organophilic acidic magadiites were prepared after an acidic magadiite (A-Mgd) reaction with cetyltrimethylammonium solutions containing different anions, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TMABr), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (C16TMACl), and cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (C16TMAOH). The resulting materials were studied as adsorbents for Eosin Y removal from artificially contaminated solution. Successful preparation of oganophilic A-Mgd was achieved using C16TMAOH solution with an increased basal spacing from 1.21 nm to 3.15 nm and uptake C16TMA amount of 1.16 mmol/g. Meanwhile, no variation in the basal spacing of 1.20 nm occurred using C16TMACl and C16TMA Br solutions with an uptake mount of 0.07 to 0.09 mmol/g, respectively. Other techniques supported the behavior of the counteranion of surfactant solution on the synthesis of organophilic A-Mgd samples. 13C CP/MAS NMR data revealed that C16TMA cations displayed all-trans conformation comparable to C16TMABr solid, and ²⁹Si MAS NMR confirmed the stability of the host silicate layers during the reaction. The specific surface area of A-Mgd was reduced after the intercalation of C16TMA cations from 38 m²/g to 11 m²/g. The removal properties of organophilic samples were investigated under different conditions, including the Eosin Y pH solution, initial concentration, dosage mass, and content of C16TMA cations. The maximum removal amount was 70 mg/g at acidic pH and using A-Mgd prepared from C16TMAOH solution, while the other organophilic A-Mgds exhibited low removal amounts of 3 to 5 mg/g. The regeneration tests indicated that the efficiency was maintained after four reuse tests with a drop of 30 to 50% from the initial value after seven cycles. The adsorber batch design was employed to estimate theoretically the required masses of used samples to treat an effluent volume of 10 L at a removal percentage of 95% at a fixed initial concentration of 200 mg/L. In total, 20 g of organophilic prepared from A-Mgd and C16TMAOH solution was needed, while 243 g of sample prepared from C16TMABr solution was required. This study proposes the development of a cost-effective, sustainable solution for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment. Full article

This study investigates amorphous anodized porous TiO₂ (a-TiO₂) as a substrate for iridium-based oxygen evolution catalysts. The substrates were prepared via anodization of Ti foil in a glycerol-based solution for 15 min @ 60 V. Nickel was subsequently electrodeposited to act both as a conductive and sacrificial layer for the galvanic deposition of iridium from an Ir(IV) chloro-complex solution. Electrochemical anodization resulted in a uniform IrO_x layer on the a-TiO₂ substrate, featuring Ir aggregates ~250 nm in size and an Ir:Ni atomic ratio of ca. 7, as determined by EDS analysis. The quantity of Ni determined by ICP-MS bulk analysis indicated that Ni resided also within the porous matrix. Varying the Ni deposition charge density (q_Ni) revealed that an intermediate loading (1463 mC cm⁻²) provided the best balance between Ir accessibility during the galvanic replacement step and electronic continuity. The optimized IrO_x/Ir-Ni/a-TiO₂ electrode achieved excellent OER performance (η = 344 mV @ 10 mA cm⁻²; 1.68 mA μg_Ir⁻¹ @ η = 300 mV) at an ultra-low Ir loading of 2.15 μg_Ir cm⁻² and demonstrated good short-term stability, with only a 20 mV potential increase over 4 h of continuous operation at 5.5 mA cm⁻². Overall, this strategy offers a scalable pathway for producing efficient OER electrodes with minimal noble metal loading. Full article

Background: Serum lactate is a key biomarker of tissue hypoperfusion and metabolic stress in sepsis. Although lactate clearance is widely recognized, many intensive care units record only a peak lactate within 24 h (pLac-24h). The prognostic value of pLac-24h among patients receiving blood purification therapy remains unclear in Asian intensive care settings. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the 2018–2020 ICU dataset from MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Among 16,693 adult ICU admissions, 2506 patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) as blood purification for severe sepsis or septic shock. Of these, 1264 (50.4%) had available pLac-24h data, and 27 (1.1%) also required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, APACHE II score, infection source, and CRRT/ECMO use. Discrimination was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision-curve analysis. This analysis was conducted as a predefined sub-analysis of an institutional ICU database. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 65.7 ± 13.4 years, and 64.8% were male. Median pLac-24h was 5.1 mmol/L (IQR 3.2–8.6). The overall 28-day mortality among CRRT patients was 47.3%. Mortality rose progressively across pLac-24h quartiles (Q1–Q4: 28.9%, 39.4%, 54.7%, and 68.1%; p < 0.001). Each 1 mmol/L increase in pLac-24h independently predicted higher mortality (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10–1.26, p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for pLac-24h predicting 28-day mortality was 0.78 (95% CI 0.74–0.82), outperforming the APACHE II score (AUC 0.69, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In critically ill patients with septic shock undergoing CRRT, peak lactate within 24 h was a strong, independent predictor of 28-day mortality. pLac-24h offers a pragmatic, readily available prognostic indicator when serial lactate measurements are unavailable, supporting its integration into bedside risk assessment in real-world Asian ICU practice. Full article

The Qingshan lead–zinc (Pb–Zn) deposit in northwestern Guizhou Province is a structurally controlled, carbonate-hosted system formed from basin-derived hydrothermal processes. Geology, fluid inclusion, and isotopic data reveal a multi-stage hydrothermal circulation after Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP, ~260 Ma) tectono-thermal reactivation within the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhu triangle (SYGT) area. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that ore-forming fluids were derived from deep sources influenced by enhanced crustal heat flow linked with possible thermal input from Indo-Caledonian tectonic activity after ELIP. Ore-stage calcite records mixed carbon derived from marine carbonates with additional inputs from organic matter and deep-sourced fluids, reflecting carbonate dissolution and fluid–rock interaction. Sulfide, together with fluid inclusion temperatures > 120 °C, indicates sulfur derived from evaporitic sulfate reduced by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR); the heavy sulfur signature and partial isotopic disequilibrium among coexisting sulfides reflect dynamic fluid mixing during ore deposition. Lead isotopes indicate metallogenic metals were leached mainly from Devonian–Permian carbonates with subordinate basement input. Ore precipitated by cooling, depressurization, and mixing of metal-rich, H₂S-bearing fluids in structurally confined zones where the carbonate–clastic interface effectively trapped ore-forming fluids, producing high-grade sphalerite–galena mineralization. Collectively, these data support a Huize-type (HZT) carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn genetic model for the Qingshan deposit. Full article

To address the challenges of rutting and performance balance in asphalt pavements under high-temperature and heavy-load conditions, a novel polyolefin composite modifier (PCM-H) was developed from waste tire rubber powder, recycled ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), petroleum resin, and polymer additives. The chemical characteristics, thermal stability, and compatibility mechanisms of PCM-H were compared with those of two commercial modifiers (PCM-1 and PCM-2) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PCM-H exhibited superior compatibility and thermal stability. In contrast, PCM-2 tends to crystallize and precipitate within the 180–200 °C range, which is detrimental to the stability of the composite system. At an optimal dosage of 10 wt% in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modified asphalt, PCM-H formed a uniform dispersion and, through crosslinking reactions, established a three-dimensional network structure. Subsequently, the performance of composite modified asphalts, prepared with each of the three modifiers at their respective optimal dosages, was evaluated comparatively. Performance evaluations demonstrated that all polyolefin-modified asphalts significantly outperformed the conventional SBS modified asphalt. The PCM-H modified asphalt (PCM-H MA) exhibited the most superior performance, achieving a performance grade (PG) exceeding 94 °C, along with exceptional high-temperature elasticity and creep resistance, superior low-temperature cracking resistance, and enhanced fatigue healing capability. The results indicated that the crosslinked network structure effectively enhances asphalt cohesion, thereby providing a synergistic improvement in both high- and low-temperature performance. This study provides an effective solution and theoretical basis for developing high-performance pavement materials resistant to high temperatures and heavy loads conditions. Full article

This study investigates whether incorporating highlighted information in discharge notes improves the quality of the summaries generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). Specifically, it evaluates the effect of using highlighted versus unhighlighted inputs for fine-tuning LLaMA2-13B model for summarization tasks. We fine-tuned LlaMA2-13B in two variants using MIMIC-IV-Ext-BHC dataset: one variant fine-tuned with the highlighted discharge notes (H-LLaMA), and the other on the same set of notes without highlighting (U-LLaMA). Highlighting was performed automatically using a Cardiology Interface Terminology (CIT) presented in our previous work. H-LLaMA and U-LLaMA were evaluated on a randomly selected test set of 100 discharge notes using multiple metrics (including BERTScore, ROUGE-L, BLEU, and SummaC_CONV). Additionally, LLM-based judgment via ChatGPT-4o rated coherence, fluency, conciseness, and correctness, alongside a manual completeness evaluation on a random sample of 40 notes. H-LLaMA consistently outperformed U-LLaMA across all metrics. H-summaries, generated using H-LLaMA, in comparison to U-summaries, generated using U-LLaMA, achieved higher BERTScore (63.75 vs. 59.61), ROUGE-L (23.43 vs. 21.82), BLEU (10.4 vs. 8.41), and SummaC_CONV (67.7 vs. 40.2). Manual review also showed improved completeness for H-summaries (54.8% vs. 47.6%). All improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, LLM-based evaluation indicated higher average ratings across coherence, correctness, and conciseness. Full article

Bacterial contaminants in ambulances could have a major impact on morbidities, mortalities, and healthcare resources, especially if these bacteria are antimicrobial-resistant. As far as we know, this is the first study in Al-Qassim region to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contaminants in swab samples obtained from ambulances from Alqwarah General Hospital, Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia as an indicator for evaluation of the implemented infection control measures, and screen the antibiotics profiles of the isolates against the most regularly used antimicrobials. In total, 204 samples were collected from the ambulances following patient transport. To evaluate the effect of vehicle decontamination, 204 swabs were collected from the same sites of the ambulances immediately after cleaning and disinfection. The isolates were identified using standard bacteriological and biochemical methods, as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The antibiotic susceptibility patterns were assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The prevalence of bacterial contamination in the samples collected following patient transport was 46.08%. In total, 83.33%, 75.00%, and 66.66% of the samples collected from DC shock apparatuses, ceilings, and emergency personnel seats, respectively, were contaminated. Furthermore, ceilings, DC shock apparatuses, emergency personnel seats, cervical collars, and monitors were found to harbor 10.8%, 9.8%, 7.8%, 6.8%, and 6.8% of the 102 bacterial isolates, respectively. Gram-positive organisms represented 96.1% of all bacterial isolates. Bacillus spp. was the most common isolate, accounting for 60.8% of all bacterial isolates. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. isolates were sensitive to all the tested antimicrobials, many Gram-positive bacterial isolates were resistant to some antibiotics in variable frequencies. After 48 h of aerobic incubation (with or without 5–10% CO₂) on nutrient, blood, chocolate, and MacConkey agar plates at 37 °C, no bacterial growth was detected in the samples collected immediately following cleaning and disinfection. This is the second Saudi study to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contaminants in Saudi Arabian ambulances, and it could help health policy makers in improving the implemented infection prevention and control measures in Saudi Arabian ambulances. The samples taken after patient transport revealed bacterial contaminants with varying rates of antimicrobial resistance. Policies ensuring the optimal cleaning and disinfection of ambulances can minimize the potential of bacterial infection for high-risk patients, their relatives, and healthcare providers. Full article

The widespread use of portable electronic devices has increasingly promoted the prolonged maintenance of non-physiological postures, particularly anterior and downward head flexion. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the condylar and incisor relationship displacement induced by this improper posture. A total of 20 adult subjects (9 F, 11 M; mean age 27 ± 5) were recruited at the Department of Dentistry, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. Mandibular kinematics was recorded using JMA-Optic AG (Zebris Medical GmbH, Isny, Germany). The protocol adopted consisted of three phases: (1) Habitual occlusion with light clenching, (2) Neuromuscular rest position (RP) verified by surface electromyography (sEMG), (3) Anterior head flexion (40–60°) (HF), simulating the posture typically observed during portable digital device use. Millimetric measurements of condylar displacement from RP to HF and incisal plane changes were collected. Data were analyzed descriptively with Microsoft Excel, and inferentially with StatPlus Pro (AnalystSoft, StatPlus: mac Pro, version 8). The right condyle exhibited a mean displacement of 1.9 mm in the downward direction (p < 0.001), while the left condyle showed a downward displacement of 1.5 mm (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two sides. At the dental level, the lower incisor revealed a mean shift of 1.0 mm superiorly (p < 0.001) and 0.7 mm anteriorly (p < 0.001). The HF determines a significant condylar and incisal plane displacement, and may predispose individuals to TMJ disorders, supporting the hypothesis of an emerging cranio-cervico-mandibular condition linked to prolonged use of high-tech display terminals, here proposed as ED-TMD (Electronic Device-Induced Temporomandibular Disorder). Full article

This study investigates the performance of an electrooxidation (EO) process employing Sb₂O₅-doped RuO₂–ZrO₂|Ti anodes integrated into a concave-cover solar still for the degradation of Allura Red dye in aqueous solution and real river water. The anode was synthesized and characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm its porous morphology and crystalline structure. Operational parameters—including supporting electrolyte concentration, initial solution pH, and current density—were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions (pH 2–3 and 5 mA cm⁻²), the EO process was evaluated under natural solar irradiation. Sunlight exposure increased the solution temperature from approximately 20 °C to 50 °C, enhancing molecular diffusion and mass transport, thereby accelerating decolorization kinetics. Compared to EO performed under laboratory conditions, the solar-assisted system achieved an additional 20% increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and a fast reduction in color. When applied to real Lerma River water samples under these optimal conditions, the treatment achieved approximately 50% reduction in both COD and true color, demonstrating its applicability to complex environmental matrices. These results confirm that coupling electrooxidation with solar thermal input significantly improves pollutant degradation efficiency and energy performance, establishing this integrated approach as a promising and sustainable technology for advanced wastewater treatment. Full article

Blossom-end enlargement (BEE) is a physiological disorder in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) that affects postharvest quality and results in commercial loss due to reduced product value. Pre-cooling using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been encouraged as a preventive method of BEE; however, BEE can still be observed under actual distribution conditions. This study reexamined the process from harvesting in midsummer to arriving at the market (550 km) and storage, while considering the impact of packaging materials, packaging methods, and human factors on BEE occurrence. More than 18 h were required from harvest to delivery at the pre-cooling warehouse at the common shipping site; however, despite using a refrigerated truck, the temperature inside the packaging increased again during transportation. The temperature then dropped during 24 h of pre-cooling; however, it did not reach 10 °C, the appropriate storage temperature for cucumbers. MAP suppressed the occurrence of BEE compared to conventional film packaging; however, the BEE index varied greatly between individuals who performed the packaging. We determined that tying both ends of the packaging film increases the degree of airtightness as individual differences decrease and is more effective at suppressing BEE. Porous mineral-containing film (PM) packaging, which generates a modified atmosphere (MA), significantly suppressed BEE compared to conventional perforated film (C). In 2019 transport trials, the BEE index at 6 DAH for C film was 77.3, while for PM film it was only 12.0. Furthermore, we found that the effectiveness of PM film was significantly affected by human-related operational factors. The novel packaging method of tying both ends of the film (PM-T) provided the most consistent BEE suppression and lowest BEE index regardless of the packaging worker, demonstrating its superior potential in standardizing airtightness and minimizing human-related operational variability. Full article