Search Results (176)

Domestic cats (Felis catus) are ubiquitous companion animals that provide substantial psychological and social benefits to children and adults alike, but they also serve as reservoirs and vectors for a wide range of zoonotic pathogens. Close physical contact between cats and children, frequent use of shared environments such as homes, playgrounds, and sandboxes, and still-developing hygiene behaviours increase opportunities for exposure to protozoa, helminths, bacteria, fungi, and ectoparasite-borne agents. This review synthesizes current evidence on key feline-associated zoonoses of pediatric concern—including Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma spp., Dipylidium caninum, Bartonella henselae, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Pasteurella multocida, Microsporum canis, flea-borne Rickettsia species, and rabies—with emphasis on transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and risk modifiers in children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Within a One Health framework, we also summarize global publication trends on feline zoonoses, discuss how urban cat ecology and management (including free-ranging cats in child-frequented environments) may shape pediatric risk, and outline practical prevention strategies centred on hygiene, veterinary care, and targeted education for caregivers and children. Full article

Shelter organisations take responsibility for the care, assessment and homing of large numbers of domestic cats from diverse backgrounds. However, not all cats that come under shelter care are suited to close human-cohabitation or to certain types of human-domestic lifestyles. Shelter stakeholders may undertake decision-making processes to determine how each cat should be managed and where they should go next. These processes may lead to different cat welfare experiences and long-term outcomes depending on how they occur, yet little is known about current approaches. The aim of this study was to characterise current approaches to cat and adopter assessments, behaviour management and homing decisions across the British Isles shelter sector, considering reported practices against sector minimum standards where applicable. A total of 393 quantitative and qualitative responses from employees and volunteers were received. Responses indicated that overall, stakeholders were consistently undertaking cat and prospective adopter assessments, with subsequent information used to support cat management, decision-making and homing. However, the degree of standardisation and objectivity associated with these processes was unclear, with considerable variation in approaches, including certain practices potentially associated with poor cat welfare outcomes identified. Examples include exposure to stressful handling and behavioural interventions and assessment ‘tests’, prolonged stays for harder-to-home cats and potentially suboptimal homing decisions for cats not suited to domestic ‘pet’ lifestyles. Identified opportunities to support welfare-friendly processes at the individual level include more consistent use of cats’ within-shelter behavioural presentations as grounds for ‘pet’-suitability assessments, and careful and consistent application of cat-labelling and terminology. It is also recommended that care is taken to ensure methods of cat assessments, behavioural interventions and homing decisions are pragmatic and optimised to positive cat welfare outcomes. Full article

Meeting the physiological and psychological needs of shelter cats through appropriate care is critical to reducing stress and disease risk, as well as enabling positive homing outcomes. Shelter organisations across the British Isles provide care for many cats; however, little is known about the types of housing and husbandry approaches applied. This study, therefore, aimed to quantify current approaches to cat housing, husbandry, and general care practices, in addition to providing information relevant to local site capacity, considering reported practices against sector minimum standards where applicable. Nine hundred and sixty-one shelter organisations and/or sites caring for cats were identified and invited to complete an online survey including predominantly multiple-choice questions. A total of 393 unique responses were collected from employees and volunteers, and quantitative data were summarised descriptively. In most cases, the results provided evidence of majority alignment with sector standards, although substantial variations in reported practices were also consistently captured. While most responses described approaches supportive of meeting cats’ basic physiological needs (e.g., access to veterinary care and basic resources), psychological needs were addressed less consistently (e.g., general housing and husbandry approaches), potentially leading to poor welfare outcomes. Identified opportunities to better meet cats’ needs include more cat-friendly, low-stress approaches to pen cleaning and cat handling; greater and more consistent provisioning of within-pen resources; and improved approaches to multi-cat housing and associated decision-making. Additional opportunities to enhance both cat and human wellbeing include more structured intake and assessment processes and capacity management to support optimal cat-to-staff ratios, staff working hours, cat lengths of stay and more consistent access to isolation and emergency intake facilities. Full article

Cat welfare assessment in Animal-assisted aervices (AAS) is necessary to ensure engagement in AAS does not impair welfare. An initial systematic search conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines revealed a complete lack of studies specifically addressing this topic. Consequently, a second-step search was performed, widened to the existing tools for monitoring cat welfare in general. Three scoping reviews using PRISMA guidelines were performed, focusing on the three principal fields of welfare assessment: health, behaviour, and physiology/endocrinology. Studies published on Scopus in 2011–2026, written in English and assessing feline (Felis catus) welfare were selected. A total of 2728 records were identified, of which 43 met the inclusion criteria (including 7 reviews and 1 scientific report); the methods used to assess cat welfare were summarized and discussed for their potential application in AAS. Although multiple tools are available, most are context- or disease-specific and some are not validated. Approximately half of the studies employed more than one indicator or method, with behavioural parameters being the most frequently used through questionnaires or scores. This work provides a practical framework to support veterinarians, handlers, and researchers in the selection of appropriate tools for cat welfare monitoring in AAS. Full article

While viral diseases of domestic cats (Felis catus) can threaten the recovery of the European wildcat (Felis s. silvestris), their epidemiology in wildcat populations remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed 428 road-killed wildcats from Western and Central Germany for the presence of antibodies/antigens of six feline viruses. The presence of at least one viral antigen or antiviral antibody was detected in 53.3% of the animals. Antibodies against feline parvovirus (FPV) showed the highest seroprevalence (29.2%), while feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens were detected in 22.2% of the animals. Antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline herpesvirus (FHV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) were detected in 10% or fewer of the wildcats. No antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were detected. FeLV antigens clustered spatially, with prevalence declining from southwest to northeast, consistent with the geographic expansion of the virus antigens. Seroprevalence of FPV and prevalence of FeLV increased with age, suggesting cumulative exposure, while juvenile males were particularly unlikely to be seropositive for FPV. Proximity to built-up areas did not predict seroprevalence for any virus. FeLV and FPV in particular warrant further investigation as potential threats to wildcat recovery in Germany and highlight the need for longitudinal health monitoring alongside existing conservation efforts. Full article

Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-borne protozoan parasite of considerable importance to domestic cats in the United States. Despite high mortality among clinically presenting cats, some cats may either recover from infection, becoming permanent chronic carriers of C. felis, or may not develop disease following exposure. C. felis in healthy (asymptomatic) cats is currently detected by qPCR or through observation of piroplasms in blood smears. The present study aims to compare the prevalence of C. felis in healthy populations of pet and free-ranging cats by using two different diagnostic tests: an indirect ELISA and a probe-based qPCR. Samples, along with demographic information, were collected collaboratively from healthy cats in the states of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri (USA) in either pet or free-range populations. Significantly more cats were detected to be C. felis positive by the ELISA than qPCR. Of the total of cats tested by ELISA and qPCR, 248 (35.37%) tested ELISA positive but qPCR negative, indicating formation of specific C. felis antibodies in cats with undetectable circulating C. felis DNA. The results of this study provide insights into the occurrence of C. felis in healthy cats that are exposed in the south-central United States and present a useful diagnostic strategy for detecting C. felis. Full article

Background: Free-roaming cats in Australian cities contribute to wildlife impacts, community concerns, and high shelter intake. We used an observational pre–post evaluation study design of a targeted cat desexing program (“StrayCare Metro”) delivered with councils and community partners in four local government areas (LGAs) of Greater Sydney (2022–2024). Methods: Program records documented cat enrolments and services; council and state databases supplied annual shelter intake, euthanasia, and cat-related complaints; and transect drives in two LGAs (2021 and 2024) estimated cat encounter rates and population density. The analysis did not include control LGAs. Results: The program desexed 1225 cats; among enrolled cats not already microchipped, 72% received a microchip and 28% declined despite this being offered for free. Compared with pre-program baselines, annual council shelter intake decreased by 49–73% within LGAs (61% overall), with concurrent reductions in euthanasia. Cat-related complaints declined in three LGAs (47–64%) but increased in one. Transect drives indicated substantial declines in cat encounter rates in Blue Mountains (51%) and Campbelltown (35%) and lower density estimates in both surveyed LGAs. Conclusions: A collaborative targeted desexing approach was associated with large reductions in council pound intake, euthanasia, and, in most areas, nuisance complaints, alongside independent indications of reduced free-roaming cat density. Full article

Cats are among the most beloved and affectionate companion animals to humans. Historically, they have been utilised to manage pests or offer comfort and companionship, a practice that continues today. Due to human malpractice, unowned free-roaming cats (as stray pets or feral cats) are now considered amongst the 100 worst invasive species, and are responsible for the decline and even the disappearance of many wild species worldwide. Free-roaming cats maintain their hunting instincts, causing problems for native species, which is recognised as a major issue in island biodiversity. Despite their impact, limited studies have been conducted to understand the spatial activity of free-roaming cats in the Mediterranean when they are away from their caregivers (owners who feed and care for their cats while allowing unrestricted outdoor roaming). To investigate this, we used GPS tracking collars to monitor 15 free-roaming cats on the island of Cyprus, during spring–autumn 2022. The monitored cats were active in a spectrum of different habitats, from forests and farmland to shrublands and the suburbs. We monitored cats for 5.6 days, on average, to investigate their home range sizes (KDE 95%; median: males = 55,678 m²; females = 11,377 m²), daily distance travelled (median: males = 1233 m; females = 538 m), and daily/nocturnal activity, and the factors that influence these patterns. The animals’ sex, shelter availability, and the type of coverage in an area show statistically significant differences in relation to their home range, while activity peaked during the afternoon hours, a finding that is also statistically confirmed. Although the sample size of the study is relatively small, the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the home range of free-roaming cats in Cyprus is revealed. These findings offer quantitative evidence and can contribute to wildlife conservation and free-roaming cat management. Full article

The ecology and establishment of Aedes aegypti in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas makes them one of the most medically relevant mosquito species. While they have been reported to be highly anthropophilic, several studies indicate a broader host range. They also reportedly take multiple blood meals between gonotrophic cycles, which makes determination of host usage difficult when using common blood meal analysis methods. In this study, we examined host usage of Ae. aegypti in Harris County, Texas (Houston), and Maricopa County, Arizona (Phoenix), using a nanopore-based third-generation sequencing protocol to resolve host usage and multiplicity. Using this method, approximately 80% of samples from each location with evidence of blood feeding resulted in blood meal identification, with a single host blood meal identified in about 80% of samples and approximately 20% containing evidence of multiple blood meals. Overall, we observed a wide host range with human DNA being the most prevalent followed by feline (Felis catus) and canine (Canis lupus). We also identified avian, rodent, ungulate and even ectotherm usage by Ae. aegypti from Maricopa County. This study demonstrates the utility of a third-generation sequencing method to identify less common hosts, like ectotherms in Arizona, and to resolve multiple feedings which remain difficult to resolve by current Sanger-based methods. Full article

Dermatomycoses pose significant zoonotic and public health challenges, involving interactions among fungal agents, host immunity, and environmental reservoirs. Eight cases of dermatophyte infection involving five humans, two cats and one dog were investigated in the Umbria region applying a One-Health approach, as recommended by the CDC. Fungal isolates were identified by mycological and molecular methods as Microsporum canis (n = 4), Nannizzia gypsea (n = 3), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes genotype III* (n = 1). The source of infection was identified in four cases enabling the implementation of appropriate treatment, removal of fomites, and environmental sanitization; as a result, no recurrences were observed. In the remaining cases, environmental assessments showed no fungal burden, indicating likely incidental transmission. Close cohabitation or contact with cats emerged as a risk factor. The patient’s medical history should always include exposure to animals in order to facilitate early recognition, correct management, and prevention. Interdisciplinary collaboration among dermatologists, veterinarians, and laboratory technicians is essential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and to prevent potential antifungal resistance phenomena. Moreover, continuous surveillance under a One-Health framework will enable better epidemiological understanding of dermatophyte species dynamics, particularly zoonotic agents. Full article

Urban stray cats are often associated with ectoparasites and zoonotic pathogens due to their unsanitary living conditions and lack of veterinary care. Fleas, especially Ctenocephalides spp., are competent vectors of Bartonella spp., a genus of emerging bacterial pathogens with both public health and veterinary relevance. This study investigated the presence of Bartonella DNA in ectoparasitic fleas infesting stray cats in various urban habitats within the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 204 fleas were collected from 89 stray cats. Fleas were identified morphologically using established taxonomic keys under a light microscope and further validated through PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. Detection of Bartonella spp. was conducted by targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. All fleas were confirmed as Ctenocephalides felis, with an infestation prevalence of 39.33% among the cats sampled. Of 118 C. felis specimens tested, 86.44% were positive for Bartonella DNA, one of the highest worldwide and significantly surpassing previous Malaysian reports. Sequencing of 12 positive samples showed identities with B. claridgeiae (58.3%), B. henselae (25.0%), an uncultured Bartonella species (8.3%) and a Bartonella isolate from a dog in Chile (8.3%). These results highlight the significant presence of Bartonella, causative agent of cat-scratch disease in stray cats, emphasizing their potential role as urban reservoirs and vectors. The findings underscore the need for ectoparasite surveillance and zoonotic pathogen control as integral components of stray animal management in Malaysia’s urban settings. Full article

Free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) present a major management challenge for animal welfare and biodiversity conservation. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, which include sterilization and return of cats, are increasingly adopted to manage cat populations, often alongside routine food provisioning. However, their effectiveness in reducing cats’ reliance on wild prey remains contested. In this study, we use stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ³⁴S) of cat fur to investigate dietary patterns before and after TNR implementation in the context of concurrent changes in food availability linked to the closure of nearby mink-farming operations. We analyzed samples from 122 cats in a large-scale TNR initiative on a rural property in British Columbia, Canada. These included indoor cats (control), free-roaming cats prior to TNR (Group 1), a subset of Group 1 re-sampled months after food provisioning began (Run 2), and newly sampled cats that had been fed regularly before trapping (Group 2). Local prey and food sources were also analyzed to provide a comparative isotopic baseline. Our results show clear dietary shifts following TNR. Group 1 cats exhibited high isotopic variability and elevated δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S values, consistent with wild prey consumption. In contrast, post-TNR cats showed significantly lower and more homogeneous values, aligning closely with those of indoor, kibble-fed cats. These changes are consistent with a reduced dietary reliance on wildlife and raw mink feed following the combination of TNR with regular provisioning and the cessation of mink operations. These findings demonstrate that regular food provisioning in TNR-managed colonies, particularly when combined with broader environmental changes, can significantly alter cat diets and potentially reduce their dependence on wild prey. Full article

Urbanisation exerts profound effects on biodiversity, driving species extinctions while promoting behavioural adaptations in generalist taxa. The European badger (Meles meles) exemplifies such adaptability, exploiting anthropogenic resources and modifying activity rhythms. This study assessed badger activity within the Varese province in northern Italy, comparing an urban park and a sub-urban landscape. From August 2023 to August 2024, camera traps recorded badgers and sympatric mesocarnivores, including red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic cats (Felis catus), and beech martens (Martes foina). Despite high activity overlap between sites (∆ = 0.87), the Mardia–Watson–Wheeler test revealed significant differences. Urban badgers displayed heightened nocturnality relative to sub-urban individuals, consistent with comparisons to nearby protected natural areas. This pattern indicates anthropogenic disturbance as a driver of temporal adjustment. Urban badgers are active from 18:00 to 07:00, whereas sub-urban badgers are active from 17:00 to 08:00. The later onset and earlier termination of urban activity suggest behavioural avoidance of human presence. Red foxes exhibited even greater nocturnality in urban settings, while domestic cats were primarily crepuscular and less frequently detected, particularly in sub-urban areas. Results underline the ecological plasticity of badgers, highlighting their capacity to accommodate urban pressures and providing city administrations with information to improve park management planning. Full article

An examination of 360 feral cats originating from three major habitats in the Dubai Emirate between 2002 and 2024 revealed the presence of 14 helminths, as follows: Joyeuxiella pasqualei, Joyeuxiella gervaisi, Diplopylidium nölleri, Diplopylidium acanthotetra, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia hydatigena, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Pterygodermatites cahirensis, Centrorhynchus aluconis and Macracanthorhynchus catulinus. During the same period, a total of 66 snakes (eight species) and 68 lizards (four species) from different locations in the Dubai Emirate were examined for parasites. The larval stages of the cestode genera Joyeuxiella and Diplopylidium, as well as cystacanths of Centrorhynchus sp. and Macracanthorhynchus sp. and the larval stages of two nematodes were detected. All of the snake species except sand boas, as well as two gecko species, harbored the larval stages of cestodes of the Dipylidiidae family. The high prevalence of Joyeuxiella and Diplopylidium in the cats that originated from the city center of Dubai, where the presence of reptiles can be excluded, suggests that certain arthropods might be involved in the life cycle of these cestodes as first intermediate hosts and that reptiles are paratenic hosts. Full article

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are highly effective, but can be of environmental concern due to primary and secondary non-target exposure, with the latter possible being relevant to domestic cats. Therefore, liver residues of ARs and an alternative rodenticide, α-chloralose, were systematically monitored in domestic cats for the first time in the current study. In 2021 and 2022, the carcasses of 99 cats were collected in Slovenia and liver residues were measured by using solid supported liquid–liquid extraction and LC-MS/MS. The results show that 65% of cats carried at least one rodenticide. The second-generation ARs brodifacoum and bromadiolone were most prevalent and found in 53.5 and 25.3% of the samples, respectively. Of first-generation ARs, coumatetralyl was the most prevalent (21.2% of cats). More compounds were detected at high human population density, low farm density and in rural versus intermediate landscapes, but no effect was found for livestock density. Similar trends were found for the presence of brodifacoum, bromadiolone and all rodenticides combined. Farm density was negatively correlated with brodifacoum liver concentration. Individual factors (cat age, sex, outdoor activity) did not matter. The results indicate that a reasonably populated rural landscape, and not the rural or intermediate environment as such, is the main driver of cat exposure to ARs. The risk quotient (RQ) of worst-case acute brodifacoum poisoning was 1506. In summary, a potential environmental problem is globally highlighted for cats that is probably related to secondary exposure to ARs, with a pattern different to that seen in wild predators. Cats are an appropriate sentinel species for assessing rodenticide exposure and endangerment in the environment. Full article