Search Results (6,605)

Lycium ruthenicum leaves (LRL), as an agricultural by-product rich in bioactive compounds, can be used as an unconventional feedstuff in animal diets and have the potential to improve animal health. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with graded levels of LRL on rumen fermentation, meat amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and rumen bacterial diversity in sheep. Forty three-month-old male Dorper × Hu crossbred F1 lambs with an initial body weight of 29.58 ± 2.06 kg were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10). Over a continuous 63-day trial period, the lambs were fed diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% LRL, respectively. At the end of the trial, rumen fluid and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected to assess rumen fermentation characteristics, bacterial community structure, and meat quality. The results showed that: (1) The concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in the rumen were increased in the LRL5% group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). (2) The relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Ruminococcus increased (p < 0.05), while the relative abundance of the genus Prevotella decreased (p < 0.05) in the LRL5% group. (3) Meat L* increased (p < 0.05), and a* decreased (p < 0.05) in the LRL-supplemented groups. (4) The content of sweet amino acids in meat increased in LRL groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the contents of non-essential amino acids, sweet amino acids, and total amino acids in meat increased linearly with increasing dietary LRL levels (p < 0.05). (5) Compared with the CON group, the content of C18:0 in meat decreased in the LRL5% group (p < 0.05), while the content of C20:1 increased in the LRL10% group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with LRL can improve meat quality, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacterial community structure in sheep. The recommended dietary inclusion level of LRL ranges from 5% to 15%. Full article

Basolite^® F300 and synthetic nano-{Fe-BTC} MOFs, two iron-trimesate MOFs, have been investigated, demonstrating broad pH range adsorption for monomethylarsenate (MMA), cacodylic acid (DMAA), 4-aminophenylarsonate (ASA), and arsenate, while arsenite adsorption was notable at pH > 9.5. A similar uptake trend was found for both MOFs, with Basolite^® F300 being the more effective given its higher porosity and greater surface area. Pseudo-second-order kinetic models were followed by MMA, DMAA, ASA, and As(V), suggesting a chemisorption mechanism with arsenic species diffusion into MOF pores as the controlling step. Equilibrium data for DMAA and ASA fit the Langmuir model whereas MMA adsorption fits the Redlich–Peterson model. The uptake of MMA, DMAA, and ASA by both Fe-MOFs is mainly attributed to their coordination with Fe(III). Aromatic units in ASA enhance adsorption through П-П stacking interactions. The competition between all arsenic species for the sorption sites of the Fe-MOFs led to an uptake decrease of 10% for MMA and ASA and higher than 30% for DMAA and As(V) with respect to the individual uptakes. The Fe-MOFs can be reused for four cycles by washing with acidic methanol. Basolite^® F300 and synthetic nano-{Fe-BTC} effectively removed organic and inorganic arsenic species, exhibiting rapid adsorption, selective uptake, stability, and easy regeneration. Full article

Optimizing nutrient formulations is essential to improving the biomass yield and C-phycocyanin (C-PC) productivity of Spirulina sp., a cyanobacterium with wide-ranging applications in food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries. This study evaluated the effects of macronutrient modifications on growth and pigment biosynthesis using a two-level full factorial design across eight Zarrouk-based formulations compared to the standard medium. Cultivation experiments were conducted in triplicate, and growth was evaluated using linear growth rate, maximum optical density (OD₆₈₀), and dry biomass, while C-PC was quantified in crude extracts (PCL), dried biomass (PCD), and the purity index (PI). Among the tested formulations, F2 (16 g/L NaHCO₃, 5 g/L NaNO₃, 0.25 g/L K₂HPO₄) achieved the highest biomass productivity, yielding a 37.6% increase in dry weight and a 38.1% improvement in daily productivity compared to the control. In contrast, F3 (16 g/L NaHCO₃, 5 g/L NaNO₃, 1 g/L K₂HPO₄) yielded the highest C-PC content, nearly doubling both PCL and PCD values and enhancing pigment purity by 40.2%. ANOVA and interaction analyses confirmed that carbon and nitrogen synergistically promoted biomass formation, while phosphorus had a strong effect on pigment biosynthesis through C:N:P interactions. These findings demonstrate that Spirulina sp. requires distinct nutrient balances for optimal growth and pigment formation. Formulation F2 is ideal for maximizing biomass productivity, whereas F3 is optimal for high-value C-PC production. The results provide a rational framework for designing nutrient-efficient cultivation systems to advance sustainable Spirulina-based biomanufacturing. Full article

This study quantified mercury (Hg) levels in the body hair of domestic and wild animals in four Brazilian states, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, and Minas Gerais, by analyzing 169 samples from sows, piglets, free-range pigs, and wild animals. The highest mean Hg concentration (274.93 ± 48.14 µg/kg) was found in wild animals in the Pantanal (MSSilvestre, Mato Grosso do Sul), followed by Minas Gerais (245.09 ± 40.27 µg/kg) and Paraná (193.0 ± 42.45 µg/kg). Levels at the GO, MGM, MSLiv, and PRV sites were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05), according to the Scott–Knott test. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated significant variation in Hg levels between locations (F = 2.36; p ≤ 0.05), with homogeneity of variance (Levene’s test, p = 0.1772). Animals raised in confinement had lower levels than wild animals, which, due to extensive movement and contact with diverse environments, exhibited greater bioaccumulation. Lactating sows showed greater sensitivity than piglets, demonstrating an effect of animal category on metal absorption. The main sources of mercury are anthropogenic activities, such as mining and industrial processes, responsible for the environmental release of the metal. Although the detected levels do not pose an immediate risk to animal health or meat quality, they highlight the need for continuous monitoring, given mercury’s ability to bioaccumulate and affect ecosystems and food security. This work contributes to the understanding of environmental exposure to mercury in Brazil, reinforcing the urgency of effective mitigation strategies to preserve biodiversity and public health. Full article

In this investigation, we explore previously unknown relations between natural constants by taking the following steps: (1) We discard Dirac’s constant ℏ from the universal man-made constants of physics, which we redefine in terms of Planck’s constant h. (2) Working in the SI system of units, we determine Newton’s gravitational constant G from Boltzmann’s constant $k_{\mathrm{B}}$ and the elementary charge e, recognizing the entropy of matter as their common underlying characteristic. (3) By comparing the mass of 1 mole of electrons to the h-defined Planck mass $M_{\mathrm{P}}$, we deduce nature’s own molar constant ($\simeq$0.1 mol) that contains a ‘reduced Avogadro number’ ${\aleph }_{\mathrm{A}}=N_{\mathrm{A}}/f_{\mathrm{A}}$ of particles, where $N_{\mathrm{A}}$ is Avogadro’s number and $f_{\mathrm{A}}\simeq 10$ is the associated Avogadro factor. (4) From the new effective gravitational constant $G_{★}\equiv 4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}G$, where ${\epsilon }_0$ is the vacuum permittivity, we obtain MOND’s universal constant ${\mathcal{A}}_0$ and its critical acceleration $a_0$, recognizing the Newtonian source of gravity as the common underlying characteristic and repudiating the need for a principle of equivalence of masses. (5) We derive the gravitational coupling constant ${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{g}}$ solely from ${\aleph }_{\mathrm{A}}$. (6) We adopt the measured value of the h-defined fine-structure constant (FSC) $\mathsf{\alpha }$ and the value of ${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{g}}$ (or, equivalently, nature’s ${\aleph }_{\mathrm{A}}$), and we determine the relative ratio ${\mathsf{\beta }}_{\mathrm{g}}={\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathsf{\alpha }$ precise to 10 significant digits. (7) We derive the relative strong ratio ${\mathsf{\beta }}_{\mathrm{s}}={\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathsf{\alpha }$ directly from the Avogadro factor $f_{\mathrm{A}}$. (8) We determine the coupling constants of weak and strong interactions (${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{w}}$ and ${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{s}}$, respectively) in terms of the FSC $\mathsf{\alpha }$. (9) The relation ${\mathsf{\alpha }}_{\mathrm{w}}=\sqrt{\mathsf{\alpha }}$ leads to a determination of the mass of the W boson $m_{\mathrm{W}}$ from the measured values of $\mathsf{\alpha }$ and the reduced Fermi constant $G_{\mathrm{F}}^0$. (10) Using the Planck mass as a principal constant ($M_{\mathrm{P}}={\aleph }_{\mathrm{A}}{m}_{\mathrm{e}}$, where $m_{\mathrm{e}}$ is the electron mass), we obtain new classical definitions of $h,\mathsf{\alpha }$, and the Compton radius $r_{\mathrm{c}}$; and we reformulate in a transparent, geometrically clear way several important QED equations, as well as the extended Planck system of units itself. We discuss the implications of these results, and we pave a way forward in exploring the unification of the fundamental forces of nature. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of ibrutinib among healthy Chinese subjects, focusing on the influence of demographic characteristics, dietary conditions, and genetic polymorphisms on CYP enzymes and ABC transporters. Methods: Thirty-two participants were randomly assigned to either a fasting (n = 16) or fed (n = 16) group, each receiving a single 140 mg oral dose of ibrutinib. Plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated UPLC–MS/MS method. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and ABCG2 were identified by Sanger sequencing. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including apparent clearance (CL/F), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0-t), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax), were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and statistically evaluated for associations with demographic, dietary, and genetic variables. Results: Food intake significantly affected ibrutinib pharmacokinetics, with postprandial administration resulting in reduced CL/F and increased Cmax and AUC0-t (p < 0.01). Gender differences were also observed, as females exhibited higher CL/F, lower Cmax, and AUC0-t than males (p < 0.05). The CYP2D6 c.100C>T polymorphism significantly decreased CL/F and increased exposure in fasting and male subjects (p < 0.05), but this effect was absent under fed conditions. Conversely, the ABCG2 c.421C>A variant was associated with increased CL/F and decreased AUC0-t (p < 0.05), while other genotypes exerted negligible effects. Conclusions: Ibrutinib pharmacokinetics are significantly modulated by dietary status, gender, and genetic polymorphisms, particularly CYP2D6 c.100C>T and ABCG2 c.421C>A. These findings underscore the importance of integrating pharmacogenetic and physiological factors into individualized dosing strategies to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Full article

Background/Objectives: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive, low-level laser treatment shown to improve insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, and obesity-related inflammation. This study examined whether PBM could acutely enhance mitochondrial efficiency and energy metabolism in women with obesity. Methods: In a randomized, crossover within-subject design, 16 women with obesity (43 ± 5 years; BMI: 36 ± 4 kg/m²) and 16 sedentary normal-weight women (43 ± 5 years; BMI: 22.7 ± 2 kg/m²) underwent PBM (front and back exposure; red light, 633–660 nm; NIR, 850–940 nm) and a sham stimulation (SHAM), as a control, for 12 min. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed via indirect calorimetry before and after exposure. Secondary measures included skin autofluorescence, heart rate, blood pressure, profile of mood states, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and flexibility. Diet and physical activity were controlled. Results: A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction (F_3,60 = 3.054, p = 0.03) and a main effect of time (F_1,60 = 10.88, p = 0.001). Women with obesity showed a significant increase in REE post-PBM compared to pre-PBM (+9.3%, 1624 ± 314 vs. 1486 ± 327 kcal/day; p < 0.001), with no change in the respiratory exchange ratio. Additionally, RPE decreased and flexibility improved in both groups following PBM. Front and back skin temperatures increased significantly post-PBM, with greater changes observed in the back versus the front. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that PBM acutely enhances energy utilization efficiency in women with obesity, increasing resting energy expenditure without modifying substrate oxidation. PBM may represent a promising non-invasive adjunctive strategy for improving the metabolic health of obese individuals. Full article

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a high-priority opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe healthcare-associated infections exhibiting multidrug resistance, emphasizing the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the highly conserved outer membrane protein OprF represent a promising approach to mitigate its infectivity. OprF, the major and highly conserved outer membrane protein of P. aeruginosa, plays key roles in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, including biofilm formation, host cell adhesion, immune sensing, and resistance to macrophage clearance, making it a crucial factor in virulence and a promising immunotherapeutic target. Here, we report the preclinical evaluation of EPY001, an anti-OprF mAb generated by immunization of a macaque with OprF-containing proteoliposomes. EPY001 exhibited strong nanomolar binding to OprF. Epitope mapping suggests recognition of a conformational epitope, underscoring the value of proteoliposome-based immunization for membrane protein targets. Functional assays provide insights into OprF’s role in biofilm formation, pyocyanin production, and antibiotic resistance. However, in vivo studies revealed that targeting OprF alone is insufficient to protect mice from lethal infection. These findings contribute to ongoing efforts to develop effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics against this resilient pathogen. Full article

This study addresses the limitations of traditional coal calorific value prediction models, which primarily rely on linear regression and single-source proximate analysis data. Based on 465 Chinese coal samples and integrating proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and constructed derived indicators (combustible content—CC, carbon–hydrogen index—CHI, carbon in combustibles—CIC), a nonlinear modeling method combining mean impact value (MIV) feature selection and support vector regression (SVR) is proposed. The results show that the Pearson correlation coefficients between the derived indicators and net calorific value (NCV) all exceed 0.93, outperforming the original items. Using CC–CHI–CIC–FC_ad as characteristic variables, the established SVR model achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²) of 1.838%, 0.544 MJ/kg, and 0.962, respectively, with exceptionally high statistical significance (F = 1485.96, p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy of this model is significantly superior to traditional linear models, while the proposed linear model based on the derived indicators (R² > 0.900) can serve as an alternative for rapid estimation. This method effectively enhances the accuracy and robustness of coal calorific value prediction. Full article

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing is critical in assessing post-earthquake building damage. However, intelligent disaster assessment via remote sensing faces formidable challenges from complex backgrounds, substantial scale variations in targets, and diverse spatial disaster dynamics. To address these issues, we propose UEBNet, a high-precision post-earthquake building instance segmentation model that systematically enhances damage recognition by integrating three key modules. Firstly, the Depthwise Separable Convolutional Block Attention Module suppresses background noise that visually resembles damaged structures. This is achieved by expanding the receptive field using multi-scale pooling and dilated convolutions. Secondly, the Multi-feature Fusion Module generates scale-robust feature representations for damaged buildings with significant size differences by processing feature streams from different receptive fields in parallel. Finally, the Adaptive Multi-Scale Interaction Module accurately reconstructs the irregular contours of damaged buildings through an advanced feature alignment mechanism. Extensive experiments were conducted using UAV imagery collected after the Ms 6.8 earthquake in Tingri County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 7 January 2025, and the Ms 6.2 earthquake in Jishishan County, Gansu Province, China, on 18 December 2023. Results indicate that UEBNet enhances segmentation mean Average Precision (${mAP}^{seg}$) and bounding box mean Average Precision (${mAP}^{box}$) by 3.09% and 2.20%, respectively, with equivalent improvements of 2.65% in F1-score and 1.54% in overall accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art instance segmentation models. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of UEBNet in accurately segmenting earthquake-damaged buildings in complex post-disaster scenarios, offering valuable support for emergency response and disaster relief. Full article

This study investigates the development of biodegradable, scented bio-composite filaments incorporating industrial residues, specifically spent coffee grounds (SCG) and lignin (LI), into a PLA matrix for FDM 3D printing. Two fragrance additives, essential oil (EO) and microencapsulated fragrance powder (FP), were introduced (3%) to enhance sensory properties. The research investigates the effects of filler content (5%, 10%, and 15%) and fragrance additives on the surface chemistry (FTIR), thermal stability (TGA and DSC), mechanical properties (Tensile, flexural and impact), microstructure, and dimensional stability (Water absorption test and thickness swelling). Incorporating industrial residues and additives into PLA reduced the thermal stability, the degradation temperature and the glass transition temperature but increased the residual mass and the crystallinity. The effect of lignin was more pronounced than that of SCG, significantly influencing these thermal properties. Increasing the filler content of spent coffee grounds and lignin also led to a progressive decrease in tensile, flexural, and impact strength due to poor interfacial adhesion and increased void formation. However, lignin-based biocomposites exhibited enhanced stiffness at lower concentrations (≤10%), while biocomposites containing 15% SCG doubled their elongation at break compared to pure PLA. Adding fragrance reduced the mechanical strength but improved ductility due to plasticizer-like interactions. Microstructural analysis revealed heterogeneity in the biocomposites’ fracture surface characterized by the presence of pores, filler agglomeration, and delamination, indicating uneven filler dispersion and limited interfacial adhesion, particularly at high filler concentrations. The water absorption and dimensional stability of 3D-printed biocomposites increased progressively with the addition of residues. The presence of essential oil slightly improved water resistance by forming hydrogen bonds that limited moisture absorption. This article adds significant value by extending the potential applications of biocomposites beyond conventional engineering uses, making them particularly suitable for the fashion and design sectors, where multi-sensory and sustainable materials are increasingly sought after. Full article

Background: Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are fetal-origin macrophages in the placental villous stroma that contribute to immune tolerance at the feto–maternal interface. They predominantly display an M2 phenotype, characterized by CD206 expression. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis, we quantified HBCs, assessed CD206 intensity and morphology, and evaluated apoptotic body accumulation in placental villi. Comparisons were made among pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and normoglycemic controls, as well as between male and female fetuses. Results: Significant effects of maternal diabetes and fetal sex on CD206 intensity were observed ([diagnosis: F = 2773.00, p < 0.0001; sex: F = 12.19, p = 0.0005]), with a strong interaction (F = 165.40, p < 0.0001). In controls, CD206 intensity was higher in female than male fetuses (p < 0.0001). Across groups, CD206 intensity decreased progressively from controls to GDM and T1DM, with a more pronounced reduction in females. Reduced CD206 was associated with elongation and irregular HBC morphology and increased IL-1β (r = −0.392, p = 0.003; r = −0.609, p < 0.0001) suggesting less tolerogenic phenotype. For apoptotic bodies, significant main effects of maternal diabetes and fetal sex were detected ([diagnosis: F = 97.16, p < 0.0001; sex: F = 15.88, p = 0.0001]). Accumulation increased progressively from controls to GDM and T1DM, with higher counts in males. Conclusions: Maternal diabetes is associated with reduced CD206 intensity, altered HBC morphology, and accumulation of apoptotic bodies in placental villi. Our results suggest greater HBC plasticity, potentially contributing to a tolerogenic placental environment in females. Full article

Introduction: Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA) remains a therapeutic challenge with few effective non-surgical options. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary outcomes of ultrasound (US)-guided tibial endplate aspiration and intra-articular injection of bone marrow concentrate (BMC) in patients with isolated PFOA. Methods: In this retrospective case series, seven consecutive patients with symptomatic PFOA unresponsive to conservative therapy were treated with US-guided tibial endplate aspiration followed by intra-articular BMC injection. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) at baseline and 12 months. MRI with T2 mapping was performed to evaluate cartilage structure. BMC composition was analyzed, including colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assays. Results: The procedures were feasible in all cases, and no adverse events occurred. WOMAC scores improved significantly from 21.7 ± 17.3 at baseline to 9.0 ± 9.3 at 12 months (p = 0.030). MRI showed a mean relative increase of 25.4% ± 43.5% in healthy cartilage volume, though this was not statistically significant (p = 0.49). Correlation analyses revealed no consistent association between clinical response and cellular composition, including estimated MSC dose. Conclusions: This small retrospective series suggests that US-guided tibial endplate aspiration and intra-articular BMC injection are safe, technically feasible, and may provide clinical benefit in isolated PFOA. Larger controlled studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Full article

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of logistic regression and nomogram models based on multimodal ultrasound in predicting sarcopenia in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: A total of 178 patients with PD admitted to our nephrology department between June 2024 and April 2025 were enrolled. According to the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) diagnostic criteria, patients were categorized into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups. Ultrasound examinations were used to measure the muscle thickness (MT), pinna angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), attenuation coefficient (Atten Coe), and echo intensity (EI) of the right gastrocnemius medial head. The clinical characteristics of the groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Binary logistic regression was used to identify sarcopenia risk factors to construct clinical prediction models and nomograms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the model accuracy and stability. Results: The sarcopenia group exhibited significantly lower MT, PA, and FL, but higher Atten Coe and EI than the non-sarcopenia group (all p < 0.05). A multimodal ultrasound logistic regression model was developed using machine learning—Logit(P) = −7.29 − 1.18 × MT − 0.074 × PA + 0.48 × FL + 0.52 × Atten Coe + 0.13 × EI (p < 0.05)—achieving an F1-score of 0.785. The area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.902, with an optimal cut-off value of 0.45 (sensitivity 77.3%, specificity 56.7%). Nomogram consistency analysis showed no statistical difference between the ultrasound diagnosis and the appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Z = 0.415, p > 0.05). Conclusions: The multimodal ultrasound-based prediction model effectively assists clinicians in identifying patients with PD at a high risk of sarcopenia, enabling early intervention to improve clinical outcomes. Full article

This study investigates the effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RPML) on the fecal microbiota of Leizhou goats, focusing on growth performance and fecal microbial community composition. A total of 10 three-month female Leizhou goats (9.90 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: a CON group fed a basal diet and an RPML group receiving the basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/d/head of rumen-protected methionine and 4.5 g/d/head of rumen-protected lysine. Results indicated that RPML significantly enhanced average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW), as well as significantly decreased the ratio of dry matter intake (DMI) to ADG (p < 0.001). Fecal microbiota composition showed a decrease in abundance of UCG-005, Phascolarctobacterium, and norank_f__Bacteroidales_RF16_group and an increase in others like Christensenellaceae R-7 and unclassified_c__Clostridia (p < 0.05). Moreover, the correlations between the abundance of certain bacterial genera and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) suggest that the modulation of the gut microbiota is associated with improved growth performance and feed efficiency in Leizhou goats, indicating that RPML supplementation can modulate the gut microbiota to improve growth performance and feed efficiency in Leizhou goats. Full article