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Keywords = DSPM

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14 pages, 9427 KiB  
Article
Optimal Split Ratio in Double-Stator Permanent-Magnet Motors Considering Loss Limitations for Robot Joint Applications
by Tianran He, Yang Shen, Wei Li and Dawei Liang
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143594 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Recently, humanoid robots with personification behavior and high working efficiency have received significant attention. Meanwhile, high-torque-density motors, which serve as the core power source for robot joints, have also been widely researched. In this paper, a high-torque-density double-stator permanent-magnet (DSPM) motor is designed [...] Read more.
Recently, humanoid robots with personification behavior and high working efficiency have received significant attention. Meanwhile, high-torque-density motors, which serve as the core power source for robot joints, have also been widely researched. In this paper, a high-torque-density double-stator permanent-magnet (DSPM) motor is designed for robot joint applications, and its outer stator (OS) split ratio (the ratio between the inner and outer diameters of the OS) and inner stator (IS) split ratio (the ratio between the inner and outer diameters of the IS) are analyzed and optimized. Since the DSPM motor has different heat dissipation capabilities for the OS and IS, their different loss limitations should be considered to avoid the risk of local overheating, especially for the IS. This paper shows that the loss limitations affect the optimal OS and IS split ratios, as well as the maximum average torque. The IS loss limitation increases the optimal OS split ratio and decreases the optimal IS split ratio; however, the OS loss limitation has the opposite effect. Additionally, an investigation into the electromagnetic characteristics of the optimized DSPM motor was conducted using the finite element method. Finally, a prototype was manufactured, and the results of the temperature rise experiments verified the feasibility of the proposed DSPM motor and the effectiveness of the optimal method. Full article
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16 pages, 5146 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Dual-Stator Permanent Magnet Machines with Different PM Arrangements and Rotor Topologies for Aviation Electric Propulsion
by Minchen Zhu, Lijian Wu, Dongliang Liu, Yiming Shen, Rongdeng Li and Hui Wen
Machines 2025, 13(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13040273 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
The dual-stator permanent magnet (DSPM) machine has proved to have high space utilization and a redundant structure, which can be beneficial to improving the fault tolerance and torque density performance. In this paper, three types of DSPM machines are proposed and compared, where [...] Read more.
The dual-stator permanent magnet (DSPM) machine has proved to have high space utilization and a redundant structure, which can be beneficial to improving the fault tolerance and torque density performance. In this paper, three types of DSPM machines are proposed and compared, where two sets of armature windings are wound in both inner/outer stators, producing more than one torque component compared with single-stator PM machines. The machine topology and operating principle of three DSPM machines are analyzed first. Next, feasible stator/rotor-pole number combinations are compared and determined. Furthermore, based on the finite-element (FE) method, both the electromagnetic performances of three DSPM machines under open-circuit and rated-load conditions after optimization are compared, aimed at generating maximum torque at fixed copper loss. The FE analyses indicate that the dual-stator consequent-pole permanent magnet (DSCPPM) machine generates maximum torque per PM volume, together with relatively high efficiency, which makes it a potentially hopeful candidate for low-speed and high-torque applications. In addition, a thermal analysis is carried out to confirm the validity of the design scheme. Finally, in order to verify the FE predictions, a prototype DSCPPM machine is manufactured and experimentally tested. Full article
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21 pages, 5013 KiB  
Article
A New Fractional Boundary Element Model for the 3D Thermal Stress Wave Propagation Problems in Anisotropic Materials
by Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy and Moncef Toujani
Math. Comput. Appl. 2025, 30(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca30010006 - 8 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 890
Abstract
The primary purpose of this work is to provide a new fractional boundary element method (BEM) formulation to solve thermal stress wave propagation problems in anisotropic materials. In the Laplace domain, the fundamental solutions to the governing equations can be identified. Then, the [...] Read more.
The primary purpose of this work is to provide a new fractional boundary element method (BEM) formulation to solve thermal stress wave propagation problems in anisotropic materials. In the Laplace domain, the fundamental solutions to the governing equations can be identified. Then, the boundary integral equations are constructed. The Caputo fractional time derivative was used in the formulation of the considered heat conduction equation. The three-block splitting (TBS) iteration approach was used to solve the resulting BEM linear systems, resulting in fewer iterations and less CPU time. The new TBS iteration method converges rapidly and does not involve complicated computations; it performs better than the two-dimensional double successive projection method (2D-DSPM) and modified symmetric successive overrelaxation (MSSOR) for solving the resultant BEM linear system. We only studied a special case of our model to compare our findings to those of other articles in the literature. Because the BEM results are so consistent with the finite element method (FEM) findings, the numerical results demonstrate the validity, accuracy, and efficiency of our proposed BEM formulation for solving three-dimensional thermal stress wave propagation problems in anisotropic materials. Full article
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23 pages, 5457 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Donnan Steric Partitioning Pore Model and Dielectric Exclusion Applied to the Fractionation of Aqueous Saline Solutions through Nanofiltration
by Aldo Saavedra, Hugo Valdés, Juan Velásquez and Sebastián Hernández
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020039 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3602
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze, both theoretically and experimentally, the material transport mechanisms governing the separation of ionic species in aqueous solutions using nanofiltration membranes. To interpret the experimental results, the Donnan Steric Partitioning Model (DSPM) and the Dielectric Exclusion [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze, both theoretically and experimentally, the material transport mechanisms governing the separation of ionic species in aqueous solutions using nanofiltration membranes. To interpret the experimental results, the Donnan Steric Partitioning Model (DSPM) and the Dielectric Exclusion Model (DSPM-DE) were applied and computationally simulated in Matlab. Experimental tests were conducted using a pilot-scale system with commercial NF90 membranes. The results indicate that the DSPM better describes the rejection of monovalent ions (sodium and chloride), while the DSPM-DE is more suitable for divalent ions (sulfate and magnesium). Additionally, both models were sensitized to explore the impact of hindrance factors on the rejection of different ionic species. For neutral molecules present in the solution, it was observed that the DSPM and DSPM-DE do not adequately interpret selectivity, suggesting that under such conditions, the electrostatic exclusion mechanism loses significance, with the steric mechanism prevailing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Membrane Technologies in Chemical Engineering)
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23 pages, 7915 KiB  
Article
Operational Analysis of an Axial and Solid Double-Pole Configuration in a Permanent Magnet Flux-Switching Generator
by Manuel Garcia Neto, Francisco Ferreira da Silva and Paulo José da Costa Branco
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071698 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1627
Abstract
There are two main beneficial characteristics that doubly salient permanent magnet (PM) electrical machines present for aircraft applications: armature windings and PMs excitation sources placed on the stator side (maintenance and thermal management), and having a clear-cut rotor without PMs or excitation windings [...] Read more.
There are two main beneficial characteristics that doubly salient permanent magnet (PM) electrical machines present for aircraft applications: armature windings and PMs excitation sources placed on the stator side (maintenance and thermal management), and having a clear-cut rotor without PMs or excitation windings (vulnerable at high speeds due to associated centripetal mechanical stresses). Within this framework, a doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) generator was conceived by optimizing the stator size and rotor structure to minimize the torque ripple and maximize the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage value per turn of each generator phase. Firstly, a comparison between the 2D and 3D finite element method (FEM) models is made considering the results of 3D finite element analysis (FEA) as our benchmark in order to understand the accuracy of the 2D results against our benchmark model, the 3D one. A multi-objective design strategy based on a 2D FEA is made, it is set to have characteristics closest to optimal for a Boeing 767 turbine, that is, the necessary electromotive force for a required power of 90 kW at 3000 rpm, feeding a simplified Boeing 767 electrical power distribution system. The results show that the machine could not deliver the required power at 3000 rpm since the 2D FEA demonstrates that the 2D model gives optimistic results when compared with the 3D FEM model. However, with a 3D FEA of the machine feeding the aircraft load, it was seen that the machine’s efficiency is 92%, suggesting that this machine can be a plausible solution. Full article
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16 pages, 2809 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Assessment of Dam Safety Using a Game-Theory-Based Dam Safety Performance Measure
by Zhijun Fu, Peng Feng and Zhu Luo
Water 2024, 16(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050659 - 23 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1914
Abstract
More than 100,000 dams have been built in China and their safety conditions have drawn more attention to the stakeholders due to large socioeconomic effects, such as economic losses and casualties caused by dam incidents. Dam safety assessment was closely related to the [...] Read more.
More than 100,000 dams have been built in China and their safety conditions have drawn more attention to the stakeholders due to large socioeconomic effects, such as economic losses and casualties caused by dam incidents. Dam safety assessment was closely related to the safety conditions of various indicators and associated weights. However, traditional methods tended to adopt either the subjective weighting method (SWM) or the objective weighting method (OWM) to assess the weights of indicators, leading to an unreliable assessment of dam safety. To this end, this study proposed the game theory (GT)-based dam safety performance measure (DSPM) method to evaluate the safety level of dams. To assess the weights of all associated indicators of dams, the GT method that was used to capture the advantages of both the SWM and OWM was developed. The weights of each indicator were considered as variables and their values were obtained based on MATLAB. The DSPM that followed the form of the power-exponential function was proposed to assess dam safety. The whole method was exemplified by the five dams and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by comparing it with the code-based method (i.e., SL 258-2017). The results showed that the weights of indicators based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method were different. The maximum and minimum percentage differences between the weights based on AHP and CRITIC methods were 107.4% and 3.1%, respectively, revealing that the weights obtained from only one method were unreliable. The proposed GT method was suitable for assessing the weights. Obtained superiority and inferiority rankings (SIRs) based on the GT-based DSPM and the code-based methods were consistent, which showed the effectiveness of the GT-based DSPM method. The code-based method concerning the dam safety levels was too rough to capture the dam performance accurately; the proposed method gave a more detailed classification, which provided important information on wise investments for the stakeholders when enhancing the performance of deficient dams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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17 pages, 5229 KiB  
Article
Contribution to Improve Magnetic Performance and Torque Ripple Reduction of the Low-Speed DSPM Machine
by Tarek Kendjouh, Cherif Guerroudj, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Nicolas Bracikowski, Larbi Hadjout and Lemnouer Bekhouche
Actuators 2023, 12(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12050195 - 9 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2228
Abstract
This article deals with the performance improvement of a toothed pole variable reluctance machine excited by permanent magnets housed in the stator yoke. The objective was to reduce the electromagnetic torque ripples caused by the structure geometry and by the supply technique. The [...] Read more.
This article deals with the performance improvement of a toothed pole variable reluctance machine excited by permanent magnets housed in the stator yoke. The objective was to reduce the electromagnetic torque ripples caused by the structure geometry and by the supply technique. The machine was designed to meet the specifications of a small wind energy conversion system. The proposed solution improved the electromagnetic design of the new structure in order to minimize the variation of the reluctance. This improvement was obtained by action on the geometry of the structure (the location of the permanent magnets), by action on the stator and rotor tooth pitch, and by the application of an indirect control strategy called torque sharing function. The PSO optimization algorithm was applied in the first part for the optimization of the machine’s global parameters to maximize torque density and then, in the second part, for the research of the optimum tooth pitch parameters to minimize torque ripple. Static and dynamic performances were obtained using 2D-FEM and MATLAB/Simulink software. The results reveal that by action on the stator/rotor tooth pitch, the ripple torque was reduced by about 53%, and by approximately 76% with the used command technique. Full article
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19 pages, 8869 KiB  
Article
OsMADS58 Stabilizes Gene Regulatory Circuits during Rice Stamen Development
by Liping Shen, Feng Tian, Zhukuan Cheng, Qiang Zhao, Qi Feng, Yan Zhao, Bin Han, Yuhan Fang, Yanan Lin, Rui Chen, Donghui Wang, Wenfeng Sun, Jiaqi Sun, Hongyun Zeng, Nan Yao, Ge Gao, Jingchu Luo, Zhihong Xu and Shunong Bai
Plants 2022, 11(21), 2899; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212899 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2341
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) OsMADS58 is a C-class MADS box protein, and characterization of a transposon insertion mutant osmads58 suggested that OsMADS58 plays a role in stamen development. However, as no null mutation has been obtained, its role has remained unclear. Here, [...] Read more.
Rice (Oryza sativa) OsMADS58 is a C-class MADS box protein, and characterization of a transposon insertion mutant osmads58 suggested that OsMADS58 plays a role in stamen development. However, as no null mutation has been obtained, its role has remained unclear. Here, we report that the CRISPR knockout mutant osmads58 exhibits complex altered phenotypes, including anomalous diploid germ cells, aberrant meiosis, and delayed tapetum degeneration. This CRISPR mutant line exhibited stronger changes in expression of OsMADS58 target genes compared with the osmads58 dSpm (transposon insertion) line, along with changes in multiple pathways related to early stamen development. Notably, transcriptional regulatory circuits in young panicles covering the stamen at stages 4–6 were substantially altered in the CRISPR line compared to the dSpm line. These findings strongly suggest that the pleiotropic effects of OsMADS58 on stamen development derive from a potential role in stabilizing gene regulatory circuits during early stamen development. Thus, this work opens new avenues for viewing and deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of early stamen development from a network perspective. Full article
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25 pages, 12851 KiB  
Article
Design Optimization of Outer Rotor Toothed Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Generator Using Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm
by Cherif Guerroudj, Yannis L. Karnavas, Jean-Frederic Charpentier, Ioannis D. Chasiotis, Lemnouer Bekhouche, Rachid Saou and Mohammed El-Hadi Zaïm
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082055 - 8 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3422
Abstract
Wind turbine (WT) technology becomes more and more important due to the serious environmental and energy issues. The toothed poles outer rotor doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) generator with simple and durable design, high torque and high-power density has a great prospect in [...] Read more.
Wind turbine (WT) technology becomes more and more important due to the serious environmental and energy issues. The toothed poles outer rotor doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) generator with simple and durable design, high torque and high-power density has a great prospect in wind turbines application. The large diameter makes the construction of such a machine more convenient due to the installation of the turbine blades directly to the outer rotor generator surface. Nevertheless, the size of the generator must be increased to provide larger output power. This increases the generator’s mass. Thus, larger massive DSPM generators are undesirable in wind turbine design. In this paper, an optimization design procedure of the outer rotor doubly salient permanent magnet generator ORDSPMG is proposed for 10 kW WT application. The reduction of the generator weight is demonstrated and proofed. The considered machine version is characterized by having the same effective axial length and output torque imposed by the specifications relative to the 10 kW direct drive WT. An optimization procedure using a fast and effective method, namely the symbiotic organism search (SOS) algorithm coupled to a parametric two dimensional finite elements analysis (2D-FEA), is employed to optimize the machine parameters. The main parameters affecting the generator design are also analyzed. The results obtained reveal that the proposed generator topology presents low weight and thus high torque density among other satisfactory characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machine Design for Emerging Technologies)
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21 pages, 3744 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Nanofiltration Process Using DSPM-DE Model for Purification of Amine Solution
by Asma Ghorbani, Behrouz Bayati, Enrico Drioli, Francesca Macedonio, Tavan Kikhavani and Mirko Frappa
Membranes 2021, 11(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040230 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4190
Abstract
The formation of heat stable salts (HSS) during the natural gas sweetening process by amine solvent causes many problems such as corrosion, foaming, capacity reduction, and amine loss. A modeling study was carried out for the removal of HSS ions from amine solution [...] Read more.
The formation of heat stable salts (HSS) during the natural gas sweetening process by amine solvent causes many problems such as corrosion, foaming, capacity reduction, and amine loss. A modeling study was carried out for the removal of HSS ions from amine solution using nanofiltration (NF) membrane process that ensures the reuse of amine solution for gas sweetening. This model studies the physics of the nanofiltration process by adjusting and investigating pore radius, the effects of membrane charge, and other membrane characteristics. In this paper, the performance of the ternary ions was investigated during the removal process from methyl di-ethanol amine solution by the nanofiltration membrane process. Correlation between feed concentration and permeate concentration, using experimental results with mathematical correlation as Ci,p = f (Ci,f) was used in modeling. The results showed that the calculated data from the model provided a good agreement with experimental results (R2 = 0.90–0.75). Also, the effect of operating conditions (including feed pressure and feed flow rate on ions rejection and recovery ratio across the flat-sheet membrane) was studied. The results showed that the recovery and rejection ratios of the NF membrane depend on the driving pressure across the membrane. While the driving pressure is affected by the feed flow conditions and feed pressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Membranes II)
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20 pages, 4201 KiB  
Article
Effect of pH on Total Volume Membrane Charge Density in the Nanofiltration of Aqueous Solutions of Nitrate Salts of Heavy Metals
by Agata Marecka-Migacz, Piotr Tomasz Mitkowski, Arkadiusz Nędzarek, Jacek Różański and Waldemar Szaferski
Membranes 2020, 10(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10090235 - 14 Sep 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3813
Abstract
The separation efficiencies of aqueous solutions containing nitric salts of Zn, Cu, Fe or Pb at various pH in process of nanofiltration have been investigated experimentally. These results were used to obtain the total volume membrane charge densities, through mathematical modelling based on [...] Read more.
The separation efficiencies of aqueous solutions containing nitric salts of Zn, Cu, Fe or Pb at various pH in process of nanofiltration have been investigated experimentally. These results were used to obtain the total volume membrane charge densities, through mathematical modelling based on the Donnan–Steric partitioning Model. The experimentally obtained retention values of individual heavy metal ions varied between 36% (Zn2+ at pH = 2), 57% (Pb2+ at pH = 2), 80% (Fe3+ at pH = 9), and up to 97% (Cu2+ at pH = 9). The mathematical modelling allowed for fitting the total volume membrane charge density (Xd), which yielded values ranging from −451.90 to +900.16 mol/m3 for different non-symmetric ions. This study presents the application of nanofiltration (NF) modelling, including a consideration of each ion present in the NF system—even those originating from solutions used to adjust the pH values of the feed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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14 pages, 7518 KiB  
Article
An Improvement of Output Power in Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Generator Using Pole Configuration Adjustment
by Warat Sriwannarat, Pattasad Seangwong, Vannakone Lounthavong, Sirote Khunkitti, Apirat Siritaratiwat and Pirat Khunkitti
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4588; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174588 - 3 Sep 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3390
Abstract
The doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) machines are very attractive for low-speed power generation. In this work, we propose a design technique to improve the output power of the DSPM generator by an adjustment of pole configuration. The number of stator and rotor [...] Read more.
The doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) machines are very attractive for low-speed power generation. In this work, we propose a design technique to improve the output power of the DSPM generator by an adjustment of pole configuration. The number of stator and rotor poles, split ratio, as well as the stator pole arc of the generator, were proposedly adjusted and optimized. The output characteristics of the generator including the magnetic flux linkage, electromotive force, harmonic, cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, output voltage and output power were analyzed through finite element analysis. The symmetrical magnetic field distribution of all generators was firstly verified. Then, the results indicated that this particular generator was optimized at 18 stator poles and 12 rotor poles, while the split ratio and the stator pole arc should be set as 0.78 and 6.15 degrees, respectively. The proposed optimal generator could provide a significant improvement in the output voltage and the output power compared to the conventional structure. The output power of 1.28 kW can be reached by the optimal structure, which was two times higher than that of the conventional structure. The physical explanation regarding to the structural modification was also given. The proposed design technique can be applied for improving the output power of the DSPM machines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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19 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Total Volume Membrane Charge Density through Mathematical Modeling for Separation of Succinic Acid Aqueous Solutions on Ceramic Nanofiltration Membrane
by Agata Marecka-Migacz, Piotr Tomasz Mitkowski, Jerzy Antczak, Jacek Różański and Krystyna Prochaska
Processes 2019, 7(9), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090559 - 23 Aug 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3661
Abstract
Nanofiltration of aqueous solutions of succinic acid with the addition of sodium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxycarbonate has been investigated experimentally and modeled with the comprehensively described Donnan–Steric partitioning model. The experimental retentions of acid at the same pH varied between 16% and 78%, [...] Read more.
Nanofiltration of aqueous solutions of succinic acid with the addition of sodium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxycarbonate has been investigated experimentally and modeled with the comprehensively described Donnan–Steric partitioning model. The experimental retentions of acid at the same pH varied between 16% and 78%, while the estimated total volume membrane charge densities were in the range of −35.73 and +875.69 mol/m3. This work presents a novel insight into the modeling of nanofiltration and investigates the relations between the estimated total volume membrane charge densities, ionic strength, and component concentration on the performance of ceramic membrane. In addition, this study takes into consideration other parameters such as pH regulation and viscosities of solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Process Design, Simulation and Optimization)
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18 pages, 6464 KiB  
Article
Torque Ripple Mitigation of T-3L Inverter Fed Open-End Doubly-Salient Permanent-Magnet Motor Drives Using Current Hysteresis Control
by Hongliang Liu, Shaoning Pu, Jiawei Cao, Xiaojie Yang and Zheng Wang
Energies 2019, 12(16), 3109; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163109 - 13 Aug 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3029
Abstract
A torque ripple mitigation and current hysteresis control for T-type three level (T-3L) inverter fed open-end doubly-salient permanent-magnet motor (DSPM) drives is proposed in this paper. The structure, principle, and characteristics of the DSPM are studied and analyzed and a T-3L inverter fed [...] Read more.
A torque ripple mitigation and current hysteresis control for T-type three level (T-3L) inverter fed open-end doubly-salient permanent-magnet motor (DSPM) drives is proposed in this paper. The structure, principle, and characteristics of the DSPM are studied and analyzed and a T-3L inverter fed open-end three-phase DSPM drive configuration is proposed in this paper. Then, this paper introduces a novel commutation strategy to reduce the torque ripple during phase commutation. Furthermore, the multi-loop hysteresis current controller and DC-link voltage balancing algorithm are presented. The effectiveness of the proposed control schemes is verified by both simulation and experimental results. Full article
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