Search Results (879)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) serve as biological sentinels because their foraging behavior links colony health to environmental conditions. Traditional hive inspections are invasive, observer-dependent, and often detect problems only after symptoms appear. This review synthesizes advances in precision beekeeping, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, exposomics, and artificial intelligence to propose the Honeybee-Based Early Warning System (H-BEWS), a unified framework that integrates digital sensors, molecular and chemical monitoring, and ecological data into a predictive early warning system for both colony and ecosystem health. By linking anomalies detected by hive sensors to targeted molecular and chemical analyses, H-BEWS enables proactive interventions and environmental surveillance, supporting a One Health perspective. Unlike previous reviews that focus on individual technologies, H-BEWS emphasizes multi-layered integration, predictive risk assessment, and ecosystem-level insights, providing a novel conceptual framework for early detection of colony stress and environmental hazards. The approach offers practical applications for beekeepers, researchers, and policymakers by converting real-time data into actionable insights and informing management decisions. Challenges include sensor standardization, data integration, AI validation, and equitable access for small-scale beekeepers. Future directions will focus on real-time sequencing, multimodal AI models, digital twin creation, and the development of global surveillance networks. H-BEWS demonstrates how an integrative, multi-layered approach can transform honeybee colonies into living biosensors, providing actionable insights for both apiculture management and ecosystem monitoring. Full article

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a transformative tool in cancer diagnostics, enabling the non-invasive detection of tumor-derived DNA fragments released into the bloodstream through cellular lysis or active secretion. ctDNA measurement has demonstrated its clinical usefulness, including early cancer detection, identification of resistance mechanisms, and screening of asymptomatic individuals. In addition to prognosis, ctDNA analysis is increasingly used to guide adaptive treatment strategies by detecting minimal residual disease and tracking tumor evolution in real time. Recent advances in artificial intelligence are poised to further enhance the clinical impact of ctDNA, transforming it from a passive monitoring biomarker into a dynamic molecular sensor integrated into predictive clinical decision models. However, broad implementation of ctDNA-based assays in routine practice requires rigorous prospective validation, cross-platform standardization, and regulatory approval to unlock its full potential in precision oncology. Full article

Food allergies are one of the most critical food safety issues, with epidemiological studies confirming a global increase. In this context, effective and sensitive analytical methods play a crucial role in ensuring allergen-free food products. To face this issue, electrochemical biosensors offer powerful, sensitive, selective, and cost-effective alternatives to conventional methods for food allergen analysis while enabling rapid on-site detection. In this study, we developed a sandwich electrochemical magneto-genoassay aimed at the parallel detection of soy (Glycine max) and mustard (Sinapis alba) allergens, suitable for implementation on multichannel instrumentation. The assay involves the functionalization of magnetic microbeads functionalized with peptide nucleic acid-based (PNA) capture probes, capable of undergoing target-induced bio-orthogonal ligation with biotin-labelled signalling probes. Carbon nanotubes-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were exploited for the voltammetric readout. We demonstrated the effectiveness of functional PNA probes by comparing their performance with those achieved using analogous DNA probes. The developed method exhibited excellent selectivity in terms of cross-reactivity, sensitivity, and precision, achieving detection limits of 16 and 19 pM for soy and mustard, respectively. Finally, by successfully applying the biosensor platform to genomic DNA extracted from plant-based food ingredients, we demonstrated its potential as a valuable tool in food safety risk management. Full article

Sensor technologies have been increasingly recognized as a cornerstone for advancing tumor diagnostics amid the global health challenge posed by cancer. Traditional diagnostic methods are often constrained by inherent tumor heterogeneity, while liquid biopsy has emerged as a transformative minimally invasive alternative, with biosensors playing a pivotal role in its clinical translation. This review summarizes the progress of tumor diagnostic biosensors, focusing on electrochemical and fluorescent sensors. Electrochemical sensors excel in quantitative precision, miniaturization, and point-of-care (POCT) applicability, enabling ultra-sensitive detection of biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes through nanomaterial modification and signal amplification strategies. Fluorescent sensors, meanwhile, offer superior multiplexing capability and in situ imaging performance, which are further enhanced by novel nanomaterials. Additionally, it covers other promising sensor types including Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering, microfluidic, photoelectrochemical, field-effect transistor, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins-based sensors. Current research efforts are concentrated on multiplexed detection, point-of-care integration, and translation toward higher-order clinical functions such as cancer subtype discrimination, risk stratification, and prognosis. Future directions will focus on multimodal integration, intelligent data analysis, and prospective clinical validation against hard endpoints to facilitate the implementation of precision oncology. Full article

Extensive epidemiological evidence links psychosis (PZ)—particularly schizophrenia (SCZ)—with disproportionate periodontal destruction, suggesting shared biological vulnerability. Beyond local tissue damage, periodontitis provides a clinically accessible translational paradigm for systemic redox dysregulation, where sustained inflammatory activation coincides with measurable oxidative injury and exhaustion of antioxidant (AO) defenses across cardiometabolic and neuropsychiatric domains. In this critical narrative review, we argue that the excess periodontal burden in PZ reflects a “pathological confluence” shaped by antipsychotic-associated iatrogenic factors, rapid metabolic deterioration, and chronic oxidative distress. We appraise the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)–NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) axis as a metabolic–redox sensor linking dysglycemia to periodontal inflammasome activation and downstream cytokine signaling, and address the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)–receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) axis as a key immunometabolic redox pathway. We further discuss mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired mitophagy, and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) leakage as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can amplify systemic “silent inflammation”. Integrating evidence on periodontal pathogen–host interactions and redox-sensitive neuroimmune pathways (including NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-linked microglial activation), we propose periodontitis as a plausible upstream amplifier that may exacerbate vascular dysfunction and compromise blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Finally, we outline clinically measurable biomarker readouts to operationalize redox-informed integrated care and highlight the need for pragmatic trials targeting clinically meaningful endpoints to improve somatic longevity in PZ-spectrum populations. We acknowledge that current human evidence is largely associative and that the proposed mechanistic links remain hypothesis generating. Full article

In most ratiometric electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors, the utilization of different co-reactants for anodic and cathodic ECL luminophores, along with a broad potential scanning range, restricts their practical applications. Herein, we first reported dual-cathodic potential-resolved ECL from nitrogen/sulfur-codoped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) and mercaptopropionic acid-functionalized copper nanoclusters (MPA-Cu NCs) using their common co-reactant K₂S₂O₈ within a potential range of 0 to −2 V, and developed a ratiometric ECL biosensor for miRNA-155 analysis. Initially, the ECL peak of MPA-Cu NCs at approximately −2 V on the electrode was quenched through resonance energy transfer (RET) by methylene blue. Subsequently, trace target miRNA-155 was converted into abundant output DNA via a DNA walker mechanism. In the presence of Pb²⁺, partial DNA was cleaved to remove methylene blue, thereby restoring the ECL intensity of MPA-Cu NCs. Furthermore, the cleaved DNA fragments sparked rolling circle amplification (RCA), which ultimately facilitated the loading of N,S-CDs onto the electrode surface, generating an ECL peak at approximately −1 V. As the concentration of miRNA-155 increased, both ECL signals rose simultaneously but with different magnitudes. The fabricated ratiometric ECL sensor achieved a linear detection range for miRNA-155 from 10 aM to 0.1 nM, with a limit of detection of 2.91 aM. Overall, this study offers a new strategy for constructing dual-cathodic ratiometric ECL biosensors and provides a promising approach for early disease diagnosis. Full article

The safety of genetically modified crops, particularly the commercial cultivation of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified soybeans, has given rise to significant public concern. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and precise methods for detecting genetically modified components. The present study constructed a novel electrochemical biosensor based on nucleic acid exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted cyclic signal amplification and hairpin probe recognition for the highly sensitive and specific detection of the CP4-EPSPS gene in genetically modified soybeans. The sensor achieves exponential signal amplification by triggering Exo III to cyclically cleave the hairpin probe (H1) upon target DNA binding. Subsequent to this, the released DNA fragments hybridize with the methylene blue-labeled signal probe (HS-MB) that has been immobilized on the electrode surface. This process induces conformational changes and a decrease in the current signal, thereby enabling quantitative analysis of the target gene. The experimental phase of the study successfully validated the sensor’s mechanism and systematically optimized key parameters such as Exo III concentration and reaction time. In optimal conditions, the sensor demonstrated excellent linearity with target DNA concentrations ranging from 100 fM to 10 nM, achieving a detection limit as low as 0.1072 pM. Furthermore, it exhibited remarkable repeatability and stability. This study provides an analytical tool with broad application prospects for the rapid and precise detection of genetically modified crops. Full article

Thyroxine (T4) is a key hormone regulating metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodevelopmental processes, yet its clinical quantification still relies on centralized immunoassays that limit rapid or point-of-care monitoring. Here, we present a label-free biosensing platform based on silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) functionalized with a T4-selective DNA aptamer via a 3-Triethoxysilyl propylsuccinic Anhydride (TESPSA)-mediated silanization approach, enabling a streamlined two-step modification for oriented immobilization. The biosensor achieves robust real-time detection of T4 across the physiological concentration range (5–30 pM), with a limit of detection of ~5 pM and a strong linear correlation between drain current and analyte concentration (R² = 0.9931). Specificity is confirmed using non-functionalized devices and estradiol as a non-target control. All measurements were performed in undiluted phosphate-buffered saline, representing a physiologically relevant ionic environment and demonstrating stable sensor performance under realistic buffer conditions. The dose–response behavior follows a Hill model, allowing extraction of binding parameters and confirming that the electrical signal originates from specific aptamer–target interactions. These results demonstrate that aptamer-functionalized SiNW-FETs provide a highly sensitive, selective, and miniaturizable platform for quantitative thyroid hormone monitoring, with strong potential for future point-of-care applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Early detection remains the most decisive factor in improving outcomes for oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. However, reliance on conventional biopsy-based pathways presents some practical and biological limitations. This scoping review aimed to map recent advances in non- and minimally invasive diagnostic approaches and to clarify how these innovations are being positioned within clinical workflows. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidance, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for English-language original studies published between 2020 and 2025. Two independent reviewers screened and charted data on technologies, biomarkers, sampling sources, and clinical applications. Forty-nine studies were included. The literature clustered around four main domains: enhanced cytology (including liquid-based platforms and DNA ploidy analysis), multilayer liquid biopsy strategies (miRNA, cfDNA/ctDNA, methylation panels, and autoantibodies), optical and nanotechnology-based systems (Raman/SERS and sensor platforms), and artificial intelligence-driven decision support tools. Results: Across modalities, a shared emphasis on rapid triage, risk stratification, and follow-up monitoring was evident. Nonetheless, variability in sampling, processing, analytical thresholds, and reporting standards limited cross-study comparability. Conclusions: Recent innovations point toward integrated, panel-based diagnostic models. Broader clinical adoption will require methodological standardization and robust multicenter validation. Full article

Biosensors have evolved significantly since their invention in the mid-twentieth century. From a simple electrochemical device to the current inclusion of AI, these sophisticated tools are capable of label-free, real-time multiplex detection. To make these sensing systems even more powerful, the incorporation of DNA origami has allowed this technology to become extremely precise, recognisable, and programmable to a range of molecules. This paper systematically summarises the incorporation of DNA origami with biosensors such as fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemical sensors as well as approaches that are used to design DNA origami nanostructures. These tools allow a range of targets to be detected, ranging from small molecules to larger biological species. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that DNA origami-based biosensors provide high sensitivity; precise spatial control; and rapid, modular detection capabilities. Furthermore, their versatility enables applications across a diverse range of sectors. However, key challenges including limited reproducibility, structural instability, photobleaching, and non-specific binding continue to hinder their widespread adoption. This review proposes future directions aimed at overcoming key limitations, including enhancing biocompatibility and structural stability, to support the development of more advanced and clinical point-of-care-applicable biosensors. Full article

The development of self-powered environmental sensors is of great practical significance for addressing the power supply dilemma of traditional sensors in remote areas and avoiding environmental pollution from waste batteries. Given that the majority of the self-powered environmental sensors are based on the TENG principle, especially the active self-powered sensors, this paper reviews recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered environmental sensors. What distinguishes this review from the previous ones published on TENG is that it systematically discusses the application of TENG-based self-powered sensors for environmental monitoring. TENG-based self-powered sensors are classified into two types: TENG as a power supply for professional biochemical sensors and active self-powered sensors where TENG acts as both power source and sensing unit. This paper illustrates the applications of these devices in detecting targets in the environment, such as heavy metal ions, toxic gases, bacterial DNA, and bacteria, and summarizes the relevant performance parameters. It also analyzes key challenges including efficient mechanical energy harvesting, material durability and sensing specificity. Finally, the outlook notes that TENG-based sensors will expand detection ranges and integrate with other technologies, providing valuable guidance for their environmental monitoring applications. Full article

Gene amplification resulting from double strand breaks (DSBs) is a typical genetic alteration in tumorigenesis and drug-resistant progression. Amplified oncogenes and drug-resistant genes are present on extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs), or chromosomal homogeneously staining regions (HSRs). Considering the role of mismatch repair (MMR) as a sensor of DSBs, we hypothesized that MMR may be involved in gene amplification. We used two MTX-resistant HT-29 colorectal cancer cell lines, which served as models with amplified genes mainly in HSRs or ecDNAs. Expression of MSH2, a key protein in MMR, was increased following the acquisition of MTX-resistant. MMR inhibition was achieved by depleting MSH2. Suppression of MMR led to decreased copy numbers of amplified genes as well as the quantity of ecDNAs and HSR. This was caused by the decreased efficiency of DSBs repair, which resulted from the reduced ability of MMR to recruit DSBs repair proteins. Additionally, it accelerated the formation of micronuclei (MN)/nuclear buds (NBUDs), which functioned to eliminate the amplified genes. Furthermore, the suppression of MMR was capable of inhibiting cell proliferation and enhancing MTX-sensitivity in ecDNA-containing cells. Conversely, suppression of MMR had no effect on gene amplification in HSR-containing cells. Our findings demonstrate that MMR plays a pivotal role in gene amplification through mediating DSBs repair pathways and facilitating the formation of MN/NBUDs in ecDNA-containing cells. MMR is likely to emerge as a prime therapeutic target worthy of in-depth exploration in future clinical investigations. Full article

The most common complication of active brucellosis in humans is osteoarticular injury. In the bone marrow microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into either adipocytes or osteoblasts, and this balance is tightly regulated because an increase in adipogenesis may negatively affect bone formation and favor bone loss. The differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes or osteoblasts is tightly regulated by mechanisms that promote cell fate toward one lineage while repressing the other. Our study demonstrated that Brucella abortus infects MSCs but does not affect the deposition of organic and mineral matrix during osteoblast differentiation. However, the infection upregulates Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) expression in osteoblasts, which may contribute to osteoclast activation and bone resorption. Conversely, B. abortus infection significantly influences adipocyte differentiation by modulating lipolysis, lipogenesis, and interactions between lipid droplets and mitochondria. This leads to increased cellular cholesterol levels and reduced intracellular triglycerides, accompanied by glycerol release. These changes result in more differentiated adipocytes and larger lipid droplets. Consequently, we observed increased IL-6 secretion and a higher leptin/adiponectin ratio. Importantly, these effects were independent of a functional type IV secretion system (T4SS), as purified Brucella DNA fully reproduced the adipogenic phenotype. Moreover, inhibition of TLR9—the primary sensor of bacterial DNA—significantly reduced the DNA-induced adipogenic response, demonstrating that adipocyte modulation is at least in part mediated through TLR9 signaling. In summary, B. abortus promotes MSC differentiation toward an inflammatory adipocyte phenotype. It involves a TLR-9-mediated DNA detection. It may contribute to osteoarticular injury and infection-associated bone resorption. Full article

Mercury ions (Hg²⁺) are highly toxic and pose severe risks to human health and ecosystems, necessitating sensitive detection methods for environmental monitoring. Here, we report a paper-based graphene sensor functionalized with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes for Hg²⁺ detection based on T-Hg²⁺-T coordination chemistry. To elucidate the effect of probe structure on sensing performance, we designed DNA constructs with varying numbers of guanine (G) bases (3–6, designated DNA2–DNA5) in the bridging fragment and systematically evaluated their influence on hairpin stability, Hg²⁺ binding affinity, and sensor response. The DNA3-based sensor (four G bases) exhibited optimal electronic stability and sensitivity, achieving a detection limit of 0.673 pM with effective real-time monitoring capability in aqueous media. These findings highlight the critical role of DNA sequence design in T-Hg²⁺-T-based biosensors and provide a promising strategy for sensitive and selective Hg²⁺ detection in environmental samples. Full article

A quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensor for the specific detection of the first transgenic common bean (L.) cultivar (BRS FC401 RMD) with resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) was developed. The immobilization chemistry relies on the strong bond between the thiolated probe and the gold electrode surface. The probe sequence is internal to a region of the BGMV rep gene that was introduced into the common bean genome. The sensor’s analytical performance was determined using synthetic oligonucleotides. Real samples of transgenic and wild-type bean seeds were also tested. Sample pretreatment consisted only of enzymatic fragmentation, followed by a thermal denaturation step combined with blocking oligonucleotides. Different biosensor regeneration approaches were studied. Immobilization showed good reproducibility (CV% of 5.8%). The biosensor proved specific for both synthetic oligonucleotides and non-amplified genomic DNA. A linear detection range of 0–1.4 ng/µL was observed, with a detection limit of 0.18 ng/µL. Three sequential detections were performed without loss of surface activity. The results demonstrate the biosensor’s potential for direct, real-time, label-free detection of DNA samples for field screening of transgenic common bean cultivars. Full article