Search Results (1,807)

Background: Buddleja globosa Hope (matico) is a Chilean medicinal plant traditionally used in Mapuche and Aymara ethnomedicine. However, no systematic synthesis of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological evidence has been previously reported. Methods: A PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Springer Nature databases from inception to March 2026. Studies reporting phytochemical characterization and/or biological activities of B. globosa were included. Methodological quality was assessed using an adapted five-criterion tool for non-clinical studies. The protocol was registered in OSF. Results: Fourteen studies (1989–2026), mainly from Chilean research groups, identified 27 bioactive compounds across leaves, roots, and flowers. These included phenylethanoid glycosides (e.g., verbascoside/acteoside, echinacoside, forsitoside B, and linarin), flavonoids (luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, myricetin, catechin, and epicatechin), pentacyclic triterpenes (α/β-amyrins and β-sitosterol), iridoid glycosides, and clerodane diterpenoids (buddledines A–C), as well as four newly reported phenylethanoids. Antioxidant activity was the most frequently evaluated endpoint (11/14 studies), mainly mediated through hydrogen atom transfer and single-electron transfer mechanisms linked to caffeoyl and flavonoid structures. Anti-inflammatory effects (five studies) involved COX and 5-LOX inhibition and reduced PGE₂ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additional reported activities included antihepatotoxic, antiplatelet, wound-healing, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Conclusions:B. globosa exhibits a coherent phytochemical profile supporting strong preclinical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The main limitation for clinical translation is the low oral bioavailability of phenylethanoid glycosides. Nanoformulation strategies, investigation of colonic metabolites, and topical delivery systems represent promising approaches to bridge the preclinical-to-clinical gap. Full article

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disease in small-breed dogs and shows particularly high prevalence and early onset in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). Although MMVD is considered a complex, polygenic disease, the clinical relevance of individual genetic variants remains incompletely understood. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene variant rs850683722 has previously been associated with altered ACE activity and differences in renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system-related responses in dogs with MMVD. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rs850683722 in a Polish population of CKCS dogs and to assess whether this variant is associated with the clinical course of MMVD. A total of 105 CKCS dogs were included in the study. All dogs underwent standardized cardiovascular evaluation, including echocardiography, electrocardiography, and systolic blood pressure measurement. MMVD diagnosis and staging were performed according to current ACVIM consensus criteria. Genotyping of the rs850683722 variant was performed using Sanger sequencing for 95 dogs, while next-generation sequencing data was obtained for 10 dogs. Genotype distribution, allele frequencies, conformity with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), sex-related differences, and associations between genotype and age at progression to selected MMVD stages or the primary clinical endpoint were assessed statistically. The most frequent genotype was AA, detected in fifty-nine dogs, followed by GG in thirty-seven dogs and AG in nine dogs. When dogs carrying at least one A allele were considered variant-positive, the overall prevalence of the variant-positive genotype was 64.8%. The calculated allele frequencies were 0.605 for the A allele and 0.395 for the G allele. The observed genotype distribution deviated markedly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, mainly because of a pronounced deficit of heterozygous dogs. No significant association was detected between genotype and sex. Genotype was also not significantly associated with age at progression to stage B2 or stage C. A statistically significant difference in age of death was demonstrated by genotype, but this difference was not reflected in the survival analysis. The rs850683722 variant was highly prevalent in the studied Polish CKCS population, with a frequency comparable to previously reported data for this breed. Despite its documented biological association with ACE activity and RAAS-related responses, the variant was not significantly associated with the clinical progression of MMVD in this cohort. These findings suggest that rs850683722 alone seems unlikely to be a reliable marker for predicting the severity or rate of MMVD progression in Polish CKCS dogs. Further studies including larger cohorts, longer follow-up, pedigree information, and the direct assessment of RAAS activity may help clarify whether this variant has stage-dependent or treatment-related clinical relevance. Full article

Background: Solriamfetol, a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor widely used in narcolepsy management, has not been thoroughly investigated for its anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, we investigated its potential therapeutic applications and underlying mechanisms in both cellular and murine models of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: To induce fibrosis, C57BL/6 male mice (six-week-old) were administered bleomycin via the intratracheal route. These animals subsequently received solriamfetol orally once per day at dosages of 3 or 10 mg/kg. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were employed to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen accumulation, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and lung tissue sections. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, and gene/protein expression of pro-fibrotic markers, A_2A/A_2B adenosine receptors (ARs), adenylate cyclases (ACs), Epac, K_Ca3.1, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were assessed via quantitative PCR and Western blot. Electrophysiological recordings evaluated K_Ca3.1 channel activity. Purified ADA and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) were treated with solriamfetol to assess effects on ADA activity and levels of cAMP and adenosine, respectively. Results: Solriamfetol significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen accumulation, and α-SMA expression in fibrotic lungs. Solriamfetol restored downregulated A_2AAR, A_2BAR, ACs, and Epac, while suppressing ADA expression and activity, resulting in elevated extracellular adenosine and intracellular cAMP. The intervention potentiated Epac signaling and inhibited fibroblast activation. Solriamfetol inhibited the K_Ca3.1 current in fibroblasts and reduced K_Ca3.1 protein expression levels in TGFβ-treated fibroblasts and lung tissues from bleomycin-challenged mice. Notably, these effects were abolished by A_2AAR or A_2BAR antagonists, implying that they occur through AR-mediated pathways. Conclusions: Solriamfetol inhibits ADA and reinforces adenosine–cAMP signaling, suppressing pathological fibroblast activation. These findings suggest its therapeutic utility as a novel anti-fibrotic compound for various fibrotic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. Full article

Microplastics, MPs, plastic particles with dimensions between 0.1 and 5 mm, represent an important environmental pollutant. The removal of microplastics from natural and wastewater is a challenging research topic. In this regard, high-performance technical solutions must be identified, which can be based on existing treatment and purification technologies, to ensure their removal at concentration values in accordance with the legislation in force. In this study, the efficiency of removing some fractions of polyurethane microplastics, with dimensions smaller than 500 µm, from aqueous synthetic solutions with a concentration of 0.2 g L⁻¹, i.e., around 175 NTU, was evaluated. In the first stage of the study, the doses of coagulants and flocculants effective for the removal of microplastics were identified through the Jar Test. The variation in turbidity and their removal efficiencies were evaluated in the presence of classic coagulants, such as aluminum sulfate, Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, SA; iron sulfate (ferrous sulfate), FeSO₄, IS; polyaluminum chloride, [Al₂(OH)_nCl_6−n], PAC; Aloe Vera, AV, a flocculant; and activated carbon, AC, of the Norit GAC 830 W type. Classic coagulants, such as aluminum sulfate, have a good efficiency in removing microplastics, being able to provide a residual turbidity in the range of 6–10 NTU after a retention time of 50–60 min. In the second stage of the study, the removal efficiency of microplastics was tested using a laboratory pilot plant—called in the study the Smart Decantation-Filtration System, SDFS. The efficiency of the decanter was studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to identify mathematical models that characterize the influence of key process variables: flow rate (A), microplastic size (B) and aluminum sulfate concentration (C) on microplastic removal efficiency. Sedimentation in the specially constructed decanter can raise the optimal value of the removal efficiency of polyurethane microplastics to 98.98%, and filtration can ensure an efficiency that reaches over 99.5%. Through this research, we aimed to identify viable solutions that can be applied to remove microplastics, MPs, from natural and wastewater. A novel element is the fact that we chose to study the removal of polyurethane, which is studied little in the literature. We identified the optimal doses of coagulants and flocculants that help sedimentation of MPs. The efficiency of an installation called Smart Decantation-Filtration System, specially designed to ensure increased efficiency in the removal of microplastics, was determined. The results obtained were encouraging. Full article

Electrification of public transit is central to sustainable urban development, yet it introduces passenger exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), which the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This study presents a systematic cross-platform comparison of ELF-MF exposure in direct current (DC) light rail and alternating current (AC) heavy rail systems operating under a single national regulatory framework. A total of 9100 continuous measurements were collected across 28 trips on the Tel Aviv Red Line light rail transit (1500 V DC) and the Israel Railways Tel Aviv–Binyamina corridor (25 kV, 50 Hz AC) during 23–26 November 2025, using calibrated Tenmars TM-192D gaussmeters. Mean passenger seat magnetic flux density was 0.226 ± 0.147 µT (2.26 ± 1.47 mG) for the DC system and 0.900 ± 0.606 µT (9.00 ± 6.06 mG) for the AC system. The difference was highly significant (Welch’s t = −73.06, p < 0.001). DC light rail exposure remained consistently below Israel’s precautionary 0.4 µT (4 mG) threshold for continuous public exposure, whereas AC heavy rail mean levels exceeded this threshold in every monitored trip while remaining far below ICNIRP general public reference levels. These findings highlight a “Green Dilemma” in sustainable transport policy: the environmental benefits of rail electrification must be balanced with prudent electromagnetic exposure management in jurisdictions applying strict precautionary limits. Full article

Niche and interspecific association are important components of community ecology and are of great significance for revealing the mechanisms of community assembly and its stability. In this study, the woody plant communities of Betula platyphylla Sukaczev forests in the Niyang River Basin of southeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau were taken as the research object. The niche, interspecific association, and community stability of dominant tree species in B. platyphylla forests were analyzed using the Levins index (B_L), Shannon index (B_S), Pianka index (O_ik), Schoener index (C_ik), variance ratio (VR), chi-square test, association coefficient (AC), Spearman rank correlation, and M. Godron stability methods. The results showed that a total of 71 woody plant species were recorded across 48 plots, mainly belonging to Rosaceae, Ericaceae, and Caprifoliaceae. B. platyphylla, Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & E. H. Wilson, Sorbus rehderiana Koehne, and Berberis gyalaica Ahrendt had relatively large niche breadths, indicating strong resource utilization ability and a wide range of spatial adaptation. They were the main constructive species and dominant species of B. platyphylla forest communities in this basin. The overall niche overlap of woody plant communities was relatively low, indicating relatively obvious differentiation in resource utilization among different species. Interspecific association analysis showed that the dominant species in the tree layer exhibited an overall significantly positive association, whereas those in the shrub layer exhibited an overall non-significantly positive association. The associations between species pairs were mainly non-significant, and the overall interspecific association was weak. Most species showed a relatively independent distribution pattern, reflecting weak interspecific competition within the community. Community stability analysis showed that the Euclidean distance between the tree layer and the theoretical stability point (20, 80) was 20.17, whereas that of the shrub layer was 27.98, indicating that the tree layer was more stable than the shrub layer. Overall, the community may not yet have reached a fully stable state. The results provide important references for biodiversity conservation, vegetation restoration, and sustainable forest management in alpine canyon ecosystems. Future studies should incorporate environmental factors such as soil properties and hydrothermal conditions to further reveal the ecological mechanisms driving community succession and stability. Full article

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive, incurable condition marked by irreversible airflow limitation and systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular comorbidities, particularly pulmonary hypertension (PH), exacerbate disease severity. While cigarette smoke is a well-known trigger, non-smoking-related inflammatory pathways remain underexplored. This study investigates vascular remodeling in a murine model of inflammation induced by chronic exposure to house dust mite Farinae (HDM). Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with HDM in Freund’s Complete Adjuvant and challenged intranasally with HDM for six weeks. Lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and vascular remodeling were evaluated via BAL, histology, immunofluorescence, echocardiography, gene expression, proteomics, and FlexiVent pulmonary function tests (FlexiVent system). Results: HDM exposure induced a mixed inflammatory response, with elevated neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in BALF. Mucus hyperproduction (increase in MUC5AC/MUC5B) and impaired lung function (reduced FEV0.1/FVC) were observed. Vascular remodeling was evidenced by increased wall thickness, α-SMA expression, and collagen deposition. Proteomic analysis revealed dysregulation of endothelial markers and protease/antiprotease imbalance. HIF1-α was significantly upregulated in lung tissue and correlated with vascular and epithelial remodeling. Conclusions: Chronic HDM exposure in mice recapitulates key features observed in subsets of COPD and PH, including inflammation-driven airway and vascular remodeling. HIF1-α emerges as a central regulator, linking hypoxia to structural changes. This model offers insights into the effect of non-smoking-related inflammatory pathways on bronchial and vascular remodeling that are potentially relevant for subgroups of COPD patients and highlights HIF1-α as a potential therapeutic target. Full article

Background/Objectives: Resistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi are a growing problem worldwide; therefore, the discovery of new active ingredients is an important challenge for which the functionalization of natural terpenes with biologically active heterocycles can provide a basis. To reach this goal, a series of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole conjugates was designed and synthesized starting from commercially available α-santonin. Methods: The key azido derivative intermediate was prepared according to literature procedures via Michael addition between dehydrosantonin and the TMSN₃/AcOH/Et₃N system at its highly reactive α-methylene-γ-lactone motif. Subsequently, the obtained azide was applied to regioselective Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with a wide range of terminal alkynes bearing N-, S- and O-heterocycles. These include pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, indol, or coumarin to afford the sesquiterpene–heterocycle chimaeras. All triazole conjugates were screened for in vitro antiproliferative activity by MTT assay against HeLa, MDA-MB231, SiHa, MCF-7 and A2780 human cancer cell lines compared with fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3) to check their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects on two Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) pathogenic bacteria, two Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) pathogenic bacteria, and two yeasts (C. krusei and C. albicans). Results: The results indicated that most of the examined compounds expressed weak activity against human cell lines, while some of them showed moderate activity against S. aureus (up to 99% inhibition at 100 µg/mL conc.), C. krusei (up to 51% inhibition at 10 µg/mL conc.) and C. albicans (up to 52% inhibition at 10 µg/mL conc.). Conclusions: Further structural modification of the best, selective antibacterial and antifungal compounds may open the possibility to the development of effective natural sesquiterpene-based selective antimicrobial agents. Full article

Dandruff (DF) is a prevalent, recurrent inflammatory scalp disorder increasingly recognized as a complex state of functional dysbiosis rather than a simple Malassezia overcolonization. The scalp microbiome is predominantly shaped by Malassezia species (M. restricta and M. globosa), Cutibacterium, and Staphylococcus species. Recent multi-omics evidence indicates that DF pathogenesis is driven by the destabilization of microbial interaction networks and strain-level functional heterogeneity, characterized by the disruption of the C. acnes/S. epidermidis balance and the opportunistic expansion of Staphylococcus aureus. Mechanistically, Malassezia utilizes its lipolytic repertoire to hydrolyze host sebum into irritant free fatty acids and peroxides. Concurrently, oxidative metabolites like squalene peroxide (SQOOH) penetrate the stratum corneum to activate the NF-κB and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathways, triggering a pro-inflammatory cascade that overexpresses keratins (K6/16/17) and downregulates filaggrin. This molecular cascade drives abnormal keratinocyte turnover and lipidomic remodeling, establishing a self-perpetuating “metabolism–inflammation–barrier disruption” pathological cycle. This review systematically elucidates the molecular etiology of DF as an ecological disorder driven by a tripartite imbalance among the microbiome, host physiology, and the environmental niche. We propose that next-generation therapeutic paradigms must transcend traditional antifungal eradication, focusing instead on targeted molecular intervention and microecological restoration to recalibrate overall scalp homeostasis. Full article

The transition from sinusoidal to pulse width-modulated (PWM) voltage excitation introduces high-frequency ripple, generating small remagnetization cycles within the main magnetization cycle and increasing total iron losses. Soft magnetic materials are essential for constructing many electrical devices, and accurate loss data are critical for reliable design and thermal dimensioning. However, magnetic material data are typically available only under sinusoidal excitation, and there is no generally accepted method for calculating PWM-induced losses during the design phase. To address this issue, loss measurements under DC-biased magnetization were performed on laminated ring cores, and the data were collected in the form of three-dimensional (3D) loss maps defined by the variables $\Delta B$, ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}B}{\mathrm{d}t}}$ and $B_{\mathrm{bias}}$. Based on these maps, a method referred to as 3DLMB is proposed to calculate the contribution of PWM-induced losses to total iron losses by comparing minor-loop variables obtained from AC excitation with those measured under DC bias conditions. The method is experimentally validated on three ring cores with different geometrical parameters, showing agreement between calculated and measured total AC losses within ±5% over a range of switching frequencies. The reported agreement applies to the investigated M400-50A material, ring-core geometries, and operating range, while applying it to other materials or geometries requires constructing the corresponding DC-bias 3D loss map. Full article

As power grids transition towards highly renewable generation on a global scale, maintaining dynamic stability is becoming a major challenge. Replacing traditional synchronous generators with inverter-based renewables strips the grid of rotational inertia, leaving active distribution networks highly vulnerable to frequency deviations and voltage spikes. To avoid expensive poles and wires upgrades, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are increasingly being deployed as Non-Network Solutions (NNS). However, the current literature reveals a distinct gap between the macro-scale economic planning of these storage assets and the micro-scale dynamic control actually required to keep the grid resilient. To address this gap, this review proposes a multi-layer deterministic synthesis framework that links physical renewable modelling, degradation-aware techno-economic planning, deterministic forecasting, and EMS dispatch through offline time-domain control validation for AC-microgrid energy storage integration. The research examines how advanced central control units within battery management systems can rigorously and jointly estimate State of Charge (SoC) and State of Energy (SoE) to ensure accurate grid-aware dispatch. Furthermore, the study explores the integration of degradation-aware economic modelling in HOMER Pro with dynamic transient control in MATLAB/Simulink R2025b, driven by hybrid metaheuristic optimization algorithms like Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This analysis demonstrates that integrating energy storage must be treated as a tightly coupled multidimensional optimization problem to successfully deliver the secure and sustainable infrastructure needed to solve the modern energy trilemma. Full article

In this work, we employed an easy hydrothermal method to prepare CuO and ZnO, as well as the prepared composite nanostructured electrodes of CuO@ZnO for supercapacitor applications. The systematic electrochemical performance evaluation of the prepared materials was conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CuO@ZnO nanocomposite reflected the best charge storing behavior with a specific capacitance of 513 F/g, followed by pristine CuO (190 F/g) and ZnO (416 F/g). The composite also demonstrated 25.67 Wh/kg and 400 W/kg for energy density and power density, respectively, suggesting improved electrochemical performance. Besides, the areal and volumetric capacitances were 0.77 F/cm² and 4.81 F/cm³, respectively, supported by the structural integrity and enhancement in electroactive materials utilization of the electrode material. Kinetic analysis showed that b values of the samples had mixed capacitive/diffusion-controlled charge storage, while higher diffusion coefficients and standard rate constants were apparent for ion transport or redox kinetics. EIS results showed a 2.14 Ω solution resistance, indicative of a decreased electrical resistivity. An asymmetric supercapacitor device fabricated by CuO@ZnO as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode provided the specific capacitance of 48.57 F/g, energy density of 15.17 Wh/kg, and power density of 535 W/kg. After 10,000 cycles, the capacitance of the device was 76%, indicating good long-term stability. Full article

This study investigates the dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanisms in $S{e}_{90}S{n}_{6}P{b}_4$ chalcogenide glassy material, which is of interest for applications in phase-change memory devices, optical memory, and thermoelectric sensors. Despite previous studies on chalcogenide glasses, the conduction mechanisms at varying temperatures and the role of correlated barrier hopping (CBH) remain unclear. Using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 1 Hz–1 MHz at temperatures from 288 K to 318 K, the real ($Z\prime$) and imaginary ($Z″$) parts of the complex impedance were recorded. The sample was also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm its glassy nature, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemical composition and oxidation states of the elements. Peaks in $Z″$ at each temperature were used to evaluate the relaxation time τ, revealing thermally activated processes with an activation energy of 0.62 eV. Nyquist plots showed semicircular behavior with decreasing radii at higher temperatures, indicating enhanced d.c. conductivity with an activation energy of 0.63 eV. A.C. conductivity analysis demonstrated frequency-dependent behavior consistent with the CBH model, with hopping energy calculated as 0.32 eV. The dielectric loss increased with temperature and decreased with frequency, stabilizing above 250 Hz at 318 K. These findings provide new insights into the dielectric and conduction properties of $S{e}_{90}S{n}_{6}P{b}_4$ glasses, supporting their optimization for practical electronic applications. Full article

Enterococci are among the most frequently isolated environmental bacteria that cause mastitis in cows. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of virulence genes, as well as phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance, among eighty enterococcal isolates from cases of bovine mastitis in Polish herds. The presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was determined by PCR. E. faecalis isolates were found to carry more virulence genes than E. faecium isolates, including the efaA_fs (100%), ace (98.1%), gelE (86.5%), asa1 (63.5%), esp (57.7%) and cylA (17.3%) genes. The efaA_fm gene was the only virulence gene detected in E. faecium isolates. This study revealed that E. faecalis showed a higher virulence gene burden. The ermB gene was present in 90.9% of the Enterococcus spp. that were phenotypically resistant to erythromycin. Almost all tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus isolates carried the tet(M) gene (94.3%), either alone or in combination with the tet(L) and tet(O) genes. Three isolates harboured vanC genes and were susceptible to vancomycin (MIC = 4 μg/mL). The results confirm the high level of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from cows with mastitis and indicate the genes that may be responsible for this resistance. Full article

Objectives: To investigate the potential mechanisms of maternal pregestational diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs) by integrating proteomic data and histone H4 lysine 5 acetylation (H4K5ac) ChIP-seq data from the mouse model. Methods: The diabetic mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) into female friend leukemia virus B strain (FVB) mice, with subsequent blood glucose monitoring. Diabetic females were then mated with healthy males, and embryonic tissues were collected on embryonic day 9.5. Among the embryos obtained from diabetic pregnancies, six NTDs embryos and six control embryos were selected for protein expression profiling using tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as for assessment of H4K5ac modification by ChIP-seq. Multi-omics integration was performed to identify common differentially expressed genes, followed by functional enrichment analysis. Key genes were validated using RT-qPCR. Results: Proteomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in focal adhesion pathway. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated that these proteins (e.g., Integrin alpha 3 (Itga3), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3b), mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (Mapk9)) were associated with focal adhesion and cytoskeletal functions. Integrated multi-omics analysis identified 923 common differentially expressed genes, which were also significantly enriched in focal adhesion pathway. Within this pathway, the protein expression levels of Itga3, Gsk3b, and Mapk9 exhibited a consistent co-variation trend with H4K5ac enrichment. RT-qPCR results confirmed that Itga3 was significantly up-regulated, while Gsk3b was down-regulated in the NTDs group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Maternal pregestational diabetes may contribute to NTDs by disrupting cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, and migration processes. This disruption is likely mediated through H4K5ac-regulated expression of key focal adhesion pathway genes such as Itga3 and Gsk3b. Full article