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Journal = Electronic Materials

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17 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Impact of Cu-Site Dopants on Thermoelectric Power Factor for Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) Nanomaterials
by Jacob E. Daniel, Evan Watkins, Mitchel S. Jensen, Allen Benton, Apparao Rao, Sriparna Bhattacharya and Mary E. Anderson
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(3), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6030010 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) is an earth-abundant, nontoxic material with potential for thermoelectric energy generation applications. Herein, rapid, energy-efficient, and facile one-pot modified polyol synthesis was utilized to produce gram-scale quantities of phase-pure famatinite (Cu2.7M0.3SbS4, [...] Read more.
Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) is an earth-abundant, nontoxic material with potential for thermoelectric energy generation applications. Herein, rapid, energy-efficient, and facile one-pot modified polyol synthesis was utilized to produce gram-scale quantities of phase-pure famatinite (Cu2.7M0.3SbS4, M = Cu, Zn, Mn) nanoparticles (diameter 20–30 nm) with controllable and stoichiometric incorporation of transition metal dopants on the Cu-site. To produce pellets for thermoelectric characterization, the densification process by spark plasma sintering was optimized for individual samples based on thermal stability determined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Electronic transport properties of undoped and doped famatinite nanoparticles were studied from 225–575 K, and the thermoelectric power factor was calculated. This is the first time electronic transport properties of famatinite doped with Zn or Mn have been studied. All famatinite samples had similar resistivities (>0.8 mΩ·m) in the measured temperature range. However, the Mn-doped famatinite nanomaterials exhibited a thermoelectric power factor of 10.3 mW·m−1·K−1 at 575 K, which represented a significant increase relative to the undoped nanomaterials and Zn-doped nanomaterials engendered by an elevated Seebeck coefficient of ~220 µV·K−1 at 575 K. Future investigations into optimizing the thermoelectric properties of Mn-doped famatinite nanomaterials are promising avenues of research for producing low-cost, environmentally friendly, high-performing thermoelectric materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Electronic Materials—Third Edition)
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18 pages, 5529 KiB  
Article
Thermal Characterization Methods of Novel Substrate Materials Utilized in IGBT Modules
by János Hegedüs, Péter Gábor Szabó, László Pohl, Gusztáv Hantos, Gyula Lipák, Andrea Reolon and Ferenc Ender
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(3), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6030009 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 117
Abstract
In this article, thermal investigation methods for electrically insulating and thermally conductive substrate materials will be presented. The investigations were performed in their real-world application environment, i.e., in the form of IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) module substrate plates. First, the overall thermal [...] Read more.
In this article, thermal investigation methods for electrically insulating and thermally conductive substrate materials will be presented. The investigations were performed in their real-world application environment, i.e., in the form of IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) module substrate plates. First, the overall thermal resistance and thermal structure function of the system in a multivariable parameter space were revealed using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. Afterwards, thermal transient testing was performed on real samples, with the help of which the thermal resistance values of the modules were determined using the thermal dual interface test method. The presented tests are not intended to determine material parameters, but to rank different substrate materials based on their thermal performance. Full article
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9 pages, 1668 KiB  
Article
Optical Properties of a-SiC:H Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
by Christina Veneti, Lykourgos Magafas and Panagiota Papadopoulou
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6020008 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
In the present work a-SiC:H thin films were prepared using magnetron sputtering technique for different substrate temperatures from 100 °C to 290 °C. Their optical properties were studied using the ellipsometry technique. The experimental results show that the optical band gap of the [...] Read more.
In the present work a-SiC:H thin films were prepared using magnetron sputtering technique for different substrate temperatures from 100 °C to 290 °C. Their optical properties were studied using the ellipsometry technique. The experimental results show that the optical band gap of the films varies from 2.00 eV to 2.18 eV for the hydrogenated films, whereas the Eg is equal to 1.29 eV when the film does not contain hydrogen atoms and for Ts = 100 °C. The refractive index has been observed to remain stable in the region of 100 °C–220 °C, whereas it drops significantly when the temperature of 290 °C is reached. Additionally, the refractive index exhibits an inverse relationship with Eg as a function of Ts. Notably, these thin films were deposited 12 years ago, and their optical properties have remained stable since then. Full article
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29 pages, 3201 KiB  
Review
Screen Printing for Energy Storage and Functional Electronics: A Review
by Juan C. Rubio and Martin Bolduc
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6020007 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Printed electronics employ established printing methods to create low-cost, mechanically flexible devices including batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, antennas and RFID tags on plastic, paper and textile substrates. This review focuses on the specific contribution of screen printing to that landscape, examining how ink viscosity, [...] Read more.
Printed electronics employ established printing methods to create low-cost, mechanically flexible devices including batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, antennas and RFID tags on plastic, paper and textile substrates. This review focuses on the specific contribution of screen printing to that landscape, examining how ink viscosity, mesh selection and squeegee dynamics govern film uniformity, pattern resolution and ultimately device performance. Recent progress in advanced ink systems is surveyed, highlighting carbon allotropes (graphene, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanotubes, graphite), silver and copper nanostructures, MXene and functional oxides that collectively enhance mechanical robustness, electrical conductivity and radio-frequency behavior. Parallel improvements in substrate engineering such as polyimide, PET, TPU, cellulose and elastomers demonstrate the technique’s capacity to accommodate complex geometries for wearable, medical and industrial applications while supporting environmentally responsible material choices such as water-borne binders and bio-based solvents. By mapping two decades of developments across energy-storage layers and functional electronics, the article identifies the key process elements, recurring challenges and emerging sustainable practices that will guide future optimization of screen-printing materials and protocols for high-performance, customizable and eco-friendly flexible devices. Full article
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14 pages, 3406 KiB  
Article
Implication of Surface Passivation on the In-Plane Charge Transport in the Oriented Thin Films of P3HT
by Nisarg Hirens Purabiarao, Kumar Vivek Gaurav, Shubham Sharma, Yoshito Ando and Shyam Sudhir Pandey
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6020006 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 1188
Abstract
Optimizing charge transport in organic semiconductors is crucial for advancing next-generation optoelectronic devices. The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is significantly influenced by the alignment of films in the channel direction and the quality of the dielectric surface, which should be uniform, [...] Read more.
Optimizing charge transport in organic semiconductors is crucial for advancing next-generation optoelectronic devices. The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is significantly influenced by the alignment of films in the channel direction and the quality of the dielectric surface, which should be uniform, smooth, and free of charge-trapping defects. Our study reports the enhancement of OFET performance using large-area, uniform, and oriented thin films of regioregular poly[3-hexylthiophene] (RR-P3HT), prepared via the Floating Film Transfer Method (FTM) on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) passivated SiO2 surfaces. SiO2 surfaces inherently possess dangling bonds that act as charge traps, but these can be effectively passivated through optimized surface treatments. OTS treatment has improved the optical anisotropy of thin films and the surface wettability of SiO2. Notably, using octadecene as a solvent during OTS passivation, as opposed to toluene, resulted in a significant enhancement of charge carrier transport. Specifically, passivation with OTS-F (10 mM OTS in octadecene at 100 °C for 48 h) led to a >150 times increase in mobility and a reduction in threshold voltage compared to OTS-A (5 mM OTS in toluene for 12 h at room temperature). Under optimal conditions, these FTM-processed RR-P3HT films achieved the best device performance, with a saturated mobility (μsat) of 0.18 cm2V−1s−1. Full article
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10 pages, 2125 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Magnetoconductivity (MC) Behavior in Dilute p-Si/SiGe/Si
by Hamza Mabchour, Yassine Essakali, Mounir El Hassan, Samir Elouaham, Boujemaa Nassiri, Said Dlimi and Abdelhamid El Kaaouachi
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(2), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6020005 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 963
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the magnetoconductivity behavior in a 2D p-Si/SiGe/Si system. To achieve this, we develop a theoretical model that incorporates three key contributions, the weak localization effect, electron–electron interaction effects, and the Zeeman effect, which is considered only in the [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate the magnetoconductivity behavior in a 2D p-Si/SiGe/Si system. To achieve this, we develop a theoretical model that incorporates three key contributions, the weak localization effect, electron–electron interaction effects, and the Zeeman effect, which is considered only in the presence of a magnetic field. We then compare our theoretical predictions with experimental magnetoconductivity data, analyzing both the consistencies and discrepancies between the model and the measurements. Through this comparison, we aim to provide a deeper physical understanding of the factors influencing magnetoconductivity in this system. Full article
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13 pages, 4737 KiB  
Article
Research on the Withstand Voltage Properties of Cr/Mn-Doped Al2O3 Ceramics in Vacuum
by Dandan Feng, Xiaojing Wang, Xueying Han, Zhiqiang Yu, Jialun Feng and Hefei Wang
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6010004 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1031
Abstract
Al2O3 ceramics are widely used in vacuum electronic devices. However, surface flashover in a vacuum during the application of high voltage significantly influences their reliability and restricts the development of vacuum electronic devices. The secondary electron emission yield (SEY) and [...] Read more.
Al2O3 ceramics are widely used in vacuum electronic devices. However, surface flashover in a vacuum during the application of high voltage significantly influences their reliability and restricts the development of vacuum electronic devices. The secondary electron emission yield (SEY) and surface resistivity of ceramics are the main factors affecting the vacuum withstand voltage of ceramic materials. In this study, the bulk density, microstructure, and surface properties—including SEY and surface resistivity—of Al2O3 ceramics were tested. The relationship between these properties and the vacuum withstand voltage of the ceramics was investigated. The influence of the addition ratio of Cr2O3 to MnO2 and the sintering temperature was investigated. The results show Cr/Mn-doped Al2O3 ceramics, with appropriate amounts of Cr2O3 and MnO2 and sintered at suitable temperatures, exhibit low SEY, high withstand voltage, and excellent stability in vacuum. Full article
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15 pages, 3190 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Band Gap Energy of SnO2 and ZnO Thin Films with Different Crystalline Qualities and Doping Levels
by Cecilia Guillén
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6010003 - 20 Feb 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2166
Abstract
This research is on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of SnO2 and ZnO thin films, which are increasingly used in many electronic devices, including gas sensors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. For the various applications, it is essential to accurately determine [...] Read more.
This research is on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of SnO2 and ZnO thin films, which are increasingly used in many electronic devices, including gas sensors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. For the various applications, it is essential to accurately determine the band gap energy, as it controls the optical and electrical behavior of the material. However, there is no single method for its determination; rather, different approximations depend on the crystalline quality and the doping level because these modify the energy band structure of the semiconductor. With the aim of analyzing the various approaches, SnO2 and ZnO films were prepared by sputtering on unheated glass substrates and subsequently annealed in N2 at various temperatures between 250 °C and 450 °C. These samples showed different crystallite sizes, absorption coefficients, and free carrier concentrations depending on the material and the annealing temperature. Analysis of the results shows that the expression developed for amorphous materials underestimates the band gap value, and the so-called unified method tends to overestimate it, while the equations for perfect or heavily doped crystals give band gap energies more consistent with the doping level, regardless of the crystalline quality of the films. Full article
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8 pages, 1488 KiB  
Article
Wrapping Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Transistors with High Current Density
by Jiaxin Liu, Shan Huang, Zhenyuan Xiao, Ning Li, Jaekyun Kim, Jidong Jin and Jiawei Zhang
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6010002 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 2332
Abstract
Amorphous oxide semiconductor transistors with a high current density output are highly desirable for large-area electronics. In this study, wrapping amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) transistors are proposed to enhance the current density output relative to a-IGZO source-gated transistors (SGTs). Device performances are analyzed using [...] Read more.
Amorphous oxide semiconductor transistors with a high current density output are highly desirable for large-area electronics. In this study, wrapping amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) transistors are proposed to enhance the current density output relative to a-IGZO source-gated transistors (SGTs). Device performances are analyzed using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. The TCAD simulation results reveal that, with an optimized device structure, the current density of the wrapping a-IGZO transistor can reach 7.34 μA/μm, representing an approximate two-fold enhancement compared to that of the a-IGZO SGT. Furthermore, the optimized wrapping a-IGZO transistor exhibits clear flat saturation and pinch-off behavior. The proposed wrapping a-IGZO transistors show significant potential for applications in large-area electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Electronic Applications)
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18 pages, 10238 KiB  
Article
Tribological, Thermal, Kinetic, and Surface Microtextural Characterization of Prime p-Type <100> Silicon Wafer CMP for Direct Wafer Bonding Applications
by Michelle Yap, Catherine Yap, Yasa Sampurno, Glenn Whitener, Jason Keleher, Len Borucki and Ara Philipossian
Electron. Mater. 2025, 6(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat6010001 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1968
Abstract
We investigated the tribological, thermal, kinetic, and surface microtextural characteristics of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of 300 mm p-type <100> prime silicon wafers (and their native oxide) at various pressures, sliding velocities, and starting platen temperatures. Results showed the dominant tribological mechanism for [...] Read more.
We investigated the tribological, thermal, kinetic, and surface microtextural characteristics of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of 300 mm p-type <100> prime silicon wafers (and their native oxide) at various pressures, sliding velocities, and starting platen temperatures. Results showed the dominant tribological mechanism for both native oxide and silicon polishing to be boundary lubrication. Using frictional data, we pinpointed the exact time that corresponded to the total removal of the native oxide and the onset of silicon polishing. This allowed us to separately characterize removal rates of each layer. For native oxide, while the rate depended on temperature, the presence of a temperature-independent shear force threshold and the low observed rates suggested that its removal by the slurry was dominantly mechanical. In contrast, for silicon polish, the absence of a distinctive shear force threshold and the fact that, for the same set of consumables, rates were more than 200 times larger for silicon than for native oxide suggested a dominantly chemical process with an average apparent activation energy of 0.34 eV. It was further confirmed that rate selectivity between native oxide and PE-TEOS based SiO2 control wafers was around 1 to 7, which underscored the importance of being able to directly measure native oxide removal rates. In all cases, we achieved excellent post-polish surfaces with Sa and Sq values of below 1 nm. Due to thermal softening of the thermoplastic pad at elevated temperatures, which we confirmed via dynamic mechanical analysis, overall process vibrations were significantly higher when platen heating was employed. Full article
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10 pages, 958 KiB  
Article
A Unified Semiconductor-Device-Physics-Based Ballistic Model for the Threshold Voltage of Modern Multiple-Gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors
by Te-Kuang Chiang
Electron. Mater. 2024, 5(4), 321-330; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat5040020 - 13 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594
Abstract
Based on the minimum conduction band edge caused by the minimum channel potential resulting from the quasi-3D scaling theory and the 3D density of state (DOS) accompanied by the Fermi–Dirac distribution function on the source and drain sides, a unified semiconductor-device-physics-based ballistic model [...] Read more.
Based on the minimum conduction band edge caused by the minimum channel potential resulting from the quasi-3D scaling theory and the 3D density of state (DOS) accompanied by the Fermi–Dirac distribution function on the source and drain sides, a unified semiconductor-device-physics-based ballistic model is developed for the threshold voltage of modern multiple-gate (MG) transistors, including FinFET, Ω-gate MOSFET, and nanosheet (NS) MOSFET. It is shown that the thin silicon, thin gate oxide, and high work function will alleviate ballistic effects and resist threshold voltage degradation. In addition, as the device dimension is further reduced to give rise to the 2D/1D DOS, the lowest conduction band edge is increased to resist threshold voltage degradation. The nanosheet MOSFET exhibits the largest threshold voltage among the three transistors due to the smallest minimum conduction band edge caused by the quasi-3D minimum channel potential. When the n-type MOSFET (N-FET) is compared to the P-type MOSFET (P-FET), the P-FET shows more threshold voltage because the hole has a more effective mass than the electron. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Electronic Applications)
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18 pages, 6783 KiB  
Review
Polyimide-Based Dielectric Materials for High-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage
by Lingling Liu, Li Li, Shixian Zhang, Wenhan Xu and Qing Wang
Electron. Mater. 2024, 5(4), 303-320; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat5040019 - 8 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3979
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) has received great attention for high-temperature capacitive energy storage materials due to its remarkable thermal stability, relatively high breakdown strength, strong mechanical properties, and ease of synthesis and modification. In this review, several key parameters for evaluating capacitive energy storage performance [...] Read more.
Polyimide (PI) has received great attention for high-temperature capacitive energy storage materials due to its remarkable thermal stability, relatively high breakdown strength, strong mechanical properties, and ease of synthesis and modification. In this review, several key parameters for evaluating capacitive energy storage performance are introduced. Subsequently, the properties of the commercially available PIs are presented. Then, the recent development of designing and tailoring all-organic PI-based polymers is discussed in detail, focusing on molecular composition and spatial configuration to enhance dielectric constant, breakdown strength, discharged energy density, and charge-discharge efficiency. Finally, we outline the current challenges and future development directions of PI-based high-temperature energy storage dielectric materials. Full article
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10 pages, 2242 KiB  
Article
Direct Writing of Metal Nanostructures with Focused Helium Ion Beams
by Vladimir Bruevich, Leila Kasaei, Leonard C. Feldman and Vitaly Podzorov
Electron. Mater. 2024, 5(4), 293-302; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat5040018 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1773
Abstract
A helium ion microscope (HIM) with a focused He+-ion beam of variable flux and energy can be used as a tool for local nanoscale surface modification. In this work, we demonstrate a simple but versatile use of the HIM focused He [...] Read more.
A helium ion microscope (HIM) with a focused He+-ion beam of variable flux and energy can be used as a tool for local nanoscale surface modification. In this work, we demonstrate a simple but versatile use of the HIM focused He ion beam to fabricate conducting metallic nano- and microstructures on arbitrary substrates of varied types and shapes by directly patterning pre-deposited initially discontinuous and highly insulating (>10 TΩ/sq.) ultrathin metal films. Gold or silver films, measuring 3 nm in thickness, thermally evaporated on solid substrates have a discontinuous nanocluster morphology. Such highly resistive films can be made locally conductive using moderate doses (2 × 1016–1017 cm−2) of low-energy (30 KeV) ion bombardment. We show that an HIM can be used to directly “draw” Au and Ag conductive lines and other patterns with a variable sheet resistance as low as 10 kΩ/sq. without the use of additional precursors. This relatively straightforward, high-definition technique of direct writing with an ion beam, free from complex in vacuo catalytic or precursor chemistries, opens up new opportunities for directly fabricating elements of conformal metallic nanocircuits (interconnects, resistors, and contacts) on arbitrary organic or inorganic substrates, including those with highly curved surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Electronic Materials—Third Edition)
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44 pages, 16725 KiB  
Review
Microchannel Heat Sinks—A Comprehensive Review
by Usman Ghani, Muhammad Anas Wazir, Kareem Akhtar, Mohsin Wajib and Shahmir Shaukat
Electron. Mater. 2024, 5(4), 249-292; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat5040017 - 6 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7699
Abstract
An efficient cooling system is necessary for the reliability and safety of modern microchips for a longer life. As microchips become smaller and more powerful, the heat flux generated by these chips per unit area also rises sharply. Traditional cooling techniques are inadequate [...] Read more.
An efficient cooling system is necessary for the reliability and safety of modern microchips for a longer life. As microchips become smaller and more powerful, the heat flux generated by these chips per unit area also rises sharply. Traditional cooling techniques are inadequate to meet the recent cooling requirements of microchips. To meet the current cooling demand of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and microchips, microchannel heat sink (MCHS) technology is the latest invention, one that can dissipate a significant amount of heat because of its high surface area to volume ratio. This study provides a concise summary of the design, material selection, and performance parameters of the MCHSs that have been developed over the last few decades. The limitations and challenges associated with the different techniques employed by researchers over time to enhance the thermal efficiency of microchannel heat sinks are discussed. The effects on the thermal enhancement factor, Nusselt number, and pressure drop at different Reynold numbers in passive techniques (flow obstruction) i.e., ribs, grooves, dimples, and cavities change in the curvature of MCHSs, are discussed. This study also discusses the increase in heat transfer using nanofluids and how a change in coolant type also significantly affects the thermal performance of MCHSs by obstructing flow. This study provides trends and useful guidelines for researchers to design more effective MCHSs to keep up with the cooling demands of power electronics. Full article
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10 pages, 2268 KiB  
Article
The Extraction of the Density of States of Atomic-Layer-Deposited ZnO Transistors by Analyzing Gate-Dependent Field-Effect Mobility
by Minho Yoon
Electron. Mater. 2024, 5(4), 239-248; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat5040016 - 19 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the density of states extraction method for atomic-deposited ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) by analyzing gate-dependent field-effect mobility. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) method offers ultra-thin and smooth ZnO films, but these films suffer from interface and semiconductor defects, [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the density of states extraction method for atomic-deposited ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) by analyzing gate-dependent field-effect mobility. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) method offers ultra-thin and smooth ZnO films, but these films suffer from interface and semiconductor defects, which lead to disordered localized electronic structures. Hence, to investigate the unstable localized structure of ZnO TFTs, we tried to derive the electronic state relationship by assuming field-effect mobility can be expressed as a gate-dependent Arrhenius relation, and the activation energy in the relation is the required energy for hopping. Following this derived relationship, the DOS of the atomic-deposited ZnO transistor was extracted and found to be consistent with those using temperature-dependent measurements. Moreover, to ensure the proposed method is reliable, we applied methods for the extraction of DOSs of doped ZnO transistors, which show enhanced mobilities with shifted threshold voltages, and the results show that the extraction method is reliable. Thus, we can state that the mobility-based DOS extraction method offers practical benefits for estimating the density of states of disordered transistors using a single transfer characteristic of these devices. Full article
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