Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development?

Giovanni Benelli; Riccardo Petrelli; Angelo Canale

doi:10.3390/molecules25215175

,

and

¹

Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy

²

School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Molecules2020, 25(21), 5175;https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215175

This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry

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Abstract

Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.

Keywords:

Chagas disease; chikungunya; dengue; human African trypanosomiasis; Japanese encephalitis; malaria; leishmaniasis; lymphatic filariasis; West Nile fever; yellow fever; Zika virus

1. Introduction

Vector-borne diseases (VBD) lead to more than 700,000 deaths yearly, with malaria and dengue alone causing >400,000 and 40,000 deaths per year, respectively []. A relevant number of VBD are spread by arthropod vectors. Mosquitoes, sandflies, blackflies, tsetse flies, kissing bugs, and ticks, among others, are key examples, with huge public health impacts. Their control is a major goal for public health. Simultaneously, developing drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with a major impact on real-world ABD elimination/control programs [,,]. The current scenario is worsened by the rapid increase in drug resistance in targeted pathogens [,,], coupled with the dangerous spread of invasive arthropod vectors (e.g., the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) [,], facilitated by anthropic activities, with special reference to trades, urbanization, and global warming [,,,].

Performing excellently from a scientometric point of view, Molecules currently represents a first-class journal for publishing researches and reviews on the development of novel and effective drugs to manage ABD. In this framework, several Special Issues covering this topic are ongoing, ensuring higher visibility for the authors compared to regular issues. As Academic Editors, we invite all readers to submit their forthcoming original research and reviews on ABD drug development to Molecules.

2. The Editors’ Pick

In this section, a carefully reviewed selection of cutting edge articles published in Molecules during the period 2019-2020 is highlighted. To our eyes, these studies represent key research advances regarding the development of drugs for the control of ABD. Furthermore, recent reviews providing well-updated scenarios about drug development against selected ABD and formulating new research challenges are outlined [,,,,,,,,,]. Among key ABD, major focuses have been malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and Zika.

Cutting edge articles about drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases recently published in Molecules:

Lapatinib, Nilotinib and Lomitapide Inhibit Haemozoin Formation in Malaria Parasites
by Ana Carolina C. de Sousa, Keletso Maepa, Jill M. Combrinck and Timothy J. Egan
Molecules2020, 25(7), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071571

Fungal Metabolite Asperaculane B Inhibits Malaria Infection and Transmission
by Guodong Niu, Yue Hao, Xiaohong Wang, Jin-Ming Gao and Jun Li
Molecules2020, 25(13), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133018

Alkyl and Aryl Derivatives Based on p-Coumaric Acid Modification and Inhibitory Action against Leishmania braziliensis and Plasmodium falciparum
by Susiany P. Lopes, Lina M. Yepes, Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo, Sara M. Robledo and Damião P. de Sousa
Molecules2020, 25(14), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143178

4-Arylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamides Are a New Class of Antiplasmodial Agents
by Sandra I. Schweda, Arne Alder, Tim Gilberger and Conrad Kunick
Molecules2020, 25(14), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143187

Cytotoxic and Anti-Plasmodial Activities of Stephania dielsiana Y.C. Wu Extracts and the Isolated Compounds
by James Knockleby, Bruno Pradines, Mathieu Gendrot, Joel Mosnier, Thanh Tam Nguyen, Thi Thuy Trinh, Hoyun Lee, and Phuong Mai Le
Molecules2020, 25(16), 3755; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163755

Andrographolide and Its 14-Aryloxy Analogues Inhibit Zika and Dengue Virus Infection
by Feng Li, Wipaporn Khanom, Xia Sun, Atchara Paemanee, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Decai Wang, Duncan R. Smith and Guo-Chun Zhou
Molecules2020, 25(21), 5037; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215037

Harringtonine Inhibits Zika Virus Infection through Multiple Mechanisms
by Zheng-Zong Lai, Yi-Jung Ho and Jeng-Wei Lu
Molecules2020, 25(18), 4082; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184082

In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of Carvacrol, Thymol and Linalool against Leishmania infantum
by Mohammad Reza Youssefi, Elham Moghaddas, Mohaddeseh Abouhosseini Tabari, Ali Akbar Moghadamnia, Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash, Mohammad Amin Ebrahimi, Niki Nabavi Mousavi, Abdolmajid Fata, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli, Stefano Dall’Acqua, Giovanni Benelli and Stefania Sut
Molecules2019, 24(11), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112072

Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review
by Mayara Castro de Morais, Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza, Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho, Silvio Santana Dolabella and Damião Pergentino de Sousa
Molecules2020, 25(19), 4568; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194568

Antiviral Natural Products for Arbovirus Infections
by Vanessa Shi Li Goh, Chee-Keng Mok and Justin Jang Hann Chu
Molecules2020, 25(12), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122796

3. Conclusions and Challenges

Overall, the development of novel and effective products to control ABD is receiving major research attentions and efforts. Molecules is strongly supportive of this research field, with a special focus on emerging ABD, as shown in the Zika virus example. Furthermore, much remains to be done in managing ABD of “historical” public health importance, such as malaria, which is still threatening a major number of countries worldwide. In this scenario, natural products represent a huge reservoir of bioactive substances of potential interest for drug development, as well as for designing insecticides, acaricides, and repellents for vector management actions [,,,]. Of note, in many cases a relevant link between the ethnobotanical report and the scientific evidence proving its efficacy has been highlighted.

Funding

This article received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Cynthia Goldsmith (CDC-PHIL) for providing the Zika virus TEM image used to comment on the Molecules article no. 10 of the present Editorial.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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