Water Security, Water Economics and the Evolution of Water Consumption

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Use and Scarcity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2024) | Viewed by 11294

Special Issue Editor


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: water resources; computational intelligence; sedimentation; stationarity/non-stationarity; uncertainty analysis; energy; macroeconomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water Security, Water Economics and the Evolution of Water Consumption are three of the most important aspects of water in terms of its definition as a physical resource and as an economic good, which upon occasion is a necessity. On the one hand, we have water consumption which determines the demand for water mainly in terms of consumption in agriculture which accounts for 70% of its consumption. This influences directly the capability of food production and the size of food trade at the global and country level, two major problems of this century. This is due to the fact that both water availability, climate changes influencing the hydrological cycle and economic robustness are inequitably distributed at the country level and pockets where all three are unfavorable do exist, some of which are combined with skyrocketing population increase and transboundary water supply problems. As a result, Water Security plays an increasingly important role in countries that belong to not only this latter group of countries facing immediate problems but also, in the form of a preemptive measure, to countries that belong to groups of lesser danger in terms of water availability. It is highly probable that after passing the mid-century mark Water Security will be an influential part of economic policy for most countries. The determinant framework within these two aspects operate is the third aspect, Water Economics. As a discipline of Economics, it is still in its infancy despite its importance, as economists tend to place emphasis on the integrated picture rather than its parts attempting to resolve sectoral difficulties through trade-offs, something that clearly does not apply in a simple way to water. In the future, its importance will equal Energy Economics and perhaps will exceed it as water cannot be created from other sources while energy can.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together articles that analyze these three facets at the global, country, and intra- and inter-country levels, the last two being of primary importance as they determine the de facto realistic global aspect. The wealth of subjects included is such that prospective authors belong to a wider than usual class as presenting a massive front will not only serve the scientific purpose served by these facets but will give these authors the opportunity to put a foot in the door at an early stage of the formal development of a unified theory and its applications which are on the way of playing a major scientific and social role.

Dr. Dionysia Panagoulia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water security
  • water infrastructure
  • water climate change
  • water economics
  • water management
  • water demand
  • water value
  • water consumption
  • water and population
  • sustainability

Published Papers (5 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

18 pages, 3689 KiB  
Article
Estimated Impacts of Smart Water Meter Implementation on Domestic Hot Water Consumption and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Case Studies
by Spancer Msamadya, Jin Chul Joo, Jung Min Lee, Sangho Lee, Sangrae Kim, Hyeon Woo Go and Seul Gi Lee
Water 2023, 15(17), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173045 - 25 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1306
Abstract
This study investigates the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus in cities across four countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia (AUS), and South Korea (KOR), over a decade, from 2011 to 2021. The primary objective is to assess the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus in cities across four countries, namely the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia (AUS), and South Korea (KOR), over a decade, from 2011 to 2021. The primary objective is to assess the impact of smart water metering (SWM) implementation on the WEC nexus, with a specific focus on domestic hot water (DHW) consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis of the collected data reveals diverse patterns among cities with varying levels of SWM implementation. Notably, cities with higher SWM implementation demonstrated significant reductions in water consumption, indicating the effectiveness of the efficient water consumption and demand management achieved through SWM. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing GHG emissions related to water heating, with the carbon intensity of water heating identified as a critical factor in this context. To achieve net reductions in GHG emissions, intensive efforts are required to simultaneously decrease both DHW consumption and the carbon intensity of water heating. The research findings highlight the potential for substantial GHG emissions reductions by combining SWM implementation with the decarbonization of water heating. By recognizing the interdependencies within WEC systems, this study underscores the significance of SWM in advancing toward a carbon-neutral society. In conclusion, this study contributes valuable insights into the WEC nexus and emphasizes the role of SWM in achieving sustainability goals. It advocates for integrated policies to effectively address the interconnected issues of the WEC nexus for effective climate change mitigation. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 10120 KiB  
Article
Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Multi-Criteria GIS Modeling in Drylands: A Case Study at El-Farafra Oasis, Egyptian Western Desert
by Hanaa A. Megahed, Hossam M. GabAllah, Rasha H. Ramadan, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Paola D’Antonio, Antonio Scopa and Mahmoud H. Darwish
Water 2023, 15(7), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071376 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
The most critical issue that was the main research interest is its groundwater quality which is vital for public health concerns. Groundwater is a significant worldwide water supply for diverse communities, especially in dryland regions. Groundwater quality assessment in desert systems is largely [...] Read more.
The most critical issue that was the main research interest is its groundwater quality which is vital for public health concerns. Groundwater is a significant worldwide water supply for diverse communities, especially in dryland regions. Groundwater quality assessment in desert systems is largely hindered by the lack of hydrological data and the remote location of desert Oases. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the influences of climate, land usage, and population growth on the groundwater quality in El-Farafra Oasis in the Western Desert in Egypt from 2000 to now. Therefore, the study’s main objective was to determine the extent of change in temporal water quality and the factors causing it. The present study integrates chemical analyses and geospatial modeling better to assess groundwater quality in the study area. A chemical analysis of thirty-one groundwater samples from wells representing each study area was carried out during three time periods (2000, 2010, and 2022). Several chemical properties of groundwater samples gathered from wells in the research area were analyzed. Furthermore, the groundwater quality trend from 2000 to the present was identified using three approaches: Wilcox and Schoeller Diagram in Aq.QA software, interpolation in the ArcGIS software, and Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI). Moreover, the influence of changing land usage on groundwater quality was studied, and it was found that the increase in agriculture and urbanization areas is linked to groundwater quality degradation. The findings revealed that the barren area in 2000, 2010, and 2022 was 371.7, 362.0, and 343.2 km2, respectively, which indicates a substantial decrease of 6.2% within this research timeframe. In contrast, agriculture and human-made structures have expanded by 1.8%. Also, population growth has led to an increase in water consumption as the population has grown at a rate of 7.52% annually from 2000 to 2020. As the climatic condition increases from 2000 to 2022, these changes could extend to the water quality in shallow aquifers with increasing evaporation. Based on the water quality spatial model, it is found that, despite a declining tendency in the rate of precipitation and an expansion in agricultural areas and population growth, the water quality was still appropriate for human and farming consumption in large areas of the study area. The presented approach is applicable to the assessment of groundwater in desert regions in the Middle East area. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4374 KiB  
Article
Economic Cost of Drought and Potential Benefits of Investing in Nature-Based Solutions: A Case Study in São Paulo, Brazil
by Bruna Stein Ciasca, Claudio Klemz, Justus Raepple, Timm Kroeger, Eileen Andrea P. Acosta, Se Jong Cho, Samuel Barreto, Henrique Bracale and Fernando Cesário
Water 2023, 15(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030466 - 24 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3630
Abstract
Despite its rich water resources, Brazil is increasingly facing extreme hydrologic events such as droughts and floods. The Sao Paulo Cantareira water supply system (CWSS) offers an opportunity to examine the potential economic benefits of nature-based solutions (NbS) to improve water security and [...] Read more.
Despite its rich water resources, Brazil is increasingly facing extreme hydrologic events such as droughts and floods. The Sao Paulo Cantareira water supply system (CWSS) offers an opportunity to examine the potential economic benefits of nature-based solutions (NbS) to improve water security and reduce the economic cost of drought. This study explores the potential benefits under a counterfactual NbS land-use scenario compared to actual land use and assesses the economic viability of NbS investments in the CWSS. Specifically, we estimate the economic cost of the 2014–2015 drought in Sao Paulo state for the industrial and water sectors served by the CWSS. We estimate the potential avoided costs under the NbS scenario and conduct a cost–benefit analysis of the NbS scenario investments, including both water supply and carbon sequestration benefits. We estimate that the economic losses of this single drought event totaled BRL 1.6 billion. If NbS had been implemented, this cost could have been reduced by 28%. A cost–benefit analysis that includes only the water supply or both the water supply and carbon sequestration benefits indicates that the NbS scenario has a positive net present value of BRL 144 million and BRL 632 million, respectively. Thus, our results highlight the economic viability of the hypothetical NbS investment in mitigating extreme climatic events. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2359 KiB  
Article
Determinants and Evaluation of Onsite Water Loss Due to Leakages in a Selected Institution in South Africa
by Mahanyele Netshitanini, Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo and Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
Water 2023, 15(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020217 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2057
Abstract
Water loss due to onsite leakage is a problem in the effective management of potable water mostly in semi-arid and arid countries of the world whose quantity of freshwater is depleted, and recharge is highly variable. This study assessed the quality and quantity [...] Read more.
Water loss due to onsite leakage is a problem in the effective management of potable water mostly in semi-arid and arid countries of the world whose quantity of freshwater is depleted, and recharge is highly variable. This study assessed the quality and quantity of water loss in an academic institution due to onsite leakage resulting from various drivers such as leaks, corrosion, pressure, ageing infrastructure, and student attitude. An observational approach was used for water loss analysis. Samples were collected from each point from which water is lost and analyzed for physicochemical parameters, indicator microbes, and trace metals using standard procedures. It was observed that a high amount of water is lost in the study area which was partly influenced by high water pressure, the corrosion of taps and faucets, tap faults, and leaks. A total water loss of 9013.56 L/day in three selected residences of the institution was recorded. The wasted water was found to be of good quality with no harmful contamination. The Metal Pollution Index (MPI) showed that the water poses no threat from trace metals with a maximum MPI value of 7.76. The sampled water quality complied to the South African National Standard and World Health Organization standards for drinking water. The hazard quotient and hazard index both showed a level less than one, implying no possible non-carcinogenic risk associated with the consumption of the water. The wasted water from the institution’s residences is therefore of a very high quality and needs to be conserved for better usage. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
How Effective Is Water Technology as a Water Scarcity Remedy for the Economy in China?
by Na Qiao, Ai Yue, Hongyu Guan, Lan Mu and Yuxiu Ding
Water 2022, 14(19), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193056 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
China’s water shortage is severe and has become one of the factors hindering economic growth. It is widely accepted that changes in water technology play a profound role in sustainable development. However, because water technology is embedded in water resources, it is difficult [...] Read more.
China’s water shortage is severe and has become one of the factors hindering economic growth. It is widely accepted that changes in water technology play a profound role in sustainable development. However, because water technology is embedded in water resources, it is difficult to clarify the effects of water technologies as a means of alleviating water scarcity to achieve sustainable development. The level of water technology can be measured by total-factor water efficiency. This study analyzes panel data from 2002–2018 using the stochastic frontier model and addresses water inputs and water technology by introducing the concept of water productivity into economic growth framework. We found that, with the introduction of water technology, the importance of water resources for economic growth increases; water inputs increase by 1%, and GDP increases by 0.349%. The progress of 1% water technology can drive 0.142% of GDP growth and have great potential as a water scarcity remedy for the economy. Due to lower prices, the substitution rate of water technology to water is six times that of water-to-water technology, which is very detrimental to water technology progress. In the short term, water technology can be policy-driven in water-scarce developing economies, and price-induced in the long term. Full article
Back to TopTop