Dear Colleagues,

Watershed ecosystems are a combination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and are complex ecosystems integrating social, economic and natural subsystems. Watershed ecosystem services are influenced by both natural and human drivers. Climate change, as the main driver, affects the hydrological cycle and the quality of the water environment in the basin through changes in temperature and precipitation, and influences the level of service provision and regulation. In the process of urbanization, dense populations and high development intensity have brought a great deal of water environment and ecological problems, such as the reduction of water area, the decline in water quality and watershed regulation capacity, and an increase in waterlogging risk, making watershed ecosystem services restoration an environmental issue of worldwide concern. Urbanization and climate change will inevitably affect watershed runoff and ecological services. The ultimate aim of measuring and predicting ecosystem services is to maintain natural health and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services on which people rely. Therefore, reasonable assessments of watershed ecosystem services can supply operational means for decision-makers to preserve and manage watershed environments.

Our knowledge on how climate change and urbanization affect watershed ecosystem services change is still limited; research from perspectives of spatial ecosystem services supply and demand assessment, interactions between human and natural systems, multi-scale driving mechanism analysis etc. in key urban areas should be further enhanced. We welcome the submission of high-quality conceptual and empirical papers for ideas and inspirations related to our topics, as follows:

• Assessment of watershed ecosystem services;
• Impacts of climate change and urbanization on ecosystem services;
• Industrial structure adjustment and optimization for coordinated development;
• Regulation policy for watershed ecosystem restoration;
• Carrying capacity of water environment;
• Climate change, urbanization and water quality.

This Special Issue will provide more advanced methods, perspectives and case studies for the clarification of the impact of climate change and urbanization on watershed ecosystem services, which is useful for better serving regional sustainable urban development and optimal watershed ecosystem service management.

Dr. Zhihui Li
Dr. Qing Zhou
Guest Editors

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• watershed ecosystem services
• water management
• climate change
• urbanization
• sustainable development