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Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling in Aquifer Systems: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 June 2026 | Viewed by 3136

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Interests: groundwater; contaminant transport; aquifer characterization; pore-scale phenomena
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The importance of groundwater resources for providing drinking water cannot be underestimated—25–50% of drinking water comes from this increasingly threatened resource. Reports of groundwater contamination seem to be increasing exponentially all over the world. The national Superfund Cleanup debt has been estimated to be trillions of dollars and continues to increase in the USA, China, and many other countries. New approaches to modeling flow and contaminant transport in soils and aquifers are desperately needed for the subsurface remediation, characterization, and protection of our water resources.

This Special Issue of Water focuses on novel modeling studies in subsurface hydrology and hydrogeology as well as on field and laboratory experimental studies and their modeling. We encourage submissions providing new insights into the characterization of porous/fractured media as well as the transport of water, heat, contaminants, and/or nutrients through such media in their saturated and unsaturated (vadose) zones. We also welcome papers with a more traditional focus on applications of established theories. We would like to see a mixture of papers across all scales of subsurface media.

Water is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on water science and technology, including the ecology and management of water resources, and is published semimonthly online by MDPI in Switzerland. More information about the journal is available at its webpage: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water. The journal’s 5-year Impact Factor is 3.5 (2022). Indexed by a number of high-visibility databases, including Web of Science and Scopus (Elsevier), the journal is ranked in the first or second quartile (Q1 or Q2) by these databases. As an open access journal, it offers a much wider reach for its papers than do traditional, subscription-based journals. Having published continuously since 2009, Water is indeed a solid, well-established journal that is here to stay.

We encourage and invite you to submit your next paper to this Special Issue in Water.

Dr. Zbigniew Kabala
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • modeling
  • borehole tests
  • laboratory tests
  • tracer tests
  • aquifer remediation
  • aquifer characterization
  • vertical circula-tion wells
  • geothermal resources

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 10819 KB  
Article
Long-Term VOC Transport in a Thick Heterogeneous Vadose Zone and Perched Aquifers: Jerusalem Mountains Industrial Site
by Ohad Shalom, Ovadia Lev, Matania J. Caspi and Haim Gvirtzman
Water 2026, 18(6), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18060702 - 17 Mar 2026
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from historical industrial activities can persist for decades, contaminating groundwater and the unsaturated zone, yet their transport through thick, heterogeneous vadose zones is poorly understood. This study reconstructs long-term migration of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from a former industrial site in [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from historical industrial activities can persist for decades, contaminating groundwater and the unsaturated zone, yet their transport through thick, heterogeneous vadose zones is poorly understood. This study reconstructs long-term migration of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from a former industrial site in the Jerusalem Mountains, where leakage likely began ten years after plant commissioning and systematic monitoring started decades later. A three-dimensional numerical model of flow and transport was applied, incorporating calibrated hydraulic parameters, karstic conduits, and multiphase VOC processes including advection, dispersion, phase partitioning, volatilization, and first-order degradation kinetics. Multiple model runs explored plausible leakage scenarios under sparse historical data. Simulated PCE concentrations reproduce measurements in the vadose zone (R2 = 0.89) and deep regional aquifer (~20% normalized relative error). Results reveal pronounced preferential flows horizontally through perched aquifers and vertically along discrete faults, amplified by karstic networks. The upper vadose zone remains a persistent source, sustaining gas-phase emissions toward nearby residential areas unless targeted remediation is applied. Integrated modeling, even with limited monitoring, quantitatively reconstructs complex contaminant dynamics across saturated and unsaturated compartments, providing critical guidance for remediation. Protecting groundwater and human health requires addressing both vadose and saturated zones to prevent prolonged environmental and exposure risks. Full article
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27 pages, 9620 KB  
Article
Stochastic Inversion of Hydrothermal Properties in Heterogeneous Porous Media
by Doan Thi Thanh Thuy, Chuen-Fa Ni, Nguyen Hoang Hiep, Hong-Son Vo, Thai-Vinh-Truong Nguyen, Le Nhu Y and Minh-Quan Dang
Water 2025, 17(24), 3544; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243544 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 942
Abstract
Permeability, thermal conductivity, and porosity distribution are key factors to control groundwater flow and heat transport in porous media. The parameter estimation procedure is widely used to understand flow and transport behavior in geothermal systems. As recognized in most studies, this parameter estimation [...] Read more.
Permeability, thermal conductivity, and porosity distribution are key factors to control groundwater flow and heat transport in porous media. The parameter estimation procedure is widely used to understand flow and transport behavior in geothermal systems. As recognized in most studies, this parameter estimation relies on the quality and quantity of spatiotemporal measurements. With the typically limited resources for conducting field investigations, understanding suitable sampling strategies is crucial before applying a model to site-specific conditions. This study aims to quantify uncertainties in hydro-thermal properties using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). A synthetic two-dimensional aquifer profile is used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated hydrothermal properties in accounting for variations in groundwater temperature resulting from cross-hole pumping and injection events. Based on the calculations of the mean absolute and squared errors for estimated hydrothermal properties, EnKF generally leads to more accurate estimates of hydrothermal properties than MCS. Furthermore, EnKF strikes a balance between accuracy and efficiency, making it the most effective method. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of each method, providing valuable insights for selecting appropriate inversion techniques to quantify uncertainties in geothermal systems. Additionally, well spacing and open screen locations are recommended to obtain optimal thermal energy in the geothermal system Full article
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29 pages, 3536 KB  
Article
Water Demand and Conservation in Arid Urban Environments: Numerical Analysis of Evapotranspiration in Arizona
by Jaden Lu and Zbigniew J. Kabala
Water 2025, 17(19), 2835; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17192835 - 27 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1178
Abstract
Water management in arid regions, such as Arizona, is critical due to increasing demands from the urban, agricultural, and recreational sectors. In this study, Finite element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL 6.3) is used to quantify water demands in Chandler, Arizona. Evapotranspiration from [...] Read more.
Water management in arid regions, such as Arizona, is critical due to increasing demands from the urban, agricultural, and recreational sectors. In this study, Finite element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL 6.3) is used to quantify water demands in Chandler, Arizona. Evapotranspiration from vegetation and pools is studied. Factors are divided into environmental (temperature, humidity, wind speed) and soil-related properties (moisture content, hydraulic conductivity), which are modeled and used to estimate annual water losses. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the usage across several main categories at Arizona. Results indicate that pools contribute 61% of surface water evaporation. Annual water demand in Chandler for 2024 peaks at 425,000 m3 in June, with irrigation for vegetation dominating consumption. Validation against experimental data confirms model accuracy. This simulation work aims to provide scalable insights for water management in arid urban environments. Based on the simulation, various solutions were proposed to reduce water consumption and minimize water loss. Some active measures include the optimization of irrigation time and frequency based on dynamic and real-time environmental conditions. The proposed solution can help minimize the water consumption while maintaining the water demands for plant life sustenance. Other passive measures include the modification of localized environmental conditions to reduce water evaporation. In particular, it was found that fence installation can significantly change the water vapor flow and distribution close to the water surface and suppress the water evaporation by simply lowering the wind speed right above the water surface. A logical takeaway is that evaporation would also decrease when pools are built with deeper water surfaces. Full article
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