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18 pages, 5859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Expression Signatures of Porcine Bone Marrow-Derived Antigen-Presenting Cells Infected with Classical Swine Fever Virus

by Liani Coronado, Miaomiao Wang, Jose Alejandro Bohórquez, Adriana Muñoz-Aguilera, Mònica Alberch, Patricia Martínez, Nicolas Ruggli, Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas and Llilianne Ganges

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020160 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 886

Abstract

For a better understanding of classical swine fever (CSF) pathogenesis, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using porcine bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) infected ex vivo with two different cDNA-derived classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains, the low-virulence Pinar de Rio (vPdR-36U) or [...] Read more.

For a better understanding of classical swine fever (CSF) pathogenesis, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using porcine bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) infected ex vivo with two different cDNA-derived classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains, the low-virulence Pinar de Rio (vPdR-36U) or the lethal vPdR-H₃₀K-5U. The transcriptomic profile of vPdR-36U- or vPdR-H₃₀K-5U-infected versus noninfected cells revealed 946 and 2643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. The upregulation of ISG15, CXCL-10, ADAM8, and CSF1 was found after infection with vPdR-36U, which could contribute to the generation of mild CSF forms. In contrast, cells infected with the lethal vPdR-H₃₀K-5U overexpressed the immune checkpoint molecules PD-L1, CD276, and LAG3, which are involved in T-cell exhaustion and could be associated with adaptive immunity impairment. vPdR-H₃₀K-5U also induced increased expression of PPBP, IL-8, IL-6, ECE1, and Rab27b, which are mediators of inflammatory responses that can be involved in cytokine storms. The TNF signaling pathway, which is related to the activation and proliferation of different subsets of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, was notably upregulated in response to the low-pathogenicity virus. The Th17, Th1, and Th2 differentiation pathways were downregulated by the highly pathogenic virus only, supporting the role of T-cell-mediated immunity in protecting against CSFV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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15 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Isolates Identified in Russian Swine Herds

by Afshona Anoyatbekova and Anton Yuzhakov

Viruses 2025, 17(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010002 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was first identified in 2015 in North America by high-throughput sequencing. APPV is associated with congenital tremor A-II and is widely distributed worldwide. In this study, a total of 2630 samples of domestic pigs obtained from 14 regions of [...] Read more.

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was first identified in 2015 in North America by high-throughput sequencing. APPV is associated with congenital tremor A-II and is widely distributed worldwide. In this study, a total of 2630 samples of domestic pigs obtained from 14 regions of Russia from 2020 to 2024 were screened for APPV presence by qRT-PCR. APPV was detected in 12 farms located in eight regions. The overall positive rate was 8.8%. It has been established that APPV has been circulating in Russian swine herds since at least 2020. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Russian isolates are variable and assigned into three clusters. The isolates from the Krasnoyarsk Krai, Belgorod, Tomsk, and Kursk regions and the Republic of Buryatia share a high nucleotide identity (94.3–98.8%) with the Hungarian strains, while the isolates from the Moscow and Pskov regions share a nucleotide identity (89.2–94.3%) with strains from the USA. The isolate from the Republic of Mordovia has a high nucleotide identity (97.1%) with the South Korean strain. In vitro studies of the Russian isolates revealed the replication of the Belgorod 151 strain in SPEV cells. Thus, this is the first large-scale study that confirms the circulation of APPV in swine herds in Russia and describes its isolation in cell culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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19 pages, 5569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pestivirus RNase E^rns Tames the Interferon Response of the Respiratory Epithelium

by Guillaume Beilleau, Hanspeter Stalder, Lea Almeida, Blandina I. Oliveira Esteves, Marco P. Alves and Matthias Schweizer

Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121908 - 11 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae, is a major livestock pathogen. Horizontal transmission leads to acute transient infections via the oronasal route, whereas vertical transmission might lead to the birth of immunotolerant, persistently infected animals. In both [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae, is a major livestock pathogen. Horizontal transmission leads to acute transient infections via the oronasal route, whereas vertical transmission might lead to the birth of immunotolerant, persistently infected animals. In both cases, BVDV exerts an immunosuppressive effect, predisposing infected animals to secondary infections. E^rns, an immunomodulatory viral protein, is present on the envelope of the virus and is released as a soluble protein. In this form, it is taken up by cells and, with its RNase activity, degrades single- and double-stranded (ds) RNA, thus preventing activation of the host’s interferon system. Here, we show that E^rns of the pestiviruses BVDV and Bungowannah virus effectively inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis in well-differentiated airway epithelial cells cultured at the air–liquid interface. This activity was observed independently of the side of entry, apical or basolateral, of the pseudostratified, polarized cell layer. Virus infection was successful from both surfaces but was inefficient, requiring several days of incubation. Virus release was almost exclusively restricted to the apical side. This confirms that primary, well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells cultured at the air–liquid interface are an appropriate model to study viral infection and innate immunotolerance in the bovine respiratory tract. Furthermore, evidence is presented that E^rns might contribute to the immunosuppressive effect observed after BVDV infections, especially in persistently infected animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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23 pages, 7010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exclusion of Superinfection or Enhancement of Superinfection in Pestiviruses—APPV Infection Is Not Dependent on ADAM17

by Francesco Geranio, Sebastian Affeldt, Angelika Cechini, Sandra Barth, Carina M. Reuscher, Christiane Riedel, Till Rümenapf and Benjamin Lamp

Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121834 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Some viruses can suppress superinfections of their host cells by related or different virus species. The phenomenon of superinfection exclusion can be caused by inhibiting virus attachment, receptor binding and entry, by replication interference, or competition for host cell resources. Blocking attachment and [...] Read more.

Some viruses can suppress superinfections of their host cells by related or different virus species. The phenomenon of superinfection exclusion can be caused by inhibiting virus attachment, receptor binding and entry, by replication interference, or competition for host cell resources. Blocking attachment and entry not only prevents unproductive double infections but also stops newly produced virions from re-entering the cell post-exocytosis. In this study, we investigated the exclusion of superinfections between the different pestivirus species. Bovine and porcine cells pre-infected with non-cytopathogenic pestivirus strains were evaluated for susceptibility to subsequent superinfection using comparative titrations. Our findings revealed significant variation in exclusion potency depending on the pre- and superinfecting virus species, as well as the host cell species. Despite this variability, all tested classical pestivirus species reduced host cell susceptibility to subsequent infections, indicating a conserved entry mechanism. Unexpectedly, pre-infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) increased host cell susceptibility to classical pestiviruses. Further analysis showed that APPV can infect SK-6 cells independently of ADAM17, a critical attachment factor for the classical pestiviruses. These results indicate that APPV uses different binding and entry mechanisms than the other pestiviruses. The observed increase in the susceptibility of cells post-APPV infection warrants further investigation and could have practical implications, such as aiding challenging pestivirus isolation from diagnostic samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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13 pages, 4036 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Modulation of ADAM17 Levels by Pestiviruses Is Species-Specific

by Hann-Wei Chen, Marianne Zaruba, Aroosa Dawood, Stefan Düsterhöft, Benjamin Lamp, Till Ruemenapf and Christiane Riedel

Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101564 - 2 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1045

Abstract

Upon host cell infection, viruses modulate their host cells to better suit their needs, including the downregulation of virus entry receptors. ADAM17, a cell surface sheddase, is an essential factor for infection of bovine cells with several pestiviruses. To assess the effect of [...] Read more.

Upon host cell infection, viruses modulate their host cells to better suit their needs, including the downregulation of virus entry receptors. ADAM17, a cell surface sheddase, is an essential factor for infection of bovine cells with several pestiviruses. To assess the effect of pestivirus infection on ADAM17, the amounts of cellular ADAM17 and its presence at the cell surface were determined. Mature ADAM17 levels were reduced upon infection with a cytopathic pestivirus bovis (bovine viral diarrhea virus, cpBVDV), pestivirus suis (classical swine fever virus, CSFV) or pestivirus giraffae (strain giraffe), but not negatively affected by pestivirus L (Linda virus, LindaV). A comparable reduction of ADAM17 surface levels, which represents the bioactive form, could be observed in the presence of E2 of BVDV and CSFV, but not LindaV or atypical porcine pestivirus (pestivirus scrofae) E2. Superinfection exclusion in BVDV infection is caused by at least two proteins, glycoprotein E2 and protease/helicase NS3. To evaluate whether the lowered ADAM17 levels could be involved in superinfection exclusion, persistently CSFV- or LindaV-infected cells were challenged with different pestiviruses. Persistently LindaV-infected cells were significantly more susceptible to cpBVDV infection than persistently CSFV-infected cells, whilst the other pestiviruses tested were not or only hardly able to infect the persistently infected cells. These results provide evidence of a pestivirus species-specific effect on ADAM17 levels and hints at the possibility of its involvement in superinfection exclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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13 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Border Disease Virus (BDV) Isolated from a Persistently Infected Sheep in a Migratory Flock from Rajasthan State, Northwestern India

by Semmannan Kalaiyarasu, Katherukamem Rajukumar, Niranjan Mishra, Shashi Bhusan Sudhakar and Vijendra Pal Singh

Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091390 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

Border disease virus (BDV) causes significant economic losses in sheep farming worldwide. In India, BDV has not yet been studied in sheep migrating for summer pasturing. This study aimed to determine the extent of BDV infection in migratory sheep and provide genetic characteristics [...] Read more.

Border disease virus (BDV) causes significant economic losses in sheep farming worldwide. In India, BDV has not yet been studied in sheep migrating for summer pasturing. This study aimed to determine the extent of BDV infection in migratory sheep and provide genetic characteristics of BDV. Blood and serum samples from 90 lambs of a migratory sheep flock (600) in Central India were collected and subjected to molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and virus neutralization test (VNT). We detected BDV in two lambs through real-time RT-PCR, while 64.4% (58/90) of in-contact lambs had BDV neutralizing antibodies. One apparently healthy lamb was found to be persistently infected with BDV. Phylogenetic analysis of 5′-UTR and N^pro genes and the concatenated datasets typed the BDV isolate from PI sheep as BDV-3 genotype. However, it showed a closer relationship with BDV-3 strains from China than the previously reported Indian BDV-3 strains. This is the first report on the detection of BDV persistently infected migratory sheep in India. Additionally, we provided evidence of genetic variability among BDV-3 strains in India. The findings improve our understanding of epidemiology and genetic characteristics of BDV in India and highlight the potential risks associated with the traditional practice of sheep migration for summer pasturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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19 pages, 10986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bergamottin Inhibits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication by Suppressing ROS-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis

by Jinhua Yin, Jialu Zhang, Yi Liu, Cong Duan and Jiufeng Wang

Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081287 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important etiological agents that causes serious economic losses to the global livestock industry. Vaccines usually provide limited efficacy against BVDV due to the emergence of mutant strains. Therefore, developing novel strategies to combat [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important etiological agents that causes serious economic losses to the global livestock industry. Vaccines usually provide limited efficacy against BVDV due to the emergence of mutant strains. Therefore, developing novel strategies to combat BVDV infection is urgently needed. Bergamottin (Berg), a natural furanocoumarin compound, possesses various pharmaceutical bioactivities, but its effect on BVDV infection remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the antiviral effect and underlying mechanism of Berg against BVDV infection. The results showed that Berg exhibited an inhibitory effect on BVDV replication in MDBK cells by disrupting the viral replication and release, rather than directly inactivating virus particles. Mechanistically, Berg inhibits BVDV replication by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis via reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Studies in vivo demonstrated that oral gavage of Berg at doses of 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg significantly reduced the viral load within the intestines and spleen in BVDV-challenged mice. Furthermore, histopathological damage and oxidative stress caused by BVDV were also mitigated with Berg treatment. Our data indicated that Berg suppressed BVDV propagation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it as a promising antiviral option against BVDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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14 pages, 2827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Safety Profile of Chimeric Marker Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever: Reversion to Virulence Study

by Loc Tan Huynh, Mikihiro Otsuka, Maya Kobayashi, Hung Dinh Ngo, Lim Yik Hew, Takahiro Hiono, Norikazu Isoda and Yoshihiro Sakoda

Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071120 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1255

Abstract

Chimeric marker vaccine candidates, vGPE⁻/PAPeV E^rns and vGPE⁻/PhoPeV E^rns, have been generated and their efficacy and capability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals were confirmed in previous studies. The safety profile of the two chimeric marker [...] Read more.

Chimeric marker vaccine candidates, vGPE⁻/PAPeV E^rns and vGPE⁻/PhoPeV E^rns, have been generated and their efficacy and capability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals were confirmed in previous studies. The safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates, particularly in the potential reversion to virulence, was evaluated. Each virus was administered to pigs with a dose equivalent to the vaccination dose, and pooled tonsil homogenates were subsequently inoculated into further pigs. Chimeric virus vGPE⁻/PAPeV E^rns displayed the most substantial attenuation, achieving this within only two passages, whereas vGPE⁻/PhoPeV E^rns was detectable until the third passage and disappeared entirely by the fourth passage. The vGPE⁻ strain, assessed alongside, consistently exhibited stable virus recovery across each passage without any signs of increased virulence in pigs. In vitro assays revealed that the type I interferon-inducing capacity of vGPE⁻/PAPeV E^rns was significantly higher than that of vGPE⁻/PhoPeV E^rns and vGPE⁻. In conclusion, the safety profile of the two chimeric marker vaccine candidates was affirmed. Further research is essential to ensure the stability of their attenuation and safety in diverse pig populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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16 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety and DIVA Capability of Novel Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Marker Vaccine Candidates in Pregnant Sows

by Chao Tong, Alice Mundt, Alexandra Meindl-Boehmer, Verena Haist, Andreas Gallei and Ning Chen

Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071043 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boar, results in significant economic losses in the swine industry. In endemic regions, prophylactic vaccination and stamping-out strategies are used to control CSF outbreaks. However, sporadic outbreaks and persistent infections [...] Read more.

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), a highly contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boar, results in significant economic losses in the swine industry. In endemic regions, prophylactic vaccination and stamping-out strategies are used to control CSF outbreaks. However, sporadic outbreaks and persistent infections continue to be reported. Although the conventional attenuated CSF vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not allow for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), limiting their use as an eradication tool. In this study, three targeted attenuation strategies were employed to generate vaccine candidates based on the current prevalent CSFV group 2 strains GD18 and QZ07: a single deletion of H79 in E^rns (QZ07-sdErnsH-KARD), double deletion of H79 and C171 in E^rns (GD18-ddErnsHC-KARD and QZ07-ddErnsHC-KARD), and deletion of H79 in E^rns combined with a 5–168 amino acids deletion of N^pro (GD18-ddNpro-ErnsH-KARD). Additionally, a negative serological marker with four substitutions in a highly conserved epitope in E2 recognized by the monoclonal antibody 6B8 was introduced in each candidate for DIVA purposes. The safety of these four resulting vaccine candidates was evaluated in pregnant sows. Two candidates, GD18-ddErnsHC-KARD and QZ07-sdErnsH-KARD were found to be safe for pregnant sows and unlikely to cause vertical transmission. Both candidates also demonstrated potential to be used as DIVA vaccines, as was shown using a proprietary blocking ELISA based on the 6B8 monoclonal antibody. These results, together with our previous work, constitute a proof-of-concept for the rational design of CSF antigenically marked modified live virus vaccine candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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11 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Molecular Evidence of Tunisian Sheep-like Pestivirus (Pestivirus N) in Persistently Infected Sheep in Northern Italy, 2023

by Enrica Sozzi, Gabriele Leo, Fatbardha Lamcja, Massimiliano Lazzaro, Cristian Salogni, Davide Lelli, Cristina Bertasio, Giulia Magagna, Ana Moreno, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Moira Bazzucchi and Antonio Lavazza

Viruses 2024, 16(6), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060815 - 21 May 2024

Viewed by 1465

Abstract

Over the last few decades, several pestiviruses have been discovered in ruminants, pigs, and, more recently, in non-ungulate hosts. Consequently, the nomenclature and taxonomy of pestiviruses have been updated. The Tunisian sheep-like pestivirus (TSV, Pestivirus N) is an additional ovine pestivirus genetically [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, several pestiviruses have been discovered in ruminants, pigs, and, more recently, in non-ungulate hosts. Consequently, the nomenclature and taxonomy of pestiviruses have been updated. The Tunisian sheep-like pestivirus (TSV, Pestivirus N) is an additional ovine pestivirus genetically closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). In this study, during a survey of pestivirus infections in ovine farms in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy, we identified and isolated a pestivirus strain from a sheep that was found to belong to Pestivirus N species based on its genomic nucleotide identity. The sheep itself and its lamb were found to be persistently infected. We performed molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three viral genomic regions (a fragment of 5′-UTR, partial N^pro, and the whole E2 region). In conclusion, these results confirmed circulating TSV in Northern Italy after notification in Sicily, Italy, and France. Correlation with Italian, Tunisian, and French strains showed that detection might have resulted from the trading of live animals between countries, which supports the need for health control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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20 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Yoandry Hinojosa, Matthias Liniger, Obdulio García-Nicolás, Markus Gerber, Anojen Rajaratnam, Sara Muñoz-González, Liani Coronado, María Teresa Frías, Carmen Laura Perera, Llilianne Ganges and Nicolas Ruggli

Viruses 2024, 16(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010147 - 19 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2152

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the [...] Read more.

Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3′UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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13 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains

by Shollie M. Falkenberg, Hao Ma, Eduardo Casas, Rohana P. Dassanayake, Michael W. Bolton, Gage Raithel, Scott Silvis, John D. Neill and Paul H. Walz

Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102085 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines [...] Read more.

The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines has raised concerns regarding the lack of protection against BVDV-1b field strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenic diversity of BVDV-1b strains and better understand the breadth of antigenic relatedness using BVDV-1b antisera and antisera from vaccine strains. Results from this analysis demonstrate the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV-1b isolates and genetic assignment into the BVDV-1b subgenotype is not representative of antigenic relatedness. This is demonstrated by BVDV-1b isolates (2280N, SNc, Illc, MSU, and 2337) observed to be as antigenically dissimilar as BVDV-2a isolates when using BVDV-1b antisera. Additionally, when BVDV-1a vaccine antisera was used for comparisons, a greater percentage of BVDV-1b isolates clustered with BVDV-1a vaccine strains as part of PC1, suggesting antigenic relatedness and potentially partial protection. Collectively, data from this study would suggest that while most BVDV-1b isolates are antigenically similar, there are antigenically dissimilar BVDV-1b isolates as determined by the lack of cross-reactivity, which may contribute to the lack of protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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11 pages, 1491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Infection of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Commercial Pigs from Birth to Market: A Longitudinal Study

by Alexandra C. Buckley, Juan-Carlos Mora-Díaz, Ronaldo L. Magtoto, Amberly Van Hulzen, Franco Matias Ferreyra, Shollie M. Falkenberg, Luis G. Giménez-Lirola and Bailey L. Arruda

Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081767 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective [...] Read more.

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective of this research was to perform a longitudinal study following two cohorts of pigs, those born in litters with pigs exhibiting CT and those born in litters without CT, to analyze the virus and antibody dynamics of APPV infection in serum from birth to market. There was a wide range in the percentage of affected pigs (8–75%) within CT-positive litters. After co-mingling with CT-positive litters at weaning, pigs from CT-negative litters developed viremia that was cleared after approximately 2 months, with the majority seroconverting by the end of the study. In contrast, a greater percentage of pigs exhibiting CT remained PCR positive throughout the growing phase, with less than one-third of these animals seroconverting. APPV RNA was present in multiple tissues from pigs in both groups at the time of marketing. This study improved our understanding of the infection dynamics of APPV in swine and the impact that the immune status and timing of infection have on the persistence of APPV in serum and tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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13 pages, 4348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure of Bovine CD46 Ectodomain

by Hazel Aitkenhead, David I. Stuart and Kamel El Omari

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071424 - 23 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2020

Abstract

CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, [...] Read more.

CD46, or membrane cofactor protein, is a type-one transmembrane protein from the complement regulatory protein family. Alongside its role in complement activation, CD46 is involved in many other processes, from T-cell activation to reproduction. It is also referred to as a pathogen magnet, because it is used as a receptor by multiple bacteria and viruses. Bovine CD46 (bovCD46) in particular is involved in bovine viral diarrhoea virus entry, an economically important disease in cattle industries. This study presents the X-ray crystallographic structure of the extracellular region of bovCD46, revealing a four-short-consensus-repeat (SCR) structure similar to that in human CD46. SCR1-3 are arranged linearly, while SCR 4 has a reduced interface angle, resulting in a hockey stick-like appearance. The structure also reveals the bovine viral diarrhoea virus interaction site in SCR1, which is likely to confer pestivirus specificity for their target host, CD46. Insights gained from the structural information on pestivirus receptors, such as CD46, could offer valuable guidance for future control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pestivirus 2024)

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