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Veterinary Sciences
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The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
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The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 26784

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Simon Graham

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
Interests: porcine reproductive and respiratory viruses; classical swine fever viruses; henipaviruses; immunity; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Elma Tchilian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
Interests: swine influenza; heterosubtypic immunity; tissue-resident memory cells; microbiota

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pig production is one of the fastest growing livestock sectors. The drive to satisfy the increasing demand for affordable animal proteins has resulted in significant changes to the traditional agricultural practices. Intensification of pig production, urbanisation, and increasing ease of travel and transport, have led to an increase in formerly uncommon diseases and to the emergence of new diseases. In addition, under these modern production systems, respiratory diseases frequently manifest as a disease complex, commonly referred to as the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). The PRDC is responsible for major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The PRDC is multifactorial, involving environmental, nutrition, and management determinants and, often, mixed infections with different pathogens. For example, infection with viruses, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza viruses, alone or in combination, may lead to pneumonia caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma hyopneumonia, and Streptococcus suis. However, there is still much to be learnt about the interactions between these pathogens and their role in the co-pathogenesis of PRDC. In this Special Issue, we will explore our understanding of the PDRC and the contribution of individual pathogens. We will highlight the ongoing efforts to improve the control of these pathogens and thus reduce the severe economic losses associated with the PDRC.

Dr. Simon Graham
Dr. Elma Tchilian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Diagnostics
  • Control
  • Vaccines

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1300 KiB  
Article
Mortality Patterns in a Commercial Wean-To Finish Swine Production System
by Samantha Mehling, Alexandra Henao-Diaz, Jeremy Maurer, Ed Kluber, Rachel Stika, Christopher Rademacher, Jeff Zimmerman, Luis Giménez-Lirola, Chong Wang, Derald J. Holtkamp, Rodger Main, Locke Karriker, Daniel C L Linhares, Mary Breuer, Christa Goodell and David Baum
Vet. Sci. 2019, 6(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6020049 - 29 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5639
Abstract
Modern commercial pig production is a complex process that requires successful producers to understand and resolve factors associated with perturbations in production. One important perturbation is inventory loss due to mortality. In this study, data on 60 lots of approximately 2000 weaned pigs [...] Read more.
Modern commercial pig production is a complex process that requires successful producers to understand and resolve factors associated with perturbations in production. One important perturbation is inventory loss due to mortality. In this study, data on 60 lots of approximately 2000 weaned pigs (n = 115,213) from one commercial production system were collected through the wean-to-finish (WTF) cycle with the objective of establishing patterns of mortality, estimating differences in profit/loss among patterns of mortality, and identifying production practices associated with mortality patterns. Information provided by the production system included the number of pigs in each lot at the time of placement (beginning inventory), weaning weight, barn dimensions, number of dead pigs (NDP) daily, capacity placed (proportion pigs actually placed versus what had been planned to be placed) and average weight sold. Analysis of NDP revealed three mortality patterns (clusters I, II, III) composed of 6, 40, and 14 lots, respectively, that differed in the temporal onset and/or level of mortality. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated by growth phase for each cluster. An economic model showed profit differences among clusters due to poor biological performance by clusters I and III in the late finishing phase. Cluster II (n = 40) had fewer dead pigs and the highest profit compared to clusters I (n = 6) and III (n = 14). Area per pig (stocking density) was the only factor associated with the differences in mortality patterns. Routine monitoring and the analysis of mortality patterns for associations with production and management factors can help swine producers improve biological performance and improve profit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex)
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Review

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26 pages, 3100 KiB  
Review
Cellular Innate Immunity against PRRSV and Swine Influenza Viruses
by Elisa Crisci, Lorenzo Fraile and Maria Montoya
Vet. Sci. 2019, 6(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6010026 - 11 Mar 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 11510
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in [...] Read more.
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a polymicrobial syndrome that results from a combination of infectious agents, such as environmental stressors, population size, management strategies, age, and genetics. PRDC results in reduced performance as well as increased mortality rates and production costs in the pig industry worldwide. This review focuses on the interactions of two enveloped RNA viruses—porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SwIV)—as major etiological agents that contribute to PRDC within the porcine cellular innate immunity during infection. The innate immune system of the porcine lung includes alveolar and parenchymal/interstitial macrophages, neutrophils (PMN), conventional dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC, natural killer cells, and γδ T cells, thus the in vitro and in vivo interactions between those cells and PRRSV and SwIV are reviewed. Likewise, the few studies regarding PRRSV-SwIV co-infection are illustrated together with the different modulation mechanisms that are induced by the two viruses. Alterations in responses by natural killer (NK), PMN, or γδ T cells have not received much attention within the scientific community as their counterpart antigen-presenting cells and there are numerous gaps in the knowledge regarding the role of those cells in both infections. This review will help in paving the way for future directions in PRRSV and SwIV research and enhancing the understanding of the innate mechanisms that are involved during infection with these viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex)
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12 pages, 1520 KiB  
Review
Challenges for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Vaccine Design: Reviewing Virus Glycoprotein Interactions with CD163 and Targets of Virus Neutralization
by Ana M. M. Stoian and Raymond R. R. Rowland
Vet. Sci. 2019, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6010009 - 17 Jan 2019
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7674
Abstract
One of the main participants associated with the onset and maintenance of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) syndrome is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus that has plagued the swine industry for 30 years. The development of effective [...] Read more.
One of the main participants associated with the onset and maintenance of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) syndrome is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus that has plagued the swine industry for 30 years. The development of effective PRRS vaccines, which deviate from live virus designs, would be an important step towards the control of PRRS. Potential vaccine antigens are found in the five surface proteins of the virus, which form covalent and multiple noncovalent interactions and possess hypervariable epitopes. Consequences of this complex surface structure include antigenic variability and escape from immunity, thus presenting challenges in the development of new vaccines capable of generating broadly sterilizing immunity. One potential vaccine target is the induction of antibody that disrupts the interaction between the macrophage CD163 receptor and the GP2, GP3, and GP4 heterotrimer that protrudes from the surface of the virion. Studies to understand this interaction by mapping mutations that appear following the escape of virus from neutralizing antibody identify the ectodomain regions of GP5 and M as important immune sites. As a target for antibody, GP5 possesses a conserved epitope flanked by N-glycosylation sites and hypervariable regions, a pattern of conserved epitopes shared by other viruses. Resolving this apparent conundrum is needed to advance PRRS vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex)
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