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Veterinary Sciences
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Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and...
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Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 December 2025 | Viewed by 4987

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jun Ji

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
Interests: animal virology; animal immunology; oncology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qingmei Xie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Interests: animal nutrition and immunization; animal husbandry and production; poultry science; avian diseases; livestock
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral infectious diseases have been a continual concern for the poultry industry. In recent years, a number of viruses have been identified in the global poultry population and in wild birds. These viruses can mainly be categorized into two groups: (1) emerging novel avian viruses, such as Astroviruses Causing Fatal Gout in goslings, chicken circovirus, and diverse Avian Gyrovirus, which has been found for the first time in poultry, and (2) widely prevalent and harmful avian viruses, such as Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus, Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Fowl Adenovirus, and Avian Hepatitis E. Both have caused great economic loss worldwide, and so the prevention and control of the spread of these viruses must be core strategies to combat the relevant diseases.

The objective of this Special Issue is to combine synergies that could disclose unanswered questions and knowledge into novel detection methods for poultry viruses, novel epidemic and evolution characteristics, genotyping, and transmission patterns of poultry viruses on a global scale.

We propose a Special Issue entitled "Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition", where the aim is to report recent progress and challenges in this area and to inspire new strategies. It is hoped that this Special Issue will further stimulate collaboration between scientists engaged in all aspects of this field of research.

Dr. Jun Ji
Prof. Dr. Qingmei Xie
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • avian virus
  • detection
  • epidemiology
  • evolution
  • transmission

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 797 KB  
Communication
Determination of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Persistence Following a 2024 Backyard Poultry Outbreak in Romania
by Ionica Iancu, Florica Bărbuceanu, Emil Tîrziu, Corina Pascu, Luminița Costinar, Janos Degi, Corina Badea, Alexandru Gligor, Iulia Bucur, Sebastian Alexandru Popa, Maria Gurau and Viorel Herman
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100922 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 801
Abstract
In November 2024, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was confirmed in backyard poultry in Timiș County, Western Romania. The index cases involved chickens and domestic geese found dead with lesions characteristic of HPAI. Laboratory confirmation was achieved by real-time [...] Read more.
In November 2024, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was confirmed in backyard poultry in Timiș County, Western Romania. The index cases involved chickens and domestic geese found dead with lesions characteristic of HPAI. Laboratory confirmation was achieved by real-time RT-qPCR targeting the matrix, H5, and N1 genes, followed by virus isolation in embryonated specific-pathogen-free eggs. Sequencing of the hemagglutinin cleavage site revealed the multi-basic motif PLREKRRKR/GLFG, consistent with a highly pathogenic phenotype. To investigate potential viral persistence, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy selected backyard poultry (chickens, geese, ducks and pheasants). RNA extraction and RT-qPCR, performed using protocols validated by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, yielded negative results for all samples. Internal controls confirmed assay reliability, excluding the possibility of PCR inhibition. The investigation confirmed the occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in backyard poultry and demonstrated the absence of detectable viral persistence in surrounding flocks under the tested conditions. These findings highlight the importance of rapid molecular diagnostics, active surveillance, and strict biosecurity in limiting virus spread. Continued monitoring under the One Health framework is essential to mitigate the risk of avian influenza at the human–animal–environment interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition)
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Review

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27 pages, 3147 KB  
Review
Overcoming Challenges in Avian Influenza Diagnosis: The Role of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Poultry Health Monitoring
by Muhammad Farhan Qadir and Yukun Yang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(11), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111052 - 2 Nov 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnostics for influenza viruses are essential for preventing future epidemics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) presents a promising alternative to conventional techniques, offering a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive platform for influenza virus detection. It is a highly sensitive analytical technique [...] Read more.
Rapid and accurate diagnostics for influenza viruses are essential for preventing future epidemics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) presents a promising alternative to conventional techniques, offering a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive platform for influenza virus detection. It is a highly sensitive analytical technique that enables the detection of minute chemical substances through significant signal enhancement. It operates by illuminating a sample with a laser and analyzing the scattered light to generate a unique molecular Raman spectrum. The sensitivity of SERS is derived from its use of metal nanoparticles, which amplify the weak Raman signals, making it particularly effective for detecting low-concentration targets such as viruses. Avian influenza (AI) is a major threat to domestic poultry, leading to large-scale culling during outbreaks. It leads to economic losses globally and can also infect pigs and humans, potentially causing a pandemic. Migratory birds spread various strains, leading to the development of highly pathogenic viruses. Viral monitoring is crucial for prevention strategies and understanding the virus evolution. This review outlines the challenges in detecting AI virus in chickens and critically assesses the established and emerging diagnostic technologies, with a specific focus on the factors influencing detection and recent advances in SERS-based AI detection. Ultimately, this review aims to provide insights that will assist the influenza research community in developing novel strategies for monitoring and preventing AI outbreaks in chickens and mitigating zoonotic transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 790 KB  
Review
A Review of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Patterns and Risks Among Occupational Populations
by Huimin Li, Ruiqi Ren, Wenqing Bai, Zhaohe Li, Jiayi Zhang, Yao Liu, Rui Sun, Fei Wang, Dan Li, Chao Li, Guoqing Shi and Lei Zhou
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080704 - 28 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through [...] Read more.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal–human–environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global ‘One Health’ collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Evolution Analysis of Virus Infection in Poultry and Wild Birds—2nd Edition)
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