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Symmetry
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Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles
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Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Computer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 5266

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Moo-Yeon Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, beon-gil saha-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
Interests: heat transfer; green car; thermal management system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Internal combustion vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles (xEVs) owing to the depletion of fossil fuels and higher emissions of greenhouse gases. xEVs are considered a promising technology for sustainable transportation in the future because of their zero-carbon footprint, high efficiency, and low noise. In the last few decades, fully electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and grid integrated electric vehicles have gained popularity due to advances reported in this technology. Despite significant research development, there exist some barriers that need to be addressed to ensure the full reliability of xEVs in the transport sector. The present Special Issue proposes a platform for presenting the latest research results, research solutions to the existing barriers, and technological advancements as they pertain to xEVs.

This Special Issue is focused on the recent research advances in xEVs, and includes, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • Symmetrical/Asymmetrical design (including thermal, fluid flow, electrical, and structural aspects) for xEVs;
  • Thermal modeling and fluid flow analysis for xEVs;
  • Structural analysis for xEVs;
  • Thermal management of electric motors in xEVs;
  • Battery thermal management system for xEVs;
  • Efficient HVAC system for xEVs;
  • Power electronics (LEDs, inverters, converters, etc.) for xEVs;
  • Experimental, numerical, and analytical studies on xEVs;
  • Intelligent systems and algorithms for xEVs;
  • Optimization techniques for xEVs;
  • Energy management systems for xEVs;
  • Energy storage systems for xEVs;
  • Symmetry and asymmetry analysis for xEVs;
  • State-of-the-art reviews on xEVs.

Prof. Dr. Moo-Yeon Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicles (xEVs)
  • electric motor
  • battery
  • power electronics
  • HVAC
  • thermal management
  • energy management
  • energy storage
  • optimization
  • heating
  • cooling
  • symmetry
  • asymmetry

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 5411 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Hybrid Direct–Indirect Oil Cooling System for Electric Motors
by Jung-Su Park, Le Duc Tai and Moo-Yeon Lee
Symmetry 2025, 17(5), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050760 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 180
Abstract
Direct liquid cooling technology has the potential to enhance the thermal management performance of electric motors with continuously increasing energy density. However, direct liquid cooling technology has practical limitations for full-scale commercialization. In addition, the conventionally used indirect liquid cooling imposes higher thermal [...] Read more.
Direct liquid cooling technology has the potential to enhance the thermal management performance of electric motors with continuously increasing energy density. However, direct liquid cooling technology has practical limitations for full-scale commercialization. In addition, the conventionally used indirect liquid cooling imposes higher thermal resistance to cope with the increased thermal management performance of high power density electric motors. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid direct–indirect oil cooling system as a next-generation cooling strategy for the enhanced thermal management of high power density electric motors. The heat transfer characteristics, including maximum winding, stator and motor housing temperatures, heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, pressure drop, and performance evaluation criteria (PEC), are investigated for different spray hole diameters, coolant oil volume flow rates, and motor heat loss levels. The computational model was validated with experimental results within a 5% error developed to evaluate heat transfer characteristics. The results show that spray hole diameter significantly influences cooling performance, with a larger diameter (1.7 mm) reducing hydraulic resistance while causing a slight increase in motor temperatures. The coolant oil volume flow rate has a major impact on heat dissipation, with an increase from 10 to 20 L/minute (LPM) reducing winding, stator, and housing temperatures by 22.05%, 22.70% and 24.02%, respectively. However, higher flow rates also resulted in an increased pressure drop, emphasizing the importance of the selection of a suitable volume flow rate based on the trade-off between cooling performance and energy consumption. Despite the increase in motor heat loss level from 2.6 kW to 8 kW, the hybrid direct–indirect oil cooling system effectively maintained all motor component temperatures below the critical threshold of 180 °C, confirming its suitability for high-performance electric motors. These findings contribute to the development and commercialization of the proposed next-generation cooling strategy for high power density electric motors for ensuring thermal stability and operational efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)
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13 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Heat Flow Characteristics of Ferrofluid in Magnetic Field Patterns for Electric Vehicle Power Electronics Cooling
by Seong-Guk Hwang, Kunal Sandip Garud, Jae-Hyeong Seo and Moo-Yeon Lee
Symmetry 2022, 14(5), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14051063 - 22 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4265
Abstract
The ferrofluid is a kind of nanofluid that has magnetization properties in addition to excellent thermophysical properties, which has resulted in an effective performance trend in cooling applications. In the present study, experiments are conducted to investigate the heat flow characteristics of ferrofluid [...] Read more.
The ferrofluid is a kind of nanofluid that has magnetization properties in addition to excellent thermophysical properties, which has resulted in an effective performance trend in cooling applications. In the present study, experiments are conducted to investigate the heat flow characteristics of ferrofluid based on thermomagnetic convection under the influence of different magnetic field patterns. The temperature and heat dissipation characteristics are compared for ferrofluid under the influence of no-magnet, I, L, and T magnetic field patterns. The results reveal that the heat gets accumulated within ferrofluid near the heating part in the case of no magnet, whereas the heat flows through ferrofluid under the influence of different magnetic field patterns without any external force. Owing to the thermomagnetic convection characteristic of ferrofluid, the heat dissipates from the heating block and reaches the cooling block by following the path of the I magnetic field pattern. However, in the case of the L and T magnetic field patterns, the thermomagnetic convection characteristic of ferrofluid drives the heat from the heating block to the endpoint location of the pattern instead of the cooling block. The asymmetrical heat dissipation in the case of the L magnetic field pattern and the symmetrical heat dissipation in the case of the T magnetic field pattern are observed following the magnetization path of ferrofluid in the respective cases. The results confirm that the direction of heat flow could be controlled based on the type of magnetic field pattern and its path by utilizing the thermomagnetic behavior of ferrofluid. The proposed lab-scale experimental set-up and results database could be utilized to design an automatic energy transport system for the cooling of power conversion devices in electric vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)
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