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Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Tourism, Culture, and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2023) | Viewed by 25960

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tai-Yi Yu

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Guest Editor

Department of Risk Management, Ming Chuan University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
Interests: sustainable tourism; pro-environmental behavior; sustainable education
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Nae-Wen Kuo

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Guest Editor

Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Interests: life cycle assessment; sustainable tourism; ecotourism; environmental management and sustainable development

Prof. Dr. Mei-Lan Lin

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Guest Editor

Department of Hospitality Management, Business School, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710301, Taiwan
Interests: social innovation; social entrepreneurship; sustainable hospitality; university social responsibility

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The technological development of tourism may increase customer satisfaction, provide a competitive advantage and protect the environment in a COVID-19 era. Many tourism industries have gradually developed more product and service innovations. Smart tourism, the combination of information communication technology and smart purpose, may highlight the applications of smart phones, social media and the Internet of Things. Social media marketing may provide assistance in understanding customer needs in tourism but also promote brand commitment. The understanding of tourists, residents, and tourism operators for sustainable tourism in a post COVID-19 era should be deepened to provide a contribution to local social culture, the economy, and the environment. Therefore, exploring the challenges and opportunities that the tourism industry will face in a post-COVID-19 era are crucial concerns regarding current trends and future outlooks for this industry.

Therefore, we invite both theoretical and empirical studies covering a wide range of multidisciplinary aspects regarding the challenges and opportunities of the tourism sector in a post-COVID-19 era. In particular, selected topics and keywords include but are not limited to:

Hospitality, tourism and the impact of COVID-19;
Risk awareness, perceived risk and risk perception related to tourism/hospitality in a post-COVID-19 era;
Consumer behaviour related to tourism/hospitality in a post-COVID-19 era;
Sustainable tourism in a post-COVID-19 era;
Management strategies and policies in tourism;
Marketing strategies in tourism in a post-COVID-19 Era;
Practical implications and theoretical aspects related to tourism/hospitality in a post-COVID-19 era.

Prof. Dr. Tai-Yi Yu
Prof. Dr. Nae-Wen Kuo
Prof. Dr. Mei-Lan Lin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

pro-environmental behaviour
sustainable tourism
consumer behaviour
risk awareness
perceived risk
risk perception
management strategies in tourism/hospitality
practical implication
academic theory
Post-COVID-19 era
Ecotourism model system
smart tourism
technology
e-tourism
tourism experience

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Tourism and Sustainability: The Paiva Walkways Case in the Post-Pandemic Period (Portugal)

by Eduardo Cândido Cordeiro Gonçalves, Ricardo Jorge da Costa Guerra and Vítor Manuel Pinto de Figueiredo

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13969; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813969 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Sustainability in tourism is a goal and a path that must take into account the needs of visitors, the tourism sector, and communities, as well as the environmental, economic, and social impacts now and in the future. Sustainable tourism must make appropriate use of its territory and natural resources. The green tourism attraction of walkways is becoming very popular worldwide and needs to be studied, particularly in Portugal. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has profoundly changed consumers’ relationships with tourism. This scientific paper, which has a markedly theoretical and exploratory character, examines the concept of green tourism, highlighting its distinctive characteristics, the environmental and socioeconomic benefits associated with this approach, and strategies for its successful implementation. It also discusses case studies of destinations, worldwide and in Portugal, that have adopted green tourism as an effective strategy for sustainable tourism development. The main conclusions explain that the walkways function as a sustainable tourism system in their economic, sociocultural, and environmental aspects, with a profound impact on the surrounding are, and the Paiva Walkways correspond to the best sustainability practices in terms of green tourism, promoting the participation and involvement of communities in their activities, creating public–private partnerships that add value and share the same values of sustainability, as well as seeking environmental certifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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15 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Intention of Shanghai Residents to Travel Abroad in the Post-Pandemic Era Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

by Anan Hu, Houqi Li, Jinyuan Pang and Huanfei Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 12050; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512050 - 7 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 970

Abstract

This study has adopted the theory of planned behavior as a framework to examine the relationship among subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived policy orientation, perceived pandemic response capabilities, attitudes, and behavioral intentions towards outbound travel in a post-pandemic society. Specifically, a total of 895 valid questionnaires were employed to test the 9 hypotheses proposed in this study. The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis show that subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived policy orientation positively impact residents’ intention to travel abroad. Furthermore, attitude partially mediates the relationship between subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived policy orientation, and residents’ intention to travel abroad. However, the study indicates that the impact of perceived pandemic response capabilities on residents’ intention to travel abroad is not significant. This study’s conclusions emphasize that external policy factors can significantly influence tourists’ intention to travel abroad, contributing to the theoretical research on consumer outbound tourism behavior. Moreover, the study provides important implications for the policy formulation of outbound tourism enterprises and destination governments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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18 pages, 3461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Tourism in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Investigating the Effect of Green Practices on Hotels Attributes and Customer Preferences in Budapest, Hungary

by Mahmoud Alreahi, Zoltán Bujdosó, Zoltán Lakner, Laszlo Pataki, Kai Zhu, Lóránt Dénes Dávid and Moaaz Kabil

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11859; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511859 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

Environmental practices have become an important matter in all aspects of life and industries, especially in the post-COVID-19 era. However, these practices continue to face many criticisms about their seriousness and effectiveness. In this context, this study aims to analyze the relationship between adopting green practices in hotels on one side and hotel image, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty on the other side, considering the star-level rating system of the hotels and the hotel operating categories (chain or independent). This study depended on a sample of 235 hotels in the Hungarian capital of Budapest. Several analytical methods were used to achieve the study aim, including descriptive statistics, t-test, arithmetic averages comparison, text mining, NLP, and sentiment analysis. This study revealed that: (I) The higher the hotel star rank, the better the reviews and valuation factors. (II) Hotels that operate in chains show more attention to environmental practices. (III) Customers are more loyal to and satisfied with green hotels, and this increases as the hotel’s star rating increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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15 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Audience Psychological Effects of “Cloud Tourism” Based on Webcast: A New Mechanism for Sustainable Development in the Tourism

by Kedi Gong, Lu Tian, Junyi Wu, Ziming Luo and Quanhong Xu

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129728 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1085

Abstract

In recent years, ”cloud tourism” has developed rapidly and has gained a wide audience, gradually becoming a new operation form of sustainable development in tourism. However, research on the audience perception, psychological needs, and behavior in this area is still in its infancy. Taking the tourism webcast on the Chinese Weibo platform as an example, this paper constructs a cognitive-emotional model of Chinese tourists’ “cloud tourism” and explores the impact mechanism of “cloud tourism” on audience behavioral willingness by drawing on the “cognitive-emotional” theory combined with text analysis and grounded theory. The findings suggest that “cloud tourism” can satisfy the audience’s cognitive needs to a certain extent, but the experiential nature of tourism is far from sufficient, and it is difficult to realize the essence of tourism. In the future, “cloud tourism” still needs to continuously exert positive effects, becoming a visual presentation of traditional tourism and a novel operation form of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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18 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pastoralism and Tourism in Eastern Africa—Quantitative Analysis from 2004 to 2018

by Zsuzsanna Bacsi, Mesfin Bekele Gebbisa, Lóránt Dénes Dávid and Zsolt Hollósy

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129723 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1420

Abstract

Eastern Africa is a relatively dry area, with a considerable pastoralist population, which is among the poorest segments of society. Pastoralism is a form of subsistence lifestyle, and while pastoralists produce a large proportion of the region’s livestock products, they are not covered well by statistical recording. Pastoralists are experts in keeping livestock in arid rangelands, but they often suffer from land alienation, environmental degradation, and conflict with other land use intentions. The semiarid rangelands in Eastern Africa are home to spectacular savanna wildlife populations, attracting substantial conservation and tourism revenues. Estimations indicate that pastoralism generates significant economic values in the national income due to livestock production and maintenance of tourism attractions. To assess this contribution, the concept of total economic valuation (TEV) is applied. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the contribution of pastoralism to the tourism-related GDP of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, where considerable numbers of pastoralists live. Because of the lack of statistical data on pastoralism, the second objective is to construct a database of indicators that measure the extent of pastoralism for these countries for 2004, 2014, and 2018. The methodology includes the construction of the above database using secondary sources, and then to apply correlation and regression analysis on this database and the economic and tourism performance data series of the studied four countries. The results of the analysis showed that the extent of pastoralism is positively related to GDP and to value added by tourism and agriculture, and international tourism receipts are positively related to pastoralism’s contribution to GDP. The tourism competitiveness index (TTCI) was found to be negatively related to the size of the pastoralism sector. The policy implications of our findings are that pastoralist societies are increasingly important not only for their marketed economic output, but for their services provided to tourism and to the environment; therefore, instead of neglecting them, they should be more in the focus of development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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19 pages, 3922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outbound, Inbound and Domestic Tourism in the Post-COVID-19 Era in OECD Countries

by Moslem Ansarinasab and Sayed Saghaian

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129412 - 12 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2548

Abstract

The relationship between COVID-19 and the tourism industry has important lessons for the post-pandemic period. The tourism industry is undergoing major changes after the pandemic. Analyzing the impact of tourism on the spread of coronavirus around the world may help us to understand how it could be a catalyst for spreading epidemics. To investigate the impact of the tourism industry on the spread of coronavirus, tourism data, as well as cases of coronavirus in the year 2020–2021, were used for OECD countries. The quantile regression method was used to estimate the effects of different types of tourism on the spread of coronavirus. The results showed that, in the first season of 2020, all types of tourists had an impact on the spread of the coronavirus. However, until the end of 2020, only outbound tourism had a significant impact on total deaths caused by the coronavirus, and in 2021, the tourism industry did not have any significant effect on the total deaths caused by the coronavirus. The findings of this article show that prior preparedness, comprehensive guidelines and roadmaps, and the establishment of international travel monitoring agencies are required to assess global constraints in critical situations. Advanced systems for controlling domestic travel in a country at a time of contagious diseases are essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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23 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Behavior in the Post-COVID-19 Era: The Impact of Perceived Interactivity on Behavioral Intention in the Context of Virtual Conferences

by Souha Al-Geitany, Hasan Yousef Aljuhmani, Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Elsie Nasr

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118600 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3900

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of perceived interactivity on behavioral intention in the context of virtual conferences in the post-COVID-19 era. With academic conferences moving exclusively online due to the pandemic, there is a gap in the literature regarding attendees’ attitudes and perceived benefits regarding these events. This study developed the technology acceptance model (TAM) by treating perceived conference interactivity as the antecedent construct of the TAM. The moderating role of self-congruity and the mediating effect of perceived quality were also studied to understand the behavioral intention of attending future virtual conferences. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), a sample of 327 academic staff members in Lebanon was analyzed. Our study found that perceived interactivity and quality both positively influenced behavioral intentions. Additionally, perceived interactivity was positively associated with the perceived quality of virtual conferences, and self-congruity further strengthened this relationship. Our study also revealed that perceived quality mediates the relationship between perceived interactivity and behavioral intention to attend future virtual conferences. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining the impact of perceived interactivity and quality on behavioral intention toward virtual conferences in the post-COVID-19 era. Our findings provide insights into consumer behavior at virtual conferences and can contribute to the development of the TAM via an exploration of its applicability in the context of online events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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16 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tourists’ Motives for Visiting Historic Conservation Areas in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Case Study of Kuanzhai Alley in Chengdu, China

by Xiangting He, Tongguang Zang, Bingyu Sun and Konomi Ikebe

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3130; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043130 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

Much current discussion about the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health focuses on urban green space and rarely on historic conservation areas (HCAs). With the pandemic’s lasting influence and advances in medical technology, people’s mental health needs and attitudes toward epidemic prevention changed, and the importance of HCAs has received great attention. This study aims to explore the positive impact of heritage tourism on mental recovery under the influence of the pandemic. The Kuanzhai Alley HCA was selected as the location for the field survey and in-depth interviews. A total of 48 respondents were recruited for the semi-structured interviews, and qualitative data were analyzed through MAXQDA 2020, and the motives and mental feedback of tourists visiting Kuanzhai Alley were summarized. The results showed that there is great landscape integrity and continuity in the area. During the pandemic, the inclusive cultural atmosphere, human-based spatial scale, and cultural activities in the form of intangible heritage, such as Sichuan opera and live-action role-playing (LARP), had significant effects on eliminating loneliness, relieving anxiety, and improving happiness. The study results are expected to provide reference and guidance for current and future management of heritage tourism, social well-being, and a sustainable cultural economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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19 pages, 1814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responding to Tourists’ Intentions to Revisit Medical Destinations in the Post-COVID-19 Era through the Promotion of Their Clinical Trust and Well-Being

by Muhammad N. Abdul-Rahman, Thowayeb H. Hassan, Ahmed H. Abdou, Mostafa A. Abdelmoaty, Mahmoud I. Saleh and Amany E. Salem

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032399 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2526

Abstract

The cross-border medical-care industry has recently grown exponentially, and medical-tourism development has been an integral part of the marketing strategies of medical institutions. However, having a successful medical-tourism destination that best attracts customers might be difficult to attain, particularly in the context of scarce relevant literature. Participants’ intentions to revisit a medical-tourism destination is better guided by the interplay of several factors, particularly clinical trust and well-being. The current study aimed to assess the impact of clinical trust and well-being on patients’ intentions to revisit a destination through an online survey on a sample of patients who visited three medical-tourism institutions in Egypt. We investigated also a possible mediation relationship of three institutional variables, including the infrastructure, service quality and the provision of bearable expenses within the hypothesized framework. A structured survey was distributed to medical tourists who visited international medical centers in Cairo city and Red Sea resorts. A partial-least-squares structural-equation-modelling technique was used to validate the used constructs. Results showed that participants’ intention to revisit the destination was significantly predicted by the affordable expenses, medical tourism infrastructure, clinical trust and well-being, but not predicted by service quality. Participants’ well-being fully mediated the relationship between service quality and the intentions to revisit, whereas clinical trust and well-being partially mediated the relationship between the affordable expenses and psychological intentions. Decision makers in the medical-tourism sector might benefit from enhancing tourists’ behavioral intentions via improving patients’ well-being and enhancing clinical trust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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16 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Residents’ Perspectives of Tourism Opposition in US Counties with the Highest Historical Numbers of Reported COVID-19 Cases

by Emrullah Erul, Kyle Maurice Woosnam and Tara J. Denley

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16382; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416382 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1329

Abstract

This work tests an extended theory of planned behavior model to examine residents’ behavioral intent to oppose tourism living in densely populated US counties with historically high rates of COVID-19 cases. The addition of three constructs serves as antecedents to the traditional theory of planned behavior constructs. Results revealed that passive and active opposition explained 67% of the variance in behavioral intent to oppose tourism. Of the proposed model hypotheses, 14 of the 15 were supported with oppositional attitudes toward tourism, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control explaining 78% and 68% of the variance in passive and active behavioral intent, respectively. This paper contributes several theoretical implications (e.g., to ascertain residents’ opposition to tourism in the context of COVID-19, the current study employed TPB constructs and showed how TPB constructs effective predictors of residents’ intention to oppose tourism). The current study indicates that as the level of residents’ awareness of COVID-19 increases, they will have more negative attitudes, norms, opinions, and intentions toward tourism. Our findings will help inform destination marketing organizations in their efforts to navigate the best steps forward while balancing residents’ health and well-being with much-needed economic recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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15 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Religious Tourists’ Satisfaction with Services and Their Impacts on Spirituality in the Post-COVID-19 Era

by Thowayeb H. Hassan, Ahmed Hassan Abdou, Shaimaa Taha, Mostafa A. Abdelmoaty and Amany E. Salem

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013335 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

Islamic pilgrimage has social, political, and economic benefits, but there are major challenges in the management of large numbers of groups at one time. This spiritually healing journey is likely to be influenced by the overall experience and the quality of logistical services provided while performing the rituals. In the postpandemic period, challenges were more apparent in preventing the spread of infection while maintaining acceptable levels of spiritual atmosphere. Pilgrims’ characteristics might mediate or moderate the changes in spirituality based on individuals’ satisfaction with service quality. In the current study, we investigated the potential service quality predictors of spiritual satisfaction among Muslim pilgrims and investigated the potential mediators and/or moderators of such relationships. The results showed that higher spirituality satisfaction scores were independently associated with enhanced satisfaction with medical services, religious guidance, and the overall Hajj experience. These relationships were not mediated by any demographic characteristics. The Hajj experience significantly moderated the relationship between satisfaction with religious guidance and spirituality. It is recommended that the national authorities should ensure the highest levels of spiritual satisfaction via improving medical and guidance services to achieve the spiritual healing of pilgrims. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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14 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Influence of Perceived Epidemic Severity and Risk on Well-Being in Nature-Based Tourism—Taking China’s Post-1990 Generation as an Example

by Dan Wang, Hsi-Lin Liu and Ching-Cheng Shen

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11133; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811133 - 6 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1408

Abstract

The impacts of perceived risk (PR) and perceived severity (PS) on personal well-being (WB) during the COVID-19 epidemic have often been overlooked, especially in the context of China’s post-1990 generation. Therefore, this research intends to explore how members of the post-1990 generation obtain personal benefits through PR through the Attention Restoration Theory (ART). A total of 276 online questionnaires were collected by snowball sampling and analyzed in SPSS 21.0. This research found that PR, NC, and the ART are mediating variables which affect WB. The higher the PR, the more likely it is that the post-1990 generation will engage in nature tourism. These discoveries undoubtedly demonstrate a breakthrough in the theoretical gap, and provide a proposal for the sustainable development of China’s tourism industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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Review

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29 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessReview

Augmented Reality and Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis of New Technological Bets in the Post-COVID Era

by Paola Patricia Ariza-Colpas, Marlon Alberto Piñeres-Melo, Roberto Cesar Morales-Ortega, Andres-Felipe Rodriguez-Bonilla, Shariq Butt-Aziz, Sumera Naz, Leidys del Carmen Contreras-Chinchilla, Maribel Romero-Mestre and Ronald Alexander Vacca Ascanio

Sustainability 2023, 15(21), 15358; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115358 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

Tourism is a sector of high relevance worldwide, due to the multiple impacts it generates in local, regional, national, continental, and global economies, and it is a key generator of employment and provides sustenance to an innumerable number of people around the world. There have been many challenges at a global level to improve the user experience in a particular tourist place, where technology has played a highly relevant role in strengthening the conditions for tourists to achieve immersion in the culture, gastronomy, and recreation. The objective of this literature review is precisely to know and understand the key contributions that are currently being developed around the implementation of augmented reality as tourist technological support for user experiences. The literature on this topic is quite dispersed in specialized databases; therefore, it constitutes an opportunity to carry out a more detailed exploration of the topic. To address the different developments that have been carried out on tourism and augmented reality, an analysis was carried out based on the fusion of scientometric analysis and the metaphor of the Tree of Science, in which two relevant visions about the data were generated. The first focused on the different scientometric statistics regarding countries, authors, universities, or research or technological development centers that currently generate new applications based on augmented reality for tourism. The second focused on an evolutionary analysis based on the Tree of Science, analyzing the origins of the basic contributions of research and how it has evolved over time. This review indicates that the topic is currently valid and that it has been strengthened even more with the post-pandemic process, where many technological developments have been strengthened that allow people to enjoy tourist and cultural sites even without leaving home. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era)

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