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Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2023) | Viewed by 22622

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Barlin Orlando Olivares Campos

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Guest Editor

Program in Agronomy, Food, Forestry and Rural Development Engineering, University of Cordoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
Interests: smart-integrated disease management; sustainable land management; machine learning; agrometeorology; drought; soil quality; plant pathology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Miguel Araya-Alman

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Guest Editor

Department of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Curicó, Chile
Interests: precision agriculture; yield estimation; image analysis; geographic information systems (GIS); modelling; Smart-integrated disease management

Dr. Edgloris E. Marys

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Guest Editor

Plant Biotechnology and Virology Laboratory, Center for Microbiology and Cellular Biology, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), 20632 Caracas, Venezuela
Interests: virus diagnosis in tropical crops and disease management; genomics; molecular biological techniques; virology; PCR; virus-host interactions; plant pathology; biotechnology; emerging infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plant crop diseases have devastating consequences for agriculture, causing losses of up to 30% in some cases. Numerous scientists are currently working on improving resistance to crop diseases by advancing knowledge of the plant immune system, as well as on plant health, the latter encompassing the protection of plants and crops against deadly pests and diseases, the mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change on plant ecosystems, and the transformation of the agricultural sector to feed the world's growing population. In this sense, sustainability is at the heart of all efforts to improve plant health: fighting pests and diseases and increasing crop yields must be achieved without putting further pressure on the environment through the inappropriate use of chemicals. By avoiding the use of hazardous chemicals to combat pests and diseases, not only the environment is protected, but also pollinators, natural enemies of pests, beneficial organisms, and the people and animals that depend on the plants.

This special issue will focus on Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: the timely detection, characterization and identification of diseases and pests for a correct phytosanitary diagnosis, application of phytosanitary and regulatory measures that support sustainable and integrated management and/or control of diseases and pests. We welcome research, reviews and opinion articles with novel findings covering all related topics including (but not limited to): a) Optimization of techniques for detection and identification of pathogenic organisms; b) Integrated pest management in crops of interest, phytosanitary and regulatory measures that help prevent their spread and enable effective and economical control or management strategies; analysis of the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors that influence the generation of phytosanitary problems and epidemiological recognition of pests; c) management of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms to restore soil fertility and health; use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agrosystems; maintenance of native inoculum banks, soil regeneration and management of biological indicators. To this end, this special issue will also address demonstration models of precision agriculture based on hyperspectral vision sensors, drones, autonomous robots and artificial intelligence techniques such as machine learning and big data analytics. Finally, with our editorial work we aim to facilitate the transfer of the knowledge that scientist’s treasure, so that it can reach the broadest base of professionals in the agri-food sector.

Dr. Barlin Orlando Olivares Campos
Dr. Miguel Araya-Alman
Dr. Edgloris E. Marys
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

bacteria
fungi
viruses
disease management
epidemiology
inoculum and disease epidemic monitoring
plant-insect-microbe interactions
plant resistance
disease surveillance tools
smart-integrated disease management
pest-risk modeling and decision aids

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 7780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peppers under Siege: Revealing the Prevalence of Viruses and Discovery of a Novel Potyvirus Species in Venezuela

by Eduardo Rodríguez-Román, Yrvin León, Yearlys Perez, Paola Amaya, Alexander Mejías, Jose Orlando Montilla, Rafael Ortega, Karla Zambrano, Barlin Orlando Olivares and Edgloris Marys

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014825 - 12 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1271

Abstract

Many plant virus outbreaks have been recorded in the last two decades, threatening food security around the world. During pepper production seasons in 2008, 2014, and 2022, virus outbreaks were reported from Lara (western) and Miranda (central) states in Venezuela. Three hundred seventy-three plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were collected and tested for virus infection through reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The most prevalent viruses during the 2008 surveys conducted in Lara were potato virus Y (PVY, 66.25%), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, 57.50%), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV, 35%), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV, 23.75%), and tobacco rattle virus (TRV, 17.50%). This survey revealed for the first time that pepper is a natural host of AMV and TRV in Venezuela. A further, divergent potyvirus isolate was also detected in 23.75% of pepper plants from Lara state. In 2014, a follow-up survey after virus outbreaks reported in Lara and Miranda states also detected this divergent potyvirus isolate in 21.68% of pepper plants, with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and PMMoV dominating the viral landscape (62.65 and 21.68% of tested plants, respectively). By comparison, the surveys revealed significant changes in viral community composition. The complete capsid protein (CP) sequence of the putative potyvirus was obtained from two pepper samples. According to the Potyvirus taxonomic criteria, these results suggest that the isolate represents a distinct virus species, for which we propose the name “pepper severe mottle virus” (PepSMoV). Virus outbreaks could be attributed to agricultural and environmental factors, such as climate change, the use of wastewater, the use of uncertified seeds, misuse of agricultural chemicals, transmission with food trade networks, and the development of new viral strains due to mutations and recombination and pathogen spillover. This study demonstrates the value of knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of viral species to recommend virus-resistant cultivars to replace susceptible ones, especially in virus hotspot areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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20 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cupressus sempervirens Essential Oil, Nanoemulsion, and Major Terpenes as Sustainable Green Pesticides against the Rice Weevil

by Abdulrhman A. Almadiy, Gomah E. Nenaah, Bader Z. Albogami, Dalia M. Shawer and Saeed Alasmari

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8021; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108021 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1430

Abstract

In order to find effective, biorational, and eco-friendly pest control tools, Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis essential oil (EO) was produced using hydrodistillation, before being analyzed with gas chromatography, specifically, using flame ionization detection. The monoterpene components α-pinene (46.3%), δ-3-carene (22.7%), and α-cedrol, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, (5.8%), were the main fractions. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion was obtained following a green protocol. The EO, its nanoemulsion, and its terpenes each exhibited both insecticidal and insect repellent activities against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. In a contact bioassay, the nanoemulsion induced a 100% adult mortality rate in a concentration of 10.0 µL/cm² after 4 days of treatment, whereas 40 µL/cm² of EO and α-cedrol was required to kill 100% of weevils. Using fumigation, nanoemulsion and EO at 10 µL/L air caused a 100% adult mortality rate after 4 days of treatment. The LC₅₀ values of botanicals ranged between 5.8 and 53.4 µL/cm² for contact, and between 4.1 and 19.6 µL/L for fumigation. The phytochemicals strongly repelled the weevil at concentrations between 0.11 and 0.88 µL/cm², as well as considerably inhibiting AChE bioactivity. They were found to be safe for earthworms (Eisenia fetida) at 200 mg/kg, which also caused no significant alteration in wheat grain viability. This study provides evidence for the potential of using the EO of C. sempervirens and its nanoemulsion as natural, eco-friendly grain protectants against S. oryzae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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24 pages, 5157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Time-Series Generative Adversarial Networks to Synthesize Sensing Data for Pest Incidence Forecasting on Sustainable Agriculture

by Chen-Yu Tai, Wun-Jhe Wang and Yueh-Min Huang

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7834; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107834 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2588

Abstract

A sufficient amount of data is crucial for high-performance and accurate trend prediction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to collect agricultural data over long periods of time; the consequence of such difficulty is datasets that are characterized by missing data. In this study we use a time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN) to synthesize multivariate agricultural sensing data and train RNN (Recurrent Neural Network), LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) neural network prediction models on the original and generated data to predict future pest populations. After our experiment, the data generated using TimeGAN and the original data have the smallest EC value in the GRU model, which is 9.86. The results show that the generative model effectively synthesizes multivariate agricultural sensing data and can be used to make up for the lack of actual data. The pest prediction model trained on synthetic data using time-series data generation yields results that are similar to that of the model trained on actual data. Accurate prediction of pest populations would represent a breakthrough in allowing for accurate and timely pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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12 pages, 924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of White Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Strawberry Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria

by Andrea Delgado, Marcia Toro, Miriam Memenza-Zegarra and Doris Zúñiga-Dávila

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 2901; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042901 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilting and white rot in several species such as strawberry. The overuse of agrochemicals has caused environmental pollution and plant resistance to phytopathogens. Inoculation of crops with beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and their metabolites is considered as an alternative to agrochemicals. B.halotolerans IcBac2.1 (BM) and Bacillus TrujBac2.32 (B), native from Peruvian soils, produce antifungal compounds and are plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). B. halotolerans IcBac2.1 and Bacillus TrujBac2 with or without G. intraradices mycorrhizal fungi (M) are capable of controlling S. sclerotiorum disease in strawberries. Inoculation of mycorrhiza alone decreases disease incidence as well. Treatments with chitosan (Ch), which is used to elicit plant defense responses against fungal pathogens, were used for comparison, as well as non-inoculated plants (C). Co-inoculation of mycorrhiza and bacteria increases plant shoot and root biomass. Our results show that the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and antifungal Bacillus are good biocontrols of S. sclerotiorum in strawberry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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15 pages, 2399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Resistance of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapevine with Different Rootstocks to Colomerus vitis

by Wenchao Shi, Wang He, Zhijun Zhang, Junli Sun, Chunmei Zhu, Zhiyu Liu, Yeqing Xu and Baolong Zhao

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215193 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1206

Abstract

In recent years, Colomerus vitis has caused serious economic losses due to reduced grape production in Xinjiang (northwest China). Several rootstock varieties have been reported to improve the resistance of Cabernet Sauvignon to Colomerus vitis. This study explored the influence of Cabernet Sauvignon with different rootstocks on the resistance to Colomerus vitis. In particular, Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Sauvignon (CS/CS) was selected as the control, and Cabernet Sauvignon grafted with five resistant rootstocks (3309C, 1103P, 140R, SO4, and 5C) was employed as the treatment. The infestation rate and injury index of Colomerus vitis to grapevines was investigated, and insect-resistant types of grapevines with different rootstocks were determined. The resveratrol (Res) content, the gene expression of resveratrol synthase (RS), and the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of each rootstock grapevine were measured. The activity of the four enzymes and the content of Res were negatively correlated with the injury index. The results revealed the ability of the rootstock to improve the resistance of grapevines to Colomerus vitis by increasing the enzyme activity or Res content. In particular, 140R, SO4, and 5C rootstocks can be employed as rootstocks of the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine with resistance to Colomerus vitis. The contents of Res and the four resistance enzymes studied here can be used as indexes to evaluate the insect resistance of rootstock–scion combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 2131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Plant Health System of Burundi: What It Is, Who Matters and Why

by Willis Ndeda Ochilo, Stefan Toepfer, Privat Ndayihanzamaso, Idah Mugambi, Janny Vos and Celestin Niyongere

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14293; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114293 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2069

Abstract

The concept of a plant health system (PHS) is mainly anchored on experiences from human health where varied sources of knowledge, expertise, and technology are combined to provide healthcare. While diverse human health systems have been proven, little is known about PHS and what is needed to base effective plant healthcare services. A stakeholder analysis was carried out in Burundi. The aim is to understand the system as it is presently and to identify constraints and opportunities. This paper reports on the process and results of this assessment. The initial step in this process was to define PHS and its functions and to evaluate stakeholders’ interests and influence. The first step was followed by examining stakeholders’ perceptions concerning the sustainability of interventions geared at strengthening PHS functions. The process included a document review and stakeholder workshops. After the stakeholders defined the PHS functions, they proceeded to identify valuable actors. The assessment process highlighted several key challenges, including inadequate skills to serve farmers and insufficient capacity to diagnose pests, as significant impediments to effective PHS performance. Based on the information marshalled here, seven broad interventions are proposed for practitioners to strengthen Burundi’s PHS rapidly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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18 pages, 4920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Banana Production Using Epidemiological Parameters of Black Sigatoka: An Application with Random Forest

by Barlin O. Olivares, Andrés Vega, María A. Rueda Calderón, Edilberto Montenegro-Gracia, Miguel Araya-Almán and Edgloris Marys

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14123; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114123 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Accurate predictions of crop production are critical to developing effective strategies at the farm level. Knowing banana production is due to the need to maximize the investment–profit ratio, and the availability of this information in advance allows decisions to be made about the management of important diseases. The objective of this study was to predict the number of banana bunches from epidemiological parameters of Black Sigatoka (BS), using random forests (RF) for its ability to predict crop production responses to epidemiological variables. Weekly production data (number of banana bunches) and epidemiological parameters of BS from three adjacent banana sites in Panama during 2015–2018 were used. RF was found to be very capable of predicting the number of banana bunches, with variance explained as 70.0% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1107.93 ± 22 of the mean banana bunches observed in the test case. The site, week, youngest leaf spotted and youngest leaf with symptoms in plants with 10 weeks of physiological age were found to be the best predictor group. Our results show that RF is an efficient and versatile machine learning method for banana production predictions based on epidemiological parameters of BS due to its high accuracy and precision, ease of use, and usefulness in data analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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16 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship of Microbial Activity with Soil Properties in Banana Plantations in Venezuela

by Barlin O. Olivares, Juan C. Rey, Guillermo Perichi and Deyanira Lobo

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13531; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013531 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1747

Abstract

The present work aims to analyze the relationship of microbial activity with the physicochemical properties of the soil in banana plantations in Venezuela. Six agricultural fields located in two of the main banana production areas of Venezuela were selected. The experimental sites were differentiated with two levels of productivity (high and low) of the “Gran Nain” banana. Ten variables were selected: total free-living nematodes (FLN), bacteriophages, predators, omnivores, Phytonematodes, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total organic carbon, nitrate (NO₃), microbial respiration and the variable other fungi. Subsequently, machine learning algorithms were used. First, the Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to find the soil properties that could distinguish the banana productivity levels. Second, the Debiased Sparse Partial Correlation (DSPC) algorithm was applied to obtain the correlation network of the most important variables. The variable free-living nematode predators had a degree of 3 and a betweenness of 4 in the correlation network, followed by NO₃. The network shows positive correlations between FLN predators and microbial respiration (r = 1.00; p = 0.014), and NO₃ (r = 1.00; p = 0.032). The selected variables are proposed to characterize the soil productivity in bananas and could be used for the management of soil diseases affecting bananas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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20 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Combined Application of Salicylic Acid and Proline on the Defense Response of Potato Tubers to Newly Emerging Soft Rot Bacteria (Lelliottia amnigena) Infection

by Richard Osei, Chengde Yang, Lijuan Wei, Mengjun Jin and Solomon Boamah

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148870 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

Potato soft rot, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Lelliottia amnigena (Enterobacter amnigenus), is a serious and widespread disease affecting global potato production. Both salicylic acid (SA) and proline (Pro) play important roles in enhancing potato tuber resistance to soft rot. However, the combined effects of SA and Pro on defense responses of potato tubers to L. amnigena infection remain unknown. Hence, the combined effects of SA and Pro in controlling newly emerging potato soft rot bacteria were investigated. Sterilized healthy potato tubers were pretreated with 1.5 mM SA and 2.0 mM Pro 24 h before an inoculation of 0.3 mL of L. amnigena suspension (3.69 × 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹). Rotting was noticed on the surfaces of the hole where the L. amnigena suspension was inoculated. Application of SA and Pro with L. amnigena lowered the activity of pectinase, protease, pectin lyase, and cellulase by 64.3, 77.8, 66.4 and 84.1%, and decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents by 77.2% and 83.8%, respectively, compared to the control. The activities of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxide, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, 4-coumaryl-CoA ligase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase were increased in the potato tubers with combined treatments by 91.4, 92.4, 91.8, 93.5, 94.9, 91.3, 96.2, 94.7 and 97.7%, respectively, compared to untreated stressed tubers. Six defense-related genes, pathogenesis-related protein, tyrosine-protein kinase, Chitinase-like protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, pathogenesis-related homeodomain protein, and serine protease inhibitor, were induced in SA + Pro treatment when compared with individual application of SA or Pro. This study indicates that the combined treatment of 1.5 mM SA and 2.0 mM Pro had a synergistic effect in controlling potato soft rot caused by a newly emerging bacterium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessReview

Foraging Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Asian Weaver Ants: Assessing Its Potential as Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Bagworms Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Oil Palm Plantations

by Moïse Pierre Exélis, Rosli Ramli, Rabha W. Ibrahim and Azarae Hj Idris

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010780 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4947

Abstract

The bagworm (Metisa plana) is a recurrent indigenous invasive defoliator in oil palm plantations. Moderate foliar injury can cost up to 40% yield loss and more for years. The main objective of this review is to disseminate published research demonstrating the versatile services that would benefit farmers by adopting the Asian weaver ant into their pest management agenda. Oecophylla smaragdina is a natural indigenous enemy applied as a successful biological control agent (BCA) and strong component of integrated pest management (IPM) against important damaging pest infestations of commercial crops in the Asia-Pacific region. Farmers facing invasion could benefit by introducing Oecophylla ants as a treatment. The foraging behavior and population dynamics of this species are poorly documented, and hence need further evaluation. Ants of the Oecophylla genus, while exhibiting an intrinsic obligate arboreal pattern, demonstrate additional lengthy diurnal ground activity. The absolute territorial characteristic via continuous surveillance is significantly valuable to maintain pest balance. The exploratory scheme of major workers over large territories is derived from their inner predation instinct. The insufficient understanding of the population dynamics of this weaver ant species diverges from the knowledge of underground species. However, population density estimations of weaver ants by direct nest visual recordings are practicable and viable. The abundance assessment of individual underground ant species colonies by excavation ends with their extinction, which is not a sustainable model for O. smaragdina. Mathematical model estimation by simulation could not resolve this issue, adding inaccuracy to the deficiency of experimental proof. Thus, long-term monitoring of the population dynamics in real time in the field is compulsory to obtain a valid dataset. Oecophylla colonies, with the criteria of population stability, individual profusion, and permanent daily patrol services, are eligible as a BCA and alternative IPM treatment. The last decades have witnessed the closing of the scientific applied research gap between Asian and African species in favor of O. longinoda with comprehensive novel findings. By introducing Oecophylla ants, two main goals are reached: easing the burden of management costs for injurious insects and ending the practice of applying highly toxic pesticides that are harmful to non-target taxa, thus promoting environmental restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Plants Protection: Implications for Pest and Disease Control)

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