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Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality
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Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Health, Well-Being and Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 12297

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hefeng Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Interests: pollution control technology; environmental management and policies; aviation emissions policy
Dr. Yunjing Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Interests: vehicle emissions control and regulation; life cycle assessment
Dr. Xinping Yang

E-Mail
Guest Editor
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Interests: exhaust and non-exhaust emissions; non-regulated emissions; atmospheric oxidation capacity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Transportation activities have emerged as the dominant sources of toxic air pollution. While the enforcement of stringent emissions standards has led to notable decreases in regulated gaseous emissions from vehicle exhausts, growing concern has arisen over newly emerging pollutants. These include (intermediate and semi-) volatile organic compounds, gaseous nitrous acid, ammonia, and ultrafine particulate matter from traffic-related emissions. Moreover, besides vehicle exhausts, evaporative and brake emissions from vehicles, as well as emissions from non-road mobile machinery, ships, aircraft, and other traffic sources, could all contribute to pollution emissions. Consequently, there is an urgent need to delve deeper into the emissions characteristics and effective control of more non-regulated toxic pollutants and more transportation source emission types, particularly in the dawn of the carbon neutrality era.

This Special Issue aims to provide novel insights into the emissions characteristics and control technologies of various traffic-related emissions for the sustainable improvement of air quality. Original articles on emissions characterization and preamble control technologies targeting both regulated and emerging pollutants from traffic-related emissions are eagerly appreciated. Furthermore, review articles on state-of-the-art advances in this domain are also highly encouraged.

Dr. Hefeng Zhang
Dr. Yunjing Wang
Dr. Xinping Yang
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • traffic-related emissions
  • exhaust and non-exhaust emissions
  • emerging pollutants
  • emissions characteristics
  • emissions inventory
  • environmental implications
  • control techniques
  • mobile source management policy

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 5386 KiB  
Article
Can Eco-Driving Evaluation Cross Cities? Data Localization and Behavioral Heterogeneity from Beijing to Toronto
by Leqi Zhang, Guohua Song, Zeyu Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhai, Junshi Xu, Pengfei Fan and Yan Ding
Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093957 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 143
Abstract
The framework of eco-driving evaluation relying on vehicle trajectory data is to quantify the disparities of the fuel consumption for individual driving behavior and to develop a baseline under various traffic conditions. The baseline represents the typical driving behavior in a city, and [...] Read more.
The framework of eco-driving evaluation relying on vehicle trajectory data is to quantify the disparities of the fuel consumption for individual driving behavior and to develop a baseline under various traffic conditions. The baseline represents the typical driving behavior in a city, and it is a pivotal parameter for eco-driving evaluation. The applicability of the evaluation method in different cities is overlooked, encompassing the suitability of parameters and the minimum data required. This study aims to investigate whether the evaluation baseline developed with sufficient data can be applied to a new city. The results reveal that the baseline developed in Beijing cannot be directly transferred to the eco-driving evaluation in Toronto due to the significantly more aggressive and competitive driving behavior exhibited by Toronto drivers. This study further examines the minimum data sample size necessary to develop a robust evaluation baseline and proposes a localized method to construct the evaluation system for eco-driving evaluation in different cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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20 pages, 6291 KiB  
Article
The Analysis of Exhaust Composition Serves as the Foundation of Sustainable Road Transport Development in the Context of Meeting Emission Standards
by Anna Kochanek, Józef Janczura, Sławomir Jurkowski, Tomasz Zacłona, Anna Gronba-Chyła and Paweł Kwaśnicki
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083420 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
The main objective of the research presented in this article was to analyze the composition of exhaust gases from passenger cars undergoing periodic inspections and to determine the influence of vehicle age, mileage and the applicable EURO emission standard on the level of [...] Read more.
The main objective of the research presented in this article was to analyze the composition of exhaust gases from passenger cars undergoing periodic inspections and to determine the influence of vehicle age, mileage and the applicable EURO emission standard on the level of emissions of individual components of exhaust gases and thus on the environment. The research was carried out at the District Vehicle Inspection Station in Nowy Sącz, using methods for analyzing the composition of exhaust gases and smoke opacity. The results obtained make it possible to assess whether exhaust emission diagnostics can form the basis for the implementation of a sustainable road transport policy. The study showed that older vehicles emit higher concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), and diesel cars manufactured before 2010 are characterized by increased smoke opacity. A reliable analysis of the emissions performance of vehicles on the road enables more effective measures to be taken to reduce emissions and improve air quality through regulation, the introduction of clean traffic zones and raising environmental awareness among drivers. This is especially important in regions with specific geographical conditions, such as the Nowy Sącz district, where the terrain—Nowy Sącz is located in a basin surrounded by mountain ranges—favors the accumulation of pollutants and hinders the natural air circulation, leading to the long-term persistence of smog. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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24 pages, 4613 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Aspects Regarding the Sustainable Conversion of Carwash Slurry as Coverage Admixture for Landfills
by Simona Elena Avram, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Gheorghe Borodi, Miuta Rafila Filip, Irina Ciotlaus and Ioan Petean
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072906 - 25 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 300
Abstract
Transport and vehicle traffic are closely connected with particulate matter (PM) pollution, inducing various fractions into the atmosphere, some of them forming significant deposits on the surface of the car. They are washed away during carwash-inducing slurries collecting the PM deposits, which are [...] Read more.
Transport and vehicle traffic are closely connected with particulate matter (PM) pollution, inducing various fractions into the atmosphere, some of them forming significant deposits on the surface of the car. They are washed away during carwash-inducing slurries collecting the PM deposits, which are characteristic of a large area. Crystalline PM matter was investigated by XRD coupled with polarized optical microscopy (POM). Organic matters were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and gas chromatography, GC-MS. Their microstructure and elemental composition were investigated by SEM-EDX. The crystalline features contain mainly quartz, calcite, and clay (muscovite and kaolinite) particles having traces of goethite and lepidocrocite. Slurry particle size distribution was established by sieving on the following meshes: 63 µm, 125 µm, 250 µm, 500 µm, 1000 µm, 2000 µm, and 4000 µm. Coarse fractions of 250–4000 μm are dominated by quartz and calcite particles. The quartz and calcite amount decreases with particle size, while the muscovite and kaolinite amount increases in the finest fractions of 0–125 μm. Organic matter was evidenced, firstly, by FTIR spectroscopy, revealing mostly CH2; C=O, and NH4 bonds that are more intense for the fine particulate fractions. The organic deposits form mainly amorphous crusts associated with micro- and nano-plastic particles related to the phthalates and traces of the washing detergents. Atomic Force Microscopy revealed their size range between 60 and 90 nm and evidenced nanoparticles within samples. The nanofractions adhere to the bigger particles in humid environments, assuring their immobilization to reduce their hazardous potential. Carwash slurry blending with fertile soil ensures proper grass seed germination and growth at mixtures of up to 60% slurry, allowing its sustainable reconversion as soil for landfill and dump rehabilitation, preventing the PM emission hazard. Blended compositions containing more than 60% slurry have noxious effects on the grass seeds, inhibiting their germination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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24 pages, 5344 KiB  
Article
Urban Traffic’s Influence on Noise and Particulate Matter Pollution
by Simona Elena Avram, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Gheorghe Borodi, Miuta Rafila Filip and Ioan Petean
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052077 - 27 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 512
Abstract
Noise level and atmospheric pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and combustion gases depend on car traffic. A highly circulated area in Cluj-Napoca City (Romania) was investigated based on sustainable principles. The noise level at the source was about 77 dB due to [...] Read more.
Noise level and atmospheric pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and combustion gases depend on car traffic. A highly circulated area in Cluj-Napoca City (Romania) was investigated based on sustainable principles. The noise level at the source was about 77 dB due to intense traffic of 214 units/10 min including cars, buses, trucks and pedestrians. It decreased slowly to 62 dB in the proximity of the first wall from the roadside (20 m distance) and significantly to about 50 dB beyond the buildings near the road (135 m from the source). The noise level was correlated with a high pollutant emission at the source: 25 µg/m3 (PM2.5), 45 µg/m3 (PM10) and 1.023 µg/m3 (total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)). The PM10 level decreased to 38 µg/m3, while PM2.5 remained at a high level at 22 µg/m3 and TVOC slightly decreased to 0.974 µg/m3 at the distance of 10 m from the road. The PM2.5 and PM10 levels decreased significantly to 5 µg/m3 (PM10) and 18 µg/m3 (PM2.5) at a distance of 135 m from the road, and the TVOC level also decreased significantly to about 0.705 µg/m3. The PM crystalline structure was investigated by XRD coupled with mineralogical microscopy. Microstructure and elemental composition were assessed via high-resolution SEM coupled with EDS spectroscopy. It was found that PM2.5 was dominated by the finest clay fraction (e.g., kaolinite and muscovite), while PM10 was dominated by quartz and calcite. A large amount of organic matter was found adsorbed onto the finest particles by FTIR spectroscopy. The correlation between PM emissions and sound intensity indicates that intense noise extended for a long time facilitates the ultra-structural PM fraction sustentation into the atmosphere. A large number of clay nanoparticles (kaolinite 40 nm and muscovite 60 nm) were detected by AFM in the samples collected at the noise source, becoming sparser at a distance of 135 m from the source. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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19 pages, 2414 KiB  
Article
Environmental and Health Benefits of Reducing Tyre Wear Emissions in Preparation for the New Euro 7 Standard
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Panagiota Dilara and Vicente Franco
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10919; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410919 - 12 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
Microplastics pollution is becoming a major environmental concern for air, soil, and water. The European Union (EU) Zero Pollution Action Plan targets to reduce microplastics release to the environment by 30% by 2030. Tyre wear is estimated to be the most important contributor [...] Read more.
Microplastics pollution is becoming a major environmental concern for air, soil, and water. The European Union (EU) Zero Pollution Action Plan targets to reduce microplastics release to the environment by 30% by 2030. Tyre wear is estimated to be the most important contributor to unintentionally released microplastics to the environment. For this reason, the new Euro 7 vehicle emission standard introduced placeholders for limiting tyre abrasion. In this study, we calculate the environmental pollution from tyres using as a basis a recent review on tyre wear emission factors. We also estimate the impact of reducing the average emission factors following the Euro 7 implementation dates. Additionally, we present the cost savings to the EU by such a reduction over a time horizon until 2050. Even though the final cost saving estimations come with some uncertainty due to lack of accurate and up-to-date emission factors, especially for heavy-duty vehicles, the introduction of tyre wear limits has a significant positive impact under all scenarios examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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15 pages, 635 KiB  
Article
Promoting Sustainable Urban Mobility: Factors Influencing E-Bike Adoption in Henan Province, China
by Xiaoyu Zhang, Ee Shiang Lim and Maowei Chen
Sustainability 2024, 16(22), 10136; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210136 - 20 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2118
Abstract
This study examines the key factors influencing e-bike adoption and explores how advancing e-bike usage in Henan Province, China, can foster sustainable urban transportation and contribute to urban environmental preservation. Utilizing data from an online survey, binary logistic regression analyzes the impact of [...] Read more.
This study examines the key factors influencing e-bike adoption and explores how advancing e-bike usage in Henan Province, China, can foster sustainable urban transportation and contribute to urban environmental preservation. Utilizing data from an online survey, binary logistic regression analyzes the impact of socio-demographic characteristics, perceived advantages, neighborhood environmental attributes, and vehicle ownership on e-bike usage. The findings indicate that socio-demographic factors, such as family size and occupation, significantly influence adoption, with workmen more likely than office workers to choose e-bikes. Cost savings emerged as the primary motivator for e-bike use, overshadowing environmental concerns, which unexpectedly negatively affected usage patterns. However, the presence of supportive infrastructure—particularly charging stations and dedicated lanes—proves crucial for promoting e-bike usage, highlighting the importance of accessible, environmentally supportive urban design. Vehicle ownership characteristics further illuminate how access to e-bikes correlates with regular usage. These findings suggest that, beyond cost efficiency, targeted awareness campaigns and strategic infrastructure improvements are essential for embedding e-bikes into sustainable urban transport systems. By fostering adoption and supporting e-bike infrastructure, cities can significantly reduce urban pollution, improve air quality, and advance toward sustainable mobility goals in Henan Province and beyond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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23 pages, 7195 KiB  
Article
Study on the Development Status and Promotion Strategy of Zero-Emission Commercial Vehicles in China under the Background of the Dual Carbon Target
by Jia Ke, Dezhao Zhu, Yanjun Wang, Chunxiao Hao and Yan Ding
Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7464; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177464 - 29 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
The adoption of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is an effective strategy for pollution reduction, especially for high-emitting commercial vehicles. This paper systematically reviews the promotion policies and development status of zero-emission commercial vehicles (ZECVs) in China, with a focus on diverse application scenarios. [...] Read more.
The adoption of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is an effective strategy for pollution reduction, especially for high-emitting commercial vehicles. This paper systematically reviews the promotion policies and development status of zero-emission commercial vehicles (ZECVs) in China, with a focus on diverse application scenarios. Comprehensive policies, including subsidies, right-of-way, infrastructure development, and environmental protection incentives, have significantly advanced NEV adoption, as demonstrated by Shenzhen’s full electrification of buses and the extensive deployment of zero-emission trucks. Despite the overall slow development of ZECVs, regions in southern China and developed areas exhibit better progress. Medium and large passenger vehicles (MLPVs) have achieved a zero-emission rate of around 40%, contrasting with the significantly lower rates of 1.52% for mini and light trucks (MLTs) and 0.44% for medium and heavy trucks (MHTs). Electrification promotion varies significantly in different application scenarios, with buses leading at over 90% zero-emission rates, followed by the airport (24%) and port (16%) vehicles. The electrification of sanitation, logistics, and key industry transport, through lagging, is enhanced by targeted policies and local industry. Buses are designated as the highest priority (Level 1) for electrification transition while intercity logistics and vehicles in key industries are categorized as the lowest priority (Level 4). In addition, policy recommendations, including tailored strategies for ZECV promotion and emission reductions in traditional commercial vehicles, are put forward to provide guidance and reference for setting future zero-emission promotion goals and policy direction for commercial vehicles in subdivided application scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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Review

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24 pages, 10204 KiB  
Review
Decarbonization of Shipping and Progressing Towards Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Net Zero: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Mohan Anantharaman, Abdullah Sardar and Rabiul Islam
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072936 - 26 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 764
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the regulator for the safety and pollution prevention of ships. They have set an ambitious target of driving International Shipping to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 by the process of decarbonization of shipping. Decarbonization [...] Read more.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the regulator for the safety and pollution prevention of ships. They have set an ambitious target of driving International Shipping to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 by the process of decarbonization of shipping. Decarbonization of shipping is integral to sustainability, as it can reduce GHG emissions and provide a clean environment in a world that is conducive to the good health and well-being of our future kith and kin. Decarbonization of shipping may be achieved using alternate low-carbon fuels, a more efficient ship operation to save energy, or redesigning the ship’s hull. The purpose of this article is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research papers conducted in the past decade on the initiatives adopted by the shipping industry to work towards the net-zero goal. This study utilizes the Scopus database, renowned for its extensive collection of scientific papers. Moreover, to analyze and visualize the data, the bibliometric software tools VOSviewer 1.6.20, Bibliometrix 4.4.0, and Harzings’ 8.17.4863 have been used. These tools facilitated the assessment of the research output in this bibliometric study. Our findings reveal a steady increase in publications over the years, with a notable rise in research interest from 2015 onward. The most frequently discussed topics include greenhouse gases, emission control, and energy efficiency, with notable contributions from the United Kingdom, China, and Scandinavian countries. The study also highlights the leading journals publishing about this research area. Future research directions include exploring alternative fuels and more inclusive policy frameworks for maritime decarbonization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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24 pages, 2678 KiB  
Review
A Review of Perovskite Catalysts for the Simultaneous Elimination of Soot and NOx Emissions from Diesel Engine
by Peng Chen, Jia Fang, Zinong Zuo, Chengzhuang Zhang, Kejian Wang, Zhiqiang Han and Wei Tian
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10793; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310793 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1606
Abstract
The problem of removing NOx and carbon particle emissions from diesel engines has been a challenge in the field of environmental protection, which is prompting people to actively explore ways to improve the efficiency of pollutant emission treatment. Due to the high [...] Read more.
The problem of removing NOx and carbon particle emissions from diesel engines has been a challenge in the field of environmental protection, which is prompting people to actively explore ways to improve the efficiency of pollutant emission treatment. Due to the high price of precious metals, developing an alternative catalytic material with high catalytic activity and stability is a difficult task. Perovskite, with its stable and flexibly variable crystal structure, has become a research hotspot in the field of catalysis. This paper discusses the structure of perovskite catalysts and the mechanism behind the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of diesel engine soot and NOx. Meanwhile, it provides a comprehensive review of the preparation methods and A/B site modification strategies, establishing a foundation for the synthesis and A/B site modification of perovskite catalysts capable of catalyzing the oxidation of soot and NOx simultaneously. Additionally, this article offers an outlook on the challenges and future development of perovskite catalysts in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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26 pages, 1797 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances and Implications for Aviation Emission Inventory Compilation Methods
by Jing Wang, Lei Zu, Shihai Zhang, Han Jiang, Hong Ni, Yanjun Wang, Hefeng Zhang and Yan Ding
Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8507; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198507 - 29 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1638
Abstract
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the transportation industry. However, pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from civil aviation are becoming an increasingly concerning environmental problem. In order to mitigate the [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the transportation industry. However, pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from civil aviation are becoming an increasingly concerning environmental problem. In order to mitigate the resulting environmental pollution, such as air quality deterioration, regional and global climate warming, and declining human health, more and more efforts have been devoted to reducing both pollutants and GHG emissions. Among these efforts, emissions inventories from civil aviation provide a basis for quantifying pollutants and GHG emissions, establishing evaluation standards of environmental impact, and formulating management policies for both air quality improvement and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we reviewed both compilation approaches and data collection methods for civil aviation emissions inventories, introduced several typical calculation methods for aviation emissions inventories, and analyzed specific cases of actual application based on typical methods of inventory compilation. We also described in detail the activity level and emission index calculation methods of several pollutants and greenhouse gases. Furthermore, based on the above research methods, four typical application cases were investigated, including a specific airport, the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle of a nation, the entire period with the LTO cycle and the climb–cruise–descent (CCD) phase of a country, and global emissions inventories from civil aviation. The results suggest that, in addition to quantifying the emissions of both pollutants and GHG produced by civil aviation, the selection of inventory compilation methods is likely to be important for improving aviation emission inventory accuracy and for further reducing the environmental, economic, and health impacts resulting from aviation emissions. Moreover, this paper can also provide a reference and theoretical basis for the development of aviation emission inventory compilation methods in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

16 pages, 2232 KiB  
Brief Report
Research Progress on CO2 Emission Simulation for Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles
by Yanyi Chong, Han Jiang, Gang Li, Min Guan, Yanjun Wang and Hang Yin
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2909; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072909 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 329
Abstract
Carbon emissions are currently a hot topic in the international community. CO2 reduction from heavy-duty commercial vehicles plays a significant role in slowing down the global greenhouse effect and promoting sustainable development. To control carbon emissions, many countries have tightened CO2 [...] Read more.
Carbon emissions are currently a hot topic in the international community. CO2 reduction from heavy-duty commercial vehicles plays a significant role in slowing down the global greenhouse effect and promoting sustainable development. To control carbon emissions, many countries have tightened CO2 emission regulations and policy requirements for heavy-duty commercial vehicles in recent years. Various CO2 emission simulation models have been developed, such as the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) in the United States and the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) in the European Union, to evaluate the real CO2 emission levels of commercial vehicles and provide a scientific basis for formulating corresponding emission reduction policies and control measures. This paper systematically analyzes the CO2 emission regulations and policy requirements for heavy-duty commercial vehicles in the United States, the European Union, China, and other developed countries. It also analyzes the GEM software in the United States, the VECTO software used in Europe, and the energy consumption simulation software for commercial vehicles in China. The influencing factors of CO2 emission simulation are explored in detail. This study found that, although GEM and VECTO software are recognized for their high accuracy, their applications are still dependent on local policies. In other countries and regions, VECTO software has broader applicability. On the other hand, China’s commercial vehicle energy consumption simulation software and other reported studies have only been validated for specific vehicle types. The accuracy and generalizability of these models should be further promoted and verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)
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