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Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Wearables".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 24442

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Guillermo Palacios-Navarro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic Engineering and Communications, University of Zaragoza, Teruel (44003), Spain.
Interests: virtual-reality-based rehabilitation; head mounted display (HMD) – based applications; Immersive systems; Motion sensors, telerehabilitation, cognitive and motor rehabilitation; serious games; neurodegenerative diseases
Dr. Iván García-Magariño

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering of Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Teruel, Spain
Interests: mobile applications for health and well-being; Internet of things; wearable sensors; big data; datamining; agent-based simulation and multi-agent systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are currently running a Special Issue titled “Sensors, Devices, and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality-Based Patient Rehabilitation", on the open access journal Sensors (IF 3.275, ISSN 1424-8220). The submission deadline is 31 August 2021, and papers may be submitted immediately or at any point until the deadline, as papers will be published on an ongoing basis.

In recent decades, the introduction of new technologies in the patient rehabilitation process has been outstanding. Rapid technological advances have made it possible to lower costs in the devices to be used, which has made the phenomenon much more popular. In this sense, for the last two decades, we have experienced an almost exponential growth in the use of virtual reality (in its different modalities) applied to the treatment of a wide variety of clinical conditions. Without a doubt, the field of rehabilitation has been one of the most prolific in terms of published papers. We can attribute many advantages to virtual reality—among others, the repeatability of the task (intensity), an individualized and flexible treatment, low cost technology, telerehabilitation, as well as the already well-known motivation. Furthermore, sensor systems play a fundamental role, facilitating the development of applications to aid rehabilitation processes. The joint use of motion sensors and other types of sensory devices plays a fundamental role, allowing us to monitor the progress of patients.

However, it is still necessary to test new approaches and conduct many more experiments that provide clearer evidence to corroborate the results obtained to date. This is why the objective of the current Special Issue is to gather outstanding studies dealing with the integration of sensory technology in rehabilitation processes to make them much more effective. Therefore, we encourage authors from academia and industry to submit both original research and review articles in the fields of patient rehabilitation using the most cutting-edge technologies. The Special Issue topics include but are not limited to:

  • Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR);
  • Head mounted display (HMD)-based applications;
  • Immersive systems;
  • Motion sensors;
  • Telerehabilitation;
  • Wearable sensors;
  • Cognitive and motor rehabilitation;
  • Serious games;
  • Multisensory systems;
  • Neurodegenerative diseases;
  • Motor sensory disorders

Prof. Guillermo Palacios-Navarro

Dr. Iván García-Magariño
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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32 pages, 16833 KiB  
Article
Virtual Reality-Based Framework to Simulate Control Algorithms for Robotic Assistance and Rehabilitation Tasks through a Standing Wheelchair
by Jessica S. Ortiz, Guillermo Palacios-Navarro, Víctor H. Andaluz and Bryan S. Guevara
Sensors 2021, 21(15), 5083; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155083 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3480
Abstract
The implementation of control algorithms oriented to robotic assistance and rehabilitation tasks for people with motor disabilities has been of increasing interest in recent years. However, practical implementation cannot be carried out unless one has the real robotic system availability. To overcome this [...] Read more.
The implementation of control algorithms oriented to robotic assistance and rehabilitation tasks for people with motor disabilities has been of increasing interest in recent years. However, practical implementation cannot be carried out unless one has the real robotic system availability. To overcome this drawback, this article presents the development of an interactive virtual reality (VR)-based framework that allows one to simulate the execution of rehabilitation tasks and robotic assistance through a robotic standing wheelchair. The virtual environment developed considers the kinematic and dynamic model of the standing human–wheelchair system with a displaced center of mass, since it can be displaced for different reasons, e.g.,: bad posture, limb amputations, obesity, etc. The standing wheelchair autonomous control scheme has been implemented through the Full Simulation (FS) and Hardware in the Loop (HIL) techniques. Finally, the performance of the virtual control schemes has been shown by means of several experiments based on robotic assistance and rehabilitation for people with motor disabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation)
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35 pages, 12864 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Unified Motion Control of a Robotic Standing Wheelchair for Rehabilitation Purposes
by Jessica S. Ortiz, Guillermo Palacios-Navarro, Víctor H. Andaluz and Luis F. Recalde
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3057; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093057 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4943
Abstract
Technological advances in recent years have shown interest in the development of robots in the medical field. The integration of robotic systems in areas of assistance and rehabilitation improves the user’s quality of life. In this context, this article presents a proposal for [...] Read more.
Technological advances in recent years have shown interest in the development of robots in the medical field. The integration of robotic systems in areas of assistance and rehabilitation improves the user’s quality of life. In this context, this article presents a proposal for the unified control of a robotic standing wheelchair. Considering primary and secondary tasks as control objectives, the system performs tasks autonomously and the change of position and orientation can be performed at any time. The development of the control scheme was divided in two parts: (i) kinematic controller to solve the desired motion problem; and (ii) dynamic compensation of the standing wheelchair–human system. The design of the two controllers considers the theory of linear algebra, proposing a low computational cost and an asymptotically stable algorithm, without disturbances. The stability and robustness analysis of the system is performed by analyzing the evolution of the control errors in each sampling period. Finally, real experiments of the performance of the developed controller are performed using a built and instrumented standing wheelchair. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation)
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19 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
VirtualCPR: Virtual Reality Mobile Application for Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques
by Francisco Javier García Fierros, Jesús Jaime Moreno Escobar, Gabriel Sepúlveda Cervantes, Oswaldo Morales Matamoros and Ricardo Tejeida Padilla
Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072504 - 3 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3827
Abstract
Deaths due to heart diseases are a leading cause of death in Mexico. Cardiovascular diseases are considered a public health problem because they produce cardiorespiratory arrests. During an arrest, cardiac and/or respiratory activity stops. A cardiorespiratory arrest is rapidly fatal without a quick [...] Read more.
Deaths due to heart diseases are a leading cause of death in Mexico. Cardiovascular diseases are considered a public health problem because they produce cardiorespiratory arrests. During an arrest, cardiac and/or respiratory activity stops. A cardiorespiratory arrest is rapidly fatal without a quick and efficient intervention. As a response to this problem, the VirtualCPR system was designed in the present work. VirtualCPR is a mobile virtual reality application to support learning and practicing of basic techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for experts or non-experts in CPR. VirtualCPR implements an interactive virtual scenario with the user, which is visible by means of employment of virtual reality lenses. User’s interactions, with our proposal, are by a portable force sensor for integration with training mannequins, whose development is based on an application for the Android platform. Furthermore, this proposal integrates medical knowledge in first aid, related to the basic CPR for adults using only the hands, as well as technological knowledge, related to development of simulations on a mobile virtual reality platform by three main processes: (i) force measurement and conversion, (ii) data transmission and (iii) simulation of a virtual scenario. An experiment by means of a multifactorial analysis of variance was designed considering four factors for a CPR session: (i) previous training in CPR, (ii) frequency of compressions, (iii) presence of auditory suggestions and (iv) presence of color indicator. Our findings point out that the more previous training in CPR a user of the VirtualCPR system has, the greater the percentage of correct compressions obtained from a virtual CPR session. Setting the rate to 100 or 150 compressions per minute, turning on or off the auditory suggestions and turning the color indicator on or off during the session have no significant effect on the results obtained by the user. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation)
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Review

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20 pages, 1436 KiB  
Review
Leap Motion Controller Video Game-Based Therapy for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery in Patients with Central Nervous System Diseases. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by Irene Cortés-Pérez, Noelia Zagalaz-Anula, Desirée Montoro-Cárdenas, Rafael Lomas-Vega, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán and María Catalina Osuna-Pérez
Sensors 2021, 21(6), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062065 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5992
Abstract
Leap Motion Controller (LMC) is a virtual reality device that can be used in the rehabilitation of central nervous system disease (CNSD) motor impairments. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of video game-based therapy with LMC on the recovery of upper extremity [...] Read more.
Leap Motion Controller (LMC) is a virtual reality device that can be used in the rehabilitation of central nervous system disease (CNSD) motor impairments. This review aimed to evaluate the effect of video game-based therapy with LMC on the recovery of upper extremity (UE) motor function in patients with CNSD. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed in PubMed Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and PEDro. We included five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with CNSD in which LMC was used as experimental therapy compared to conventional therapy (CT) to restore UE motor function. Pooled effects were estimated with Cohen’s standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). At first, in patients with stroke, LMC showed low-quality evidence of a large effect on UE mobility (SMD = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.47, 1.45). In combination with CT, LMC showed very low-quality evidence of a large effect on UE mobility (SMD = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.49, 2.19) and the UE mobility-oriented task (SMD = 1.26; 95% CI = 0.42, 2.10). Second, in patients with non-acute CNSD (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease), LMC showed low-quality evidence of a medium effect on grip strength (GS) (SMD = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.90) and on gross motor dexterity (GMD) (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.28, 1.17) in the most affected UE. In combination with CT, LMC showed very low-quality evidence of a high effect in the most affected UE on GMD (SMD = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.06, 1.15) and fine motor dexterity (FMD) (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.07, 1.57). In stroke, LMC improved UE mobility and UE mobility-oriented tasks, and in non-acute CNSD, LMC improved the GS and GMD of the most affected UE and FMD when it was used with CT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation)
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24 pages, 3428 KiB  
Review
Head-Mounted Display-Based Therapies for Adults Post-Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Guillermo Palacios-Navarro and Neville Hogan
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041111 - 5 Feb 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5061
Abstract
Immersive virtual reality techniques have been applied to the rehabilitation of patients after stroke, but evidence of its clinical effectiveness is scarce. The present review aims to find studies that evaluate the effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) therapies intended for motor function [...] Read more.
Immersive virtual reality techniques have been applied to the rehabilitation of patients after stroke, but evidence of its clinical effectiveness is scarce. The present review aims to find studies that evaluate the effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) therapies intended for motor function rehabilitation compared to conventional rehabilitation in people after stroke and make recommendations for future studies. Data from different databases were searched from inception until October 2020. Studies that investigated the effects of immersive VR interventions on post-stroke adult subjects via a head-mounted display (HMD) were included. These studies included a control group that received conventional therapy or another non-immersive VR intervention. The studies reported statistical data for the groups involved in at least the posttest as well as relevant outcomes measuring functional or motor recovery of either lower or upper limbs. Most of the studies found significant improvements in some outcomes after the intervention in favor of the virtual rehabilitation group. Although evidence is limited, immersive VR therapies constitute an interesting tool to improve motor learning when used in conjunction with traditional rehabilitation therapies, providing a non-pharmacological therapeutic pathway for people after stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors, Devices and Advanced Applications for Virtual Reality – Based Patient Rehabilitation)
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