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Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for IoT Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2025) | Viewed by 1118

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
Interests: semiconductor technologies; semiconductor memories; blockchain; artificial intelligence; quantum computing
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

If artificial intelligence (AI) is implemented to Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures, then it may be expected that AI can resolve many problems in IoT business and applications, wherein, for example, connected sensors (IoT devices) may collect data to be transferred to AI servers. However, once such applications widespread, cybersecurity issues will inevitably occur. If such sensors are compromised, AI will be input with untrusted data, and hence AI’s outputs would be questioned. It is well known that there are several security factors to develop the measure for such issues: verification, certification, monitoring of behaviors, logging, attestations, updates of software, etc. Since most of IoT devices are out of manual management, any processes in cybersecurity must be performed automatically and securely with predetermined trustworthiness. Distributed ledger technologies like Blockchain and hash chain can be a promising candidate to satisfy this demand if the log of all management processes is recorded with no alteration and is open to stakeholders, such that the management processes can become auditable any time.

Moreover, the reliability and accuracy of sensor data are also important. Advances in sensing technologies, including high-precision sensors and sensor fusion techniques, can enhance the trustiness of data collected by IoT devices. Sensor fusion, for example, combines data from multiple sensors to provide a more comprehensive and accurate view of the environment, reducing the risk of errors or manipulations.

To develop an IoT system under such a concept, we still have to overcome many technical problems from the viewpoint of algorithms, software, hardware, Integrated circuit technologies, system considerations, trustworthiness of data, etc.

Dr. Hiroshi Watanabe
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • Internet of Things sensors
  • blockchain
  • verifications
  • security
  • attestations
  • distributed ledger
  • hash chain

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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33 pages, 10766 KB  
Perspective
Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, and Cyber Defense on Sensor Networks
by Hiroshi Watanabe
Sensors 2026, 26(9), 2762; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26092762 - 29 Apr 2026
Viewed by 499
Abstract
Inherently, there exists a significant security hole in sensor networks. The majority of sensors are not high-end Internet of Things (IoT) devices with sufficient computing resources. Connected sensors (physical nodes in real networks) are allocated to logical nodes and managed remotely by a [...] Read more.
Inherently, there exists a significant security hole in sensor networks. The majority of sensors are not high-end Internet of Things (IoT) devices with sufficient computing resources. Connected sensors (physical nodes in real networks) are allocated to logical nodes and managed remotely by a supervisor in a virtual network. Data acquired by sensors are then collected by a data center on which artificial intelligence operates. If an adversary spoofs a logical node (e.g., an account in a transport layer security (TLS) session) of a vulnerable sensor on the network, then it can manipulate data input to artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence cannot verify the integrity of the data input for learning. It is difficult to stop data poisoning with no countermeasures against session spoofing. To avoid session spoofing, physical and logical nodes must be linked seamlessly. One might think this can be achieved by utilizing Hardware Root-of-Trust (HRoT) based on a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). However, a PUF is based on an expensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC), which has been specifically designed for high-end devices, like expensive smartphones. Many sensors (low-end and middle-end IoT devices) can hardly be protected with existing PUFs. Since the number of IoT devices with a PUF is insufficient to cover the entirety of IoT devices, an attacker can find a vulnerable IoT device with no PUF to perform session spoofing. This is the problem of numbers. To resolve it, we propose Physical Cyber Authentication (PCA). A Blockchain account (a logical node in a TLS session) is anchored to an integrated circuit (IC) chip inside a sensor, allowing Blockchain to manage sensor networks, which provides necessary data to artificial intelligence, thus forming a Blockchain of sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for IoT Sensors)
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