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Sensor Technologies for Ocean Environments: Impact Assessment, Monitoring and Protection

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 2093

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Interests: physics; oceanology; oils; environment protection; ocean optics; environmental impact assessment; environmental pollution; environmental management; environmental monitoring; water analysis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
Interests: atomic physics; oceanography

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anthropogenic pressure, combined with fluctuations in the global climate, affects the functioning of the marine environment. It is important to take care of its health, and the related durability of its productivity. Information about the changes of biological, physical and chemical parameters of marine areas resulting from their use is highly desirable. The possibility of early detection of alien substances and energies in water masses is also important. To meet such needs requires the improvement of sensors for environmental parameters changes, the creation of theoretical foundations for the functioning of sensors, as well as the automation of collecting, processing, and sharing information from sensor systems for use in national and global environmental management. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Materials dedicated to the construction of marine sensors;
  • Transmission of the signal from underwater sensors;
  • Autonomic sensors;
  • Sensing the sea surface dynamics;
  • Sensors for solar radiation in the seawater column;
  • Intelligent sensors for marine applications;
  • Machine learning in the development of sensor signals;
  • Sensing and identifying sound sources;
  • Multi-sensor data processing;
  • Spatially integrated sensing.

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Otremba
Dr. Emilia Baszanowska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ocean health
  • weather parameters
  • climate change
  • detecting of marine pollution
  • marine large scale constructions
  • alien energies and substances

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3514 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Meteorological versus In Situ Variables in Ship Thermal Simulations
by Elena Arce, Andrés Suárez-García, José Antonio López-Vázquez and Rosa Devesa-Rey
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082454 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Thermal simulations have become increasingly popular in assessing energy efficiency and predicting thermal behaviors in various structures. Calibration of these simulations is essential for accurate predictions. A crucial aspect of this calibration involves investigating the influence of meteorological variables. This study aims to [...] Read more.
Thermal simulations have become increasingly popular in assessing energy efficiency and predicting thermal behaviors in various structures. Calibration of these simulations is essential for accurate predictions. A crucial aspect of this calibration involves investigating the influence of meteorological variables. This study aims to explore the impact of meteorological variables on thermal simulations, particularly focusing on ships. Using TRNSYS (TRaNsient System Simulation) software (v17), renowned for its capability to model complex energy systems within buildings, the significance of incorporating meteorological data into thermal simulations was analyzed. The investigation centered on a patrol vessel stationed in a port in Galicia, northwest Spain. To ensure accuracy, we not only utilized the vessel’s dimensions but also conducted in situ temperature measurements onboard. Furthermore, a dedicated weather station was installed to capture real-time meteorological data. Data from multiple sources, including Meteonorm and MeteoGalicia, were collected for comparative analysis. By juxtaposing simulations based on meteorological variables against those relying solely on in situ measurements, we sought to discern the relative merits of each approach in enhancing the fidelity of thermal simulations. Full article
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17 pages, 3481 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Bioindication of Plankton through the Analysis of the Fourier Spectra of the Underwater Digital Holographic Sensor Data
by Victor Dyomin, Alexandra Davydova, Nikolay Kirillov, Oksana Kondratova, Yuri Morgalev, Sergey Morgalev, Tamara Morgaleva and Igor Polovtsev
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2370; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072370 - 08 Apr 2024
Viewed by 342
Abstract
The study presents a bioindication complex and a technology of the experiment based on a submersible digital holographic camera with advanced monitoring capabilities for the study of plankton and its behavioral characteristics in situ. Additional mechanical and software options expand the capabilities of [...] Read more.
The study presents a bioindication complex and a technology of the experiment based on a submersible digital holographic camera with advanced monitoring capabilities for the study of plankton and its behavioral characteristics in situ. Additional mechanical and software options expand the capabilities of the digital holographic camera, thus making it possible to adapt the depth of the holographing scene to the parameters of the plankton habitat, perform automatic registration of the “zero” frame and automatic calibration, and carry out natural experiments with plankton photostimulation. The paper considers the results of a long-term digital holographic experiment on the biotesting of the water area in Arctic latitudes. It shows additional possibilities arising during the spectral processing of long time series of plankton parameters obtained during monitoring measurements by a submersible digital holographic camera. In particular, information on the rhythmic components of the ecosystem and behavioral characteristics of plankton, which can be used as a marker of the ecosystem well-being disturbance, is thus obtained. Full article
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10 pages, 7482 KiB  
Communication
A Global Seawater Density Distribution Model Using a Convolutional Neural Network
by Qin Liu, Liyan Li, Yan Zhou, Shiwen Zhang, Yuliang Liu and Xinwei Wang
Sensors 2024, 24(6), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061972 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 424
Abstract
Seawater density is an important physical property in oceanography that affects the accuracy of calculations such as gravity fields and tidal potentials and the calibration of acoustic and optical oceanographic sensors. In related studies, constant density values are frequently used, which can introduce [...] Read more.
Seawater density is an important physical property in oceanography that affects the accuracy of calculations such as gravity fields and tidal potentials and the calibration of acoustic and optical oceanographic sensors. In related studies, constant density values are frequently used, which can introduce significant errors. Therefore, this study employs a basic convolutional neural network model to construct a comprehensive model showing the seawater density distribution across the globe. The model takes into account depth, latitude, longitude, and month as inputs. Numerous real seawater datasets were used to train the model, and it has been shown that the model has an absolute mean error and root mean square error of less than 1 kg/m3 in 99% of the test set samples. The model effectively demonstrates the influence of input parameters on the distribution of seawater density. In this paper, we present a newly developed global model for distributing seawater density which is both comprehensive and accurate, surpassing previous models. The utilization of the model presented in this paper for estimating seawater density can minimize errors in theoretical ocean models and serve as a foundation for designing and analyzing ocean exploration systems. Full article
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13 pages, 1929 KiB  
Article
Practical Considerations for Laser-Induced Graphene Pressure Sensors Used in Marine Applications
by Tessa Van Volkenburg, Daniel Ayoub, Andrea Alemán Reyes, Zhiyong Xia and Leslie Hamilton
Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9044; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229044 - 08 Nov 2023
Viewed by 709
Abstract
Small, low-power, and inexpensive marine depth sensors are of interest for a myriad of applications from maritime security to environmental monitoring. Recently, laser-induced graphene (LIG) piezoresistive pressure sensors have been proposed given their rapid fabrication and large dynamic range. In this work, the [...] Read more.
Small, low-power, and inexpensive marine depth sensors are of interest for a myriad of applications from maritime security to environmental monitoring. Recently, laser-induced graphene (LIG) piezoresistive pressure sensors have been proposed given their rapid fabrication and large dynamic range. In this work, the practicality of LIG integration into fieldable deep ocean (1 km) depth sensors in bulk is explored. Initially, a design of experiments (DOEs) approach evaluated laser engraver fabrication parameters such as line length, line width, laser speed, and laser power on resultant resistances of LIG traces. Next, uniaxial compression and thermal testing at relevant ocean pressures up to 10.3 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 25 °C evaluated the piezoresistive response of replicate sensors and determined the individual characterization of each, which is necessary. Additionally, bare LIG sensors showed larger resistance changes with temperature (ΔR ≈ 30 kΩ) than pressure (ΔR ≈ 1–15 kΩ), indicating that conformal coatings are required to both thermally insulate and electrically isolate traces from surrounding seawater. Sensors encapsulated with two dip-coated layers of 5 wt% polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone and submerged in water baths from 0 to 25 °C showed significant thermal dampening (ΔR ≈ 0.3 kΩ), indicating a path forward for the continued development of LIG/PDMS composite structures. This work presents both the promises and limitations of LIG piezoresistive depth sensors and recommends further research to validate this platform for global deployment. Full article
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