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Remote Sensing
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Application of GNSS Remote Sensing in Ionosphere Monitoring
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Application of GNSS Remote Sensing in Ionosphere Monitoring

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2025 | Viewed by 6094

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lei Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Interests: GNSS ionosphere remote sensing; machine learning applications in space weather
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zihan Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
Interests: magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere coupling
Dr. Jun Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Interests: GNSS remote sensing; ionospheric scintillation; GNSS radio occultation; space weather; geomagnetic storms
Prof. Dr. Yunbin Yuan

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology (APM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China
Interests: BDS/GNSS/Multi-sensors PNT; BDS/GNSS/LEO satellite precise orbit determination; BDS/GNSS ionosphere/atmosphere monitoring and delay calibration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ionosphere, a dynamic region of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, plays a pivotal role in the propagation of radio waves, global navigation, and space weather phenomena. Accurate monitoring and modeling of the ionosphere are essential for mitigating the adverse effects of ionospheric disturbances on communication systems, navigation solutions, and satellite operations. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing has emerged as a powerful technique for probing the ionosphere's electron density and behavior. This Special Issue delves into the application of GNSS remote sensing in monitoring the ionosphere, fostering a deeper understanding of this critical Earth–space environment.

This Special Issue is dedicated to exploring the multifaceted applications of GNSS remote sensing techniques in monitoring the ionosphere. It aims to provide a comprehensive platform for researchers, scientists, and practitioners to showcase their novel contributions, methodologies, and insights. This Special Issue welcomes original research articles, reviews, and case studies that cover a spectrum of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Techniques for GNSS-based ionospheric remote sensing;
  • Innovations in GNSS-based ionospheric remote sensing methodologies;
  • Data assimilation techniques for enhancing Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) accuracy;
  • Utilization of GIMs in improving communication and navigation systems;
  • Ionospheric irregularities and scintillation effects;
  • Applications of GIMs in communication, navigation, and space weather;
  • Multi-GNSS and regional approaches for ionospheric monitoring;
  • Integration of ground-based and space-based GNSS observations;
  • Advances in ionospheric monitoring of equatorial, polar, and mid-latitude regions;
  • Machine learning and AI applications in GIM generation and analysis;
  • Validation and comparison of GIMs with other ionospheric data sources.

This Special Issue serves as a hub of knowledge and innovation, spotlighting the pivotal role of GNSS remote sensing in advancing our understanding of the ionosphere. Improved monitoring of the ionosphere holds profound significance for various sectors, from enhancing the reliability of satellite-based navigation systems to bolstering our preparedness against space weather disturbances. By presenting a diverse array of research findings and practical implementations, this Special Issue illuminates the collaborative efforts aimed at harnessing GNSS remote sensing’s potential to unravel the complexities of the ionosphere on a global scale.

Dr. Lei Liu
Dr. Zihan Wang
Dr. Jun Wang
Prof. Dr. Yunbin Yuan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • GNSS ionosphere
  • data assimilation
  • ionospheric irregularities and scintillation
  • machine learning

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 48751 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Mother’s Day Superstorm (10–11 May 2024) over the Global Ionosphere
by Krishnendu Sekhar Paul, Mefe Moses, Haris Haralambous and Christina Oikonomou
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050859 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 692
Abstract
The present study examines the global ionospheric response to the “Mother’s Day Superstorm” (10–11 May 2024), one of the most intense geomagnetic storms since 1957, with a minimum SYM-H index of −436 nT. Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) Radio [...] Read more.
The present study examines the global ionospheric response to the “Mother’s Day Superstorm” (10–11 May 2024), one of the most intense geomagnetic storms since 1957, with a minimum SYM-H index of −436 nT. Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) Radio Occultation (RO) data indicated an increase in the F2 layer maximum critical frequency (foF2) over midlatitude dayside regions, which was accompanied by a significant F-region uplift (hmF2 increase) on a global scale, even on the nightside during the main and recovery phases. At the same time, a decrease in foF2 was observed on the nightside. High southeastward and vertical drift velocities were observed in the nightside sector of the northern hemisphere with the dayside sector exhibiting upward and southwestward-to-northwestward drifts during the main and recovery phases of the storm. An intense upward drift (~170 m/s) in the southern hemisphere was registered with the poleward expansion of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) during the main phase. Swarm A data highlighted the EIA expansion from ~45°N to 60°S during the dayside main phase and from ~30°N to 40°S on the nightside during recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of GNSS Remote Sensing in Ionosphere Monitoring)
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16 pages, 18068 KiB  
Article
Multi-Wave Structures of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Associated with the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruptions in the New Zealand and Australia Regions
by Xiaolin Li, Feng Ding, Bo Xiong, Ge Chen, Tian Mao, Qian Song and Changhao Yu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(14), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142668 - 21 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1236
Abstract
Using dense global navigation satellite system data and brightness temperature data across the New Zealand and Australia regions, we tracked the propagation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) associated with the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic eruptions. We identified two shock wave-related TIDs and [...] Read more.
Using dense global navigation satellite system data and brightness temperature data across the New Zealand and Australia regions, we tracked the propagation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) associated with the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic eruptions. We identified two shock wave-related TIDs and two Lamb wave-related TIDs following the eruptions. The two shock wave-related TIDs, propagating with velocities of 724–750 and 445–471 m/s, respectively, were observed around New Zealand and Australia within a distance of 3500–6500 km from the eruptive center. These shock wave-related TIDs suffered severe attenuation during the propagation and disappeared more than 6500 km from the eruptive center. Based on the TEC data from the nearest ground-based receivers, we estimated the onset times of two main volcanic explosions at 04:20:54 UT ± 116 s and 04:24:37 UT ± 141 s, respectively. The two shock wave-related TIDs were most likely generated by these two main volcanic eruptions. The two Lamb wave-related TIDs propagated with velocities of 300–370 and 250 m/s in the near-field region. The Lamb wave-related TIDs experienced minimal attenuation during their long-distance propagation, with only a 0.17% decrease observed in the relative amplitudes of the Lamb wave-related TIDs from the near-field to far-field regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of GNSS Remote Sensing in Ionosphere Monitoring)
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25 pages, 32482 KiB  
Article
Trailing Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrences at a Low-Latitude Location through Multi-GNSS Slant TEC Depletions during the Strong Geomagnetic Storms in the Ascending Phase of the 25th Solar Cycle
by Ram Kumar Vankadara, Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn, Gopi Krishna Seemala, Md Irfanul Haque Siddiqui and Sampad Kumar Panda
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(20), 4944; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204944 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3300
Abstract
The equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are depleted plasma density regions in the ionosphere occurring during the post-sunset hours, associated with the signal fading and scintillation signatures in the trans-ionospheric radio signals. Severe scintillations may critically affect the performance of dynamic systems relying on [...] Read more.
The equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are depleted plasma density regions in the ionosphere occurring during the post-sunset hours, associated with the signal fading and scintillation signatures in the trans-ionospheric radio signals. Severe scintillations may critically affect the performance of dynamic systems relying on global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based services. Furthermore, the occurrence of scintillations in the equatorial and low latitudes can be triggered or inhibited during space weather events. In the present study, the possible presence of the EPBs during the geomagnetic storm periods under the 25th solar cycle is investigated using the GNSS-derived total electron content (TEC) depletion characteristics at a low-latitude equatorial ionization anomaly location, i.e., KL University, Guntur (Geographic 16°26′N, 80°37′E and dip 22°32′) in India. The detrended TEC with a specific window size is used to capture the characteristic depletion signatures, indicating the possible presence of the EPBs. Moreover, the TEC depletions, amplitude (S4) and phase scintillation (σφ) indices from multi-constellation GNSS signals are probed to verify the vulnerability of the signals towards the scintillation effects over the region. Observations confirm that all GNSS constellations witness TEC depletions between 15:00 UT and 18:00 UT, which is in good agreement with the recorded scintillation indices. We report characteristic depletion depths (22 to 45 TECU) and depletion times (28 to 48 min) across different constellations confirming the triggering of EPBs during the geomagnetic storm event on 23 April 2023. Unlikely, but the other storm events evidently inhibited TEC depletion, confirming suppressed EPBs. The results suggest that TEC depletions from the traditional geodetic GNSS stations could be used to substantiate the EPB characteristics for developing regional as well as global scintillation mitigation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of GNSS Remote Sensing in Ionosphere Monitoring)
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